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54-676: Bernkastel-Kues lies in the Mosel valley, roughly 50 km (31 mi) from Trier . The greatest elevation is the Olymp (415 m above sea level ), and the lowest point (107 m above sea level) lies on the Mosel's banks. The municipal area totals 23 657 101 m, of which 7 815 899 m is used for agriculture , thereby making Bernkastel-Kues one of the Middle Moselle's biggest towns by land area. Clockwise from

108-435: A militia was formed. The first road bridge between Bernkastel and Kues was built between 1872 and 1874, as was the first railway link in 1882 and 1883. In 1891, Bernkastel marked its 600-year jubilee as a town. The town in its current form came into being on 1 April 1905 through the merger of the town of Bernkastel with the winemaking village of Kues across the river. In 1926 there arose great unrest among winemakers along

162-544: A collective vote ( Kuriatstimme ) within their particular bench ( Curia ), as did the free imperial cities belonging to the College of Towns. The right to vote rested essentially on a territorial entitlement, with the result that when a given prince acquired new territories through inheritance or otherwise, he also acquired their voting rights in the diet. In general, members did not attend the permanent diet at Regensburg, but sent representatives instead. The late imperial diet

216-729: A local ruler, subject only to the Emperor himself, and managed to be accepted as third parties. Several attempts to reform the Empire and end its slow disintegration, starting with the Diet of 1495 , did not have much effect. In contrast, this process was hastened with the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, which formally bound the Emperor to accept all decisions made by the Diet, in effect depriving him of his few remaining powers. From then until its end in 1806,

270-592: A municipal service centre with an underground parking garage. The track itself was first converted as far as Lieser into the Mosel-Radweg (cycling trail), and then later into the Maare-Mosel-Radweg through Wittlich to Daun in the Eifel . Bernkastel-Kues is a stop on Rhine - Mosel cruises. Along the shore of the Mosel are many landing stages from which there are many tours daily. Bernkastel-Kues

324-654: A row of well-preserved buildings and also the Renaissance Town Hall from 1608. The Graach Gate is an often visited tourist attraction. Above the constituent community of Bernkastel lie the Castle Landshut ruins, a former summer residence of the Archbishops of Trier that was destroyed by fire on 8 January 1692. It today serves as a popular lookout point over the Moselle valley. Also worth seeing

378-567: A ruin. From 1794 to 1814, Bernkastel was a cantonal chef-lieu under French rule. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bernkastel and Kues were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia . In 1821 Bernkastel became a district seat. In 1848, the Revolution came to Bernkastel as it had to many of the then politically disunited German lands: The black-red-gold flag was hoisted at the town hall and

432-467: A transitional zone between temperate oceanic climate and continental climate . The barrier formed by the Eifel shields Bernkastel-Kues from west winds, putting it in a rain shadow and sometimes subjecting it to a föhn effect. Yearly precipitation in Bernkastel-Kues amounts to 706 mm (27.8 in), falling into the middle third of the precipitation chart for all Germany. At 41% of

486-689: Is twinned with: The first string before the hyphen, "Bernkastel" is the name of a character in the visual novel series Umineko: When They Cry . Mosel (river) Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 920214778 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:44:40 GMT Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire) The Imperial Diet ( Latin : Dieta Imperii or Comitium Imperiale ; German : Reichstag )

540-466: Is buried. Near the outlying centre of Wehlen lies the former Machern Monastery in whose rooms are now found a winery, a house brewery and a restaurant. Historically, the most important economic sector has been winegrowing . Within the Bernkastel area, vines are worked overwhelmingly in steep-slope vineyards in an area of 5,844 ha. There are still many wineries in Bernkastel-Kues today. Riesling

594-408: Is the customary grape variety, although smaller quantities of other varieties, such as Burgunder, Rivaner , Kerner and Dornfelder , are also grown. Within town limits, the wine making appellations – Großlagen – Münzlay (Wehlen), Badstube (Bernkastel) and Kurfürstlay (Bernkastel, Kues and Andel) are represented by the following vineyards: Bernkastel-Kues lies on Bundesstraßen 50 and 53. With

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648-781: Is the only town gate that is still standing, the Graacher Tor (“ Graach Gate ”). The town furthermore has several squares at its disposal; beyond the mediaeval marketplace are the Platz am Bärenbrunnen (“Square at the Bear’s Fountain”) and the Karlsbader Platz (“Karlovy Vary Square” – named after the partner town, which is called Karlsbad in German ) opened in July 2005. The Doctorbrunnen (“Doctor Fountain”) depicts scenes of

702-705: The Verbandsgemeinde of Bernkastel-Kues was formed through the merger of the Ämter of Bernkastel-Land, Lieser, Mülheim, Zeltingen and the town of Bernkastel-Kues. In 1997, the Burgbergtunnel , a traffic bypass, had its festive opening. Bernkastel-Kues was the host town for the annual Intercamp Camporee for the year 2008. Scouting councils from the USA , Canada , the Czech Republic , Germany, France , and many other European countries attended

756-542: The Frankish kingdom when important decisions had to be made, probably based on the old Germanic law whereby each leader relied on the support of his leading men. In the early and high Middle Ages these assemblies were not yet institutionalized, but were held as needed at the decision of the king or emperor. They weren't called Diet yet, but Hoftag ( court day ). They were usually held in the imperial palaces ( Kaiserpfalz ) . For example, already under Charlemagne during

810-594: The German Weather Service's weather stations lower figures are recorded. The driest month is February. The most rainfall comes in August. In that month, precipitation is 1.6 times what it is in February. Precipitation varies hardly at all, being evenly spread throughout the year. At only 22% of the weather stations are lower seasonal swings recorded. The earliest evidence of human habitation (3000 BC)

864-550: The Knights Hospitaller at Heitersheim . The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck remained an ecclesiastical member even after it had turned Protestant , ruled by diocesan administrators from the House of Holstein-Gottorp from 1586. The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück , according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia was under alternating rule of a Catholic bishop and a Lutheran bishop from the House of Hanover . Each member of

918-950: The Nine Years' War . In the War of the Bavarian Succession , the electoral dignities of the Palatinate and Bavaria were merged, approved by the 1779 Treaty of Teschen . The German Mediatisation of 1803 entailed the dissolution of the Cologne and Trier Prince-archbishoprics, the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz and German Archchancellor received—as compensation for his lost territory occupied by Revolutionary France —the newly established Principality of Regensburg . In turn, four secular princes were elevated to prince-electors: These changes however had little effect, as with

972-592: The Peace of Westphalia , religious matters could no longer be decided by a majority vote of the colleges. Instead, the Reichstag would separate into Catholic and Protestant bodies, which would discuss the matter separately and then negotiate an agreement with each other, a procedure called the itio in partes . The Catholic body, or corpus catholicorum , was headed by the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz . The Protestant body, or corpus evangelicorum ,

1026-760: The Perpetual Diet of Regensburg in 1663 did the Diet permanently convene at a fixed location. The Imperial Diet of Constance opened on 27 April 1507; it recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Imperial Chamber , the empire's supreme court. From 1489, the Diet comprised three colleges: The Electoral College ( Kurfürstenrat ), led by the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz in his capacity as Archchancellor of Germany . The seven Prince-electors were designated by

1080-627: The Saufbähnchen , ran through Bernkastel-Kues. The railway station building stands at the water's edge in the constituent community of Bernkastel (right bank). Furthermore, there was a Deutsche Bahn terminal station in the constituent community of Kues (left bank) whence a further railway track, the Wengerohr–Bernkastel-Kues line , linked the town with Wittlich and the Moselle line ( Cannons Railway ). Both railways are disused and

1134-812: The Saxon Wars , a Hoftag, according to the Royal Frankish Annals , met at Paderborn in 777 and determined laws over the subdued Saxons and other tribes. In 803 Charlemagne, by then crowned as emperor of the Franks, issued the final version of the Lex Saxonum . At the Diet of 919 in Fritzlar the dukes elected the first King of the Germans , who was a Saxon, Henry the Fowler , thus overcoming

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1188-593: The St.-Nikolaus-Hospital , a hospital for the poor, was built. In 1505, in an Electoral edict from Jakob II, the name Landshut for the archiepiscopal castle crops up for the first time. Emperor Maximilian I spent a night in Bernkastel in 1512 on the way to the Imperial Diet at Trier. The Plague raged in Bernkastel in 1627, and in Kues in 1641. In 1692, Castle Landshut fell victim to fire and since then it has been

1242-857: The Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts and mergers within the Swabian , the Franconian and the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circles . Likewise, on the ecclesiastical bench, the Imperial abbots joined a Swabian or Rhenish college. In the German Mediatisation of 1803, numerous ecclesiastical territories were annexed by secular estates. However, a reform of the Princes' college was not carried out until

1296-421: The 8th century, a geographer described a place called Princastellum . This is said to be evidence of a Roman castellum in the 4th century near today's Landshut castle ruin. Pointing to this are, among other things, fittings and finds of ceramic and iron underneath the castle. The 12th-century form of the name, Beronis castellum , was a learned re-Latinization, which was related to Adalbero von Luxemburg. Work

1350-583: The Electorate itself remained officially Protestant and retained the directorship of the Protestant body. When the Elector's son also converted to Catholicism, Prussia and Hanover attempted to take over the directorship in 1717–1720, but without success. The Electors of Saxony would head the Protestant body until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. After the formation of the new German Empire in 1871,

1404-684: The Empire was not much more than a collection of largely independent states. Probably the most famous Diets were those held in Worms in 1495 , where the Imperial Reform was enacted, and 1521 , where Martin Luther was banned (see Edict of Worms ), the Diets of Speyer 1526 and 1529 (see Protestation at Speyer ), and several in Nuremberg ( Diet of Nuremberg ). Only with the introduction of

1458-526: The Empire's dissolution in 1806. The college of Imperial Cities ( Reichsstädtekollegium ) evolved from 1489 onwards. It contributed greatly to the development of the Imperial Diets as a political institution. Nevertheless, the collective vote of the cities was of inferior importance until a 1582 Recess of the Augsburg Diet . The college was led by the city council of the actual venue until

1512-672: The Golden Bull of 1356: The number increased to eight, when in 1623 the Duke of Bavaria took over the electoral dignity of the Count Palatine, who himself received a separate vote in the electoral college according to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia ( Causa Palatina ), including the high office of an Archtreasurer . In 1692 the Elector of Hanover (formally Brunswick-Lüneburg) became the ninth Prince-elector as Archbannerbearer during

1566-734: The Historical Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences started to collect imperial records ( Reichsakten ) and imperial diet records ( Reichstagsakten ). In 1893 the commission published the first volume. At present the years 1524–1527 and years up to 1544 are being collected and researched. A volume dealing with the 1532 Diet of Regensburg, including the peace negotiations with the Protestants in Schweinfurt and Nuremberg , by Rosemarie Aulinger of Vienna

1620-582: The Moselle, and the financial office in Bernkastel and the customs office in Kues were stormed. On Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), there were great riots against Jewish inhabitants, and the synagogue was destroyed. In 1946, the first democratic elections after the Second World War were held. Hans Weber became mayor. In 1970, Andel and Wehlen were amalgamated with the town. With administrative reform in Rhineland-Palatinate ,

1674-593: The Perpetual Diet in 1663, when the chair passed to Regensburg . The Imperial cities also divided into a Swabian and Rhenish bench. The Swabian cities were led by Nuremberg , Augsburg and Regensburg, the Rhenish cities by Cologne , Aachen and Frankfurt . For a complete list of members of the Imperial Diet from 1792, near the end of the Empire, see List of Reichstag participants (1792) . After

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1728-671: The Prince-electors. The House of Princes was again subdivided into an ecclesiastical and a secular bench. Remarkably, the ecclesiastical bench was headed by the—secular— Archduke of Austria and the Burgundian duke of the Habsburg Netherlands (held by Habsburg Spain from 1556). As the Austrian House of Habsburg had failed to assume the leadership of the secular bench, they received the guidance over

1782-404: The Princes' College held either a single vote ( Virilstimme ) or a collective vote ( Kuriatstimme ). Due to the Princes, their single vote from 1582 strictly depended on their immediate fiefs; this principle led to an accumulation of votes, when one ruler held several territories in personal union . Counts and Lords only were entitled to collective votes, they therefore formed separate colleges like

1836-464: The abdication of Francis II as Holy Roman Emperor the Empire was dissolved only three years later. The college of Imperial Princes ( Reichsfürstenrat or Fürstenbank ) incorporated the Imperial Counts as well as immediate lords, Prince-Bishops and Imperial abbots . Strong in members, though often discordant, the second college tried to preserve its interests against the dominance of

1890-484: The court of the Emperor. These assemblies were usually referred to as Hoftage (from German Hof "court"). Only beginning in 1489 was the Diet called the Reichstag , and it was formally divided into collegia ("colleges"). Initially, the two colleges were of the prince-electors and of the remaining dukes and princes. Later, the imperial cities with Imperial immediacy became oligarchic republics independent of

1944-417: The ecclesiastical princes. The first ecclesiastical prince was the Archbishop of Salzburg as Primas Germaniae ; the Prince-Archbishop of Besançon , though officially a member until the 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen , did not attend the Diet's meetings. The ecclesiastical bench also comprised the Grand Master and Deutschmeister of the Teutonic Knights , as well as the Grand Prior of the Monastic State of

1998-474: The end of the empire in 1806, it was in permanent session at Regensburg . All Imperial Estates enjