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45-474: Bernardo Bertolucci OMRI ( / ˌ b ɜːr t ə ˈ l uː tʃ i / BUR -tə- LOO -chee ; Italian: [berˈnardo bertoˈluttʃi] ; 16 March 1941 – 26 November 2018) was an Italian film director and screenwriter with a career that spanned 50 years. Considered one of the greatest directors in Italian cinema, Bertolucci's work achieved international acclaim. With The Last Emperor (1987) he became

90-446: A Studium for ecclesiastical studies more under his control than the universities of Bologna and Padua , making it the first pontifical university. In 1431 Pope Eugene IV completely reorganized the studium with the bull In supremae , in which he granted masters and students alike the broadest possible privileges and decreed that the university should include the four schools of Law, Medicine, Philosophy and Theology. He introduced

135-655: A "masterpiece of Italian cinema" by Film4 . His 1970 film The Conformist , an adaptation of the Alberto Moravia novel , is considered a classic of international cinema, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the prestigious Berlin Golden Bear . His 1972 erotic drama Last Tango in Paris was controversial due to its rape scene and comments made by actress Maria Schneider about her treatment on set. Bertolucci's later films such as

180-583: A botanical garden, and three university hospitals. Sapienzas alumni includes 10 Nobel laureates , Italian prime ministers , one pope , Presidents of the European Parliament and European Commissioners , as well as several notable religious figures, supreme court judges, and astronauts. The Sapienza University of Rome was founded in 1303 with the Papal bull In Supremae praeminentia Dignitatis , issued on 20 April 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII , as

225-467: A mirror that reflects China's passage from feudalism through revolution to its current state. At the 60th Academy Awards , The Last Emperor won all nine Oscars for which it was nominated: Best Picture , Best Director , Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium , Best Cinematography , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction-Set Decoration , Best Music, Original Score and Best Sound . The Last Emperor

270-477: A new tax on wine to raise funds for the university; the money was used to buy a palace which later housed the Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza church. However, the university's days of splendour came to an end during the sack of Rome in 1527, when the studium was closed, some of the professors were killed and others dispersed. Pope Paul III restored the university shortly after his election to the pontificate in 1534. In

315-457: A young woman, Jeanne (Schneider). The depictions of Schneider, then 19 years old, have been criticized as exploitive. In one scene, Paul anally rapes Jeanne using butter as a lubricant. The use of butter was not in the script; Bertolucci and Brando had discussed it, but they did not tell Schneider. She said in 2007 that she had cried "real tears" during the scene and had felt humiliated and "a little raped". In 2013 Bertolucci said that he had withheld

360-567: Is difficult to do it all together, we can only meditate, as in transcendental meditation. One of the most powerful experiences. Either you meditate or watch a good movie, then the two things start to touch ... ". Bertolucci died of lung cancer in Rome on 26 November 2018, at the age of 77. Producer Short film Film Television Other awards Order of Merit of the Italian Republic The Order of Merit of

405-470: Is ranked the 1st in the world by QS World University Rankings by subject. As the same ranking, the subject Archaeology ranks the 10th. The subject Physics & Astronomy of Sapienza is ranked 36th, Arts and Humanities is ranked 39th, and Psychology is ranked 70th. To cope with the large demand for admission to the university courses, some faculties hold a series of entrance examinations. The entrance test often decides which candidates will have access to

450-480: Is the main library housing 1.5 million volumes; it has some important collections including collezione ciceroniana and Fondo Festa . Since the 2011 reform, Sapienza University of Rome has eleven faculties and 65 departments. Today Sapienza, with 140,000 students and 8,000 among academic and technical and administrative staff, is the largest university in Italy. The university has significant research programmes in

495-522: The Radio Four programme Start the Week on 22 April 2013, and on Front Row on 29 April 2013, where he chose La Dolce Vita , a film directed by Federico Fellini , for the "Cultural Exchange". In the spring of 2018, in an interview with the Italian edition of Vanity Fair , Bertolucci announced that he was preparing a new film. He stated, "The theme will be love, let's call it that. In reality,

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540-925: The Roma Tiburtina Station . The university has satellite campuses outside Rome, the main one of which is in Latina . In 2011 a project was launched to build a campus with residence halls near Pietralata station , in collaboration with the Lazio region. To cope with the ever-increasing number of applicants, the Rector also approved a new plan to expand the Città Universitaria , reallocate offices and enlarge faculties, as well as create new campuses for hosting local and foreign students. The Alessandrina University Library ( Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina ), built in 1667 by Pope Alexander VII ,

585-522: The greatest films of all time . Bertolucci was born in the Italian city of Parma , in the region of Emilia-Romagna . He was the elder son of Ninetta (Giovanardi), a teacher, and Attilio Bertolucci , who was a poet, a reputed art historian, anthologist and film critic. His mother was born in Australia, to an Italian father and an Australian mother (of Irish and Scottish descent). Having been raised in an artistic environment, Bertolucci began writing at

630-480: The novel of the same name , and Little Buddha , a Buddhist religious epic. His 1996 film, Stealing Beauty , brought him his second of two Palme d'Or nominations. He continued directing well into the 21st century, releasing his final film, Me and You , in 2012. Bertolucci's films often deal with themes of politics, sexuality, history, class conflict and social taboos, and his style has influenced several filmmakers. Several of his films have appeared on lists of

675-706: The 1650s the university became known as Sapienza, meaning wisdom, a title it retains. In 1703, with his private funds, Pope Clement XI purchased some land on the Janiculum , where he created a botanical garden, which soon became the most celebrated in Europe through the labours of the Trionfetti brothers. The first complete history of the Sapienza University was written in 1803–1806 by Filippo Maria Renazzi . University students were newly animated during

720-531: The 19th-century Italian revival. In 1870, La Sapienza stopped being the papal university and became the university of the capital of Italy. In 1935 the new university campus, planned by Marcello Piacentini , was completed. On 15 January 2008 the Vatican cancelled a planned visit to La Sapienza University by Pope Benedict XVI who was to speak at the university ceremony launching the 2008 academic year due to protests by some students and professors. The title of

765-737: The 20th century up to World War II with an international cast ( Robert De Niro , Gérard Depardieu , Donald Sutherland , Sterling Hayden , Burt Lancaster , Dominique Sanda ) to La Luna , set in Rome and in Emilia-Romagna , in which Bertolucci deals with the thorny issue of drugs and incest , and finally La tragedia di un uomo ridicolo (1981), with Ugo Tognazzi . He then wrote two screenplays based on Dashiell Hammett 's Red Harvest . He hoped this would be his first film set in America, but nothing came of it. In 1987, Bertolucci directed

810-655: The 90th in the world and the top in Italy in its World University Rankings . According to the QS Graduate Employability Ranking 2020, Sapienza places first amongst Italian universities for the indicator on Alumni Outcomes thanks to the number of university graduates employed in large companies and in managerial positions. In 2024, Sapienza University of Rome ranked 134th in the world in QS World University Rankings . The subject Classics and Ancient history of Sapienza

855-477: The Appeals Court of Bologna ordered three copies of the film to be preserved in the national film library with the stipulation that they could not be viewed, until Bertolucci was later able to re-submit it for general distribution with no cuts. Bertolucci increased his fame with his next few films, from 1900 (1976), an epic depiction of the struggles of farmers in Emilia-Romagna from the beginning of

900-658: The Italian Republic ( Italian : Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana ) is the most senior Italian order of merit . It was established in 1951 by the second President of the Italian Republic , Luigi Einaudi . The highest-ranking honour of the Republic, it is awarded for "merit acquired by the nation" in the fields of literature, the arts, economy, public service, and social, philanthropic and humanitarian activities and for long and conspicuous service in civilian and military careers. The post-nominal letters for

945-751: The Revolution ( Prima della rivoluzione , 1964). The boom of Italian cinema , which gave Bertolucci his start, slowed in the 1970s as directors were forced to co-produce their films with several of the American, Swedish, French, and German companies and actors due to the effects of the global economic recession on the Italian film industry. Bertolucci caused controversy in 1972 with the film Last Tango in Paris , starring Marlon Brando , Maria Schneider , Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti . The film presents Brando's character, Paul, as he copes with his wife's suicide by emotionally and physically dominating

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990-471: The age of 15, and soon after received several prestigious literary prizes, including the Premio Viareggio for his first book. His father's background helped his career: the elder Bertolucci had helped the Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini publish his first novel, and Pasolini reciprocated by hiring Bertolucci as his first assistant in Rome on Accattone (1961). Bertolucci had one brother,

1035-514: The epic The Last Emperor , a biographical film telling the life story of Aisin-Gioro Puyi , the last emperor of China. The film was independently produced by British producer Jeremy Thomas , with whom Bertolucci worked almost exclusively from then on. The film was independently financed and three years in the making. Bertolucci, who co-wrote the film with Mark Peploe , won the Academy Award for Best Director . The film uses Puyi's life as

1080-534: The fields of engineering, natural sciences , biomedical sciences and humanities . It offers 10 Masters Programmes taught entirely in English. As of the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), Sapienza is positioned within the 151–200 group of universities and among the top 3% of universities in the world. In 2016, the Center for World University Rankings ranked the Sapienza University of Rome as

1125-470: The first Italian filmmaker to win the Academy Award for Best Director , and he received many other accolades including a BAFTA Award , a César Award , two Golden Globes , a Golden Lion in 2007, and an Honorary Palme d'Or at Cannes in 2011 . A protégé of Pier Paolo Pasolini , Bertolucci made his directorial debut at 22. His second film, Before the Revolution (1964), earned strong international reviews and has since gained classic status, being called

1170-446: The first time a rank higher than Knight. The minimum age requirement is normally 35. The Knight Grand Cross with Collar is awarded only to heads of state . University of Rome La Sapienza Sapienza was founded on 20 April 1303 by decree from Pope Boniface VIII as a Studium for ecclesiastical studies under more control than the free-standing universities of Bologna and Padua . In 1431 Pope Eugene IV completely reorganized

1215-505: The historical epic 1900 (1976), the family drama La Luna (1979), and the darkly comedic Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man (1981), were also controversial but acclaimed. His 1987 film The Last Emperor , a biopic of Chinese monarch Puyi , was a critical and commercial success, earning rave reviews and sweeping the 60th Academy Awards (including Best Picture and Best Director). He followed its success with two more films in his "Oriental Trilogy" – The Sheltering Sky , an adaptation of

1260-401: The information from Schneider to generate a real "reaction of frustration and rage". Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, but Brando and Schneider both said it was simulated. In 2016 Bertolucci released a statement where he clarified that Schneider had known of the violence to be depicted in the scene, but had not been told about the use of butter. Following

1305-535: The liberty of the citizens) encircling the head of Italia turrita on the reverse. The six degrees with corresponding ribbons are as follows (with numbers to 2 June 2020): The order is bestowed by decree of the President of the Italian Republic , as head of the orders of knighthood, on the recommendation of the President of the Council of Ministers . Except in exceptional circumstances, no one can be awarded for

1350-579: The newly unified state. In 1935 the new university campus, planned by Marcello Piacentini , was completed. Sapienza teaches and conducts research in all pure and applied sciences and humanities. It is often considered the best in the world for classics and ancient history . Sapienza houses 50 libraries with over 2.7 million books, most notably the Alessandrina University Library, built in 1667 by Pope Alexander VII , housing 1.5 million volumes. In addition it has 19 museums,

1395-711: The order are OMRI . The order effectively replaced national orders such as the Civil Order of Savoy (1831), the Order of the Crown of Italy (1868), the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572) and the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (1362). Investiture takes place twice a year – on 2 June, the anniversary of the foundation of the Republic , and on 27 December, the anniversary of

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1440-570: The promulgation of the Italian Constitution . However, those awards on Presidential motu proprio , related to termination of service or granted to foreigners, may be made at any time. The badge, modified in 2001, bears the inscription Al Merito della Repubblica encircling the national coat of arms on the obverse and the Latin Patriæ Unitati (for the union of the country) and Civium Libertati (for

1485-662: The public. He filmed Stealing Beauty in 1996, then The Dreamers in 2003, which describes the political passions and sexual revolutions of two siblings in Paris in 1968. In 2007, Bertolucci received the Golden Lion Award at the Venice Film Festival for his life's work, and in 2011 he also received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival . In 2012, his final film, Me and You ,

1530-481: The relationship between nationhood and nationalism, as well as issues of popular taste and collective memory, all amid an international plot by Benito Mussolini to assassinate a politically active leftist professor of philosophy in Paris. 1900 also analyses the struggle of Left and Right. On 27 September 2009, Bertolucci was one of the signatories of the appeal to the Swiss government to release Roman Polanski , who

1575-458: The speech would have been 'The Truth Makes Us Good and Goodness is Truth'. Some students and professors protested in reaction to a 1990 speech that Pope Benedict XVI (then Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger) gave in which he, in their opinion, endorsed the actions of the church against Galileo in 1633. Sapienza University has many campuses in Rome, but its main campus is the Città Universitaria (University city), which covers 44 ha (110 acres) near

1620-464: The studium and decreed that the university should expand to include the four schools of Law, Medicine, Philosophy, in addition to the existing Theology. In the 1650s the university became known as Sapienza , meaning "wisdom", a title it still retains. After the capture of Rome by the forces of the Kingdom of Italy in 1870, La Sapienza rapidly expanded as the chosen main university of the capital of

1665-601: The theatre director and playwright Giuseppe (27 February 1947 – 16 June 2012). His cousin was the film producer Giovanni Bertolucci (24 June 1940 – 17 February 2005), with whom he worked on a number of films. Bertolucci initially wished to become a poet like his father. With this goal in mind, he attended the Faculty of Modern Literature of the University of Rome from 1958 to 1961, where his film career as an assistant director to Pasolini began. Shortly after, Bertolucci left

1710-401: The theme is communication and therefore also incommunicability. The favorite subject of Michelangelo Antonioni and the condition I found myself facing when I moved on from my films for the few, those of the sixties, to a broader cinema ready to meet a large audience." Bertolucci wrote many screenplays, both for his own films and for films directed by others, two of which he also produced. He

1755-769: The undergraduate course. For some faculties, the entrance test is only a means through which the administration acknowledges the students' level of preparation. Students that do not pass the test can still enroll in their chosen degree courses but have to pass an additional exam during their first year. Sapienza University can boast several illustrious professors and alumni from the past and the present. From Nicolaus Copernicus to Maria Montessori , from Luigi Pirandello to Tullio De Mauro , from Sergio Mattarella to Mario Draghi . Numerous Nobel Prize winners have been professors or have graduated from Sapienza: Guglielmo Marconi , Enrico Fermi , Daniel Bovet , Emilio Segrè , Giulio Natta , Carlo Rubbia , Franco Modigliani . Among

1800-403: The university without graduating. In 1962, at the age of 22, he directed his first feature film, produced by Tonino Cervi with a screenplay by Pasolini, called La commare secca (1962). The film is a murder mystery, following a prostitute's homicide. Bertolucci uses flashbacks to piece together the crime and the person who committed it. The film which shortly followed was his acclaimed Before

1845-402: The “media glare” and her fame after the film's release, Schneider became a drug addict and suicidal. Criminal proceedings were brought against Bertolucci in Italy for obscenity; the film was sequestered by the censorship commission and all copies were ordered destroyed. An Italian court revoked Bertolucci's civil rights for five years and gave him a four-month suspended prison sentence. In 1978

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1890-520: Was an actor in the film Golem: The Spirit of Exile , directed by Amos Gitai in 1992. Bertolucci was an atheist , though he was fascinated by Buddhism . Bertolucci's films are often very political. He was a professed Marxist and, like Luchino Visconti , who similarly employed many foreign artists during the late 1960s, Bertolucci used his films to express his political views. His political films were preceded by others re-evaluating history. The Conformist (1970) criticised fascism , touched upon

1935-462: Was being held awaiting extradition to the United States. On Twitter on 24 April 2015, Bertolucci participated in #whomademyclothes, Fashion Revolution's anti- sweatshop campaign commemorating the 2013 Savar building collapse , the deadliest accident in the history of the garment industry. Bertolucci advocated the practice of Transcendental Meditation : "We want to evoke the present and it

1980-469: Was screened out of competition at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival and was released early in 2013 in the UK. The film is an adaptation of Niccolò Ammaniti 's young adult book Me and You . The screenplay for the movie was written by Bertolucci, Umberto Contarello and Niccolò Ammaniti. Bertolucci originally intended to shoot the film in 3D but was forced to abandon this plan due to cost. Bertolucci appeared on

2025-696: Was the first feature film ever authorized by the government of the People's Republic of China to film in the Forbidden City . Bertolucci had proposed the film to the Chinese government as one of two possible projects. The other film was La Condition Humaine by André Malraux . The Chinese government preferred The Last Emperor . After The Last Emperor , The Sheltering Sky and Little Buddha , Bertolucci returned to Italy to film, and to revisit his old themes but with varying results from both critics and

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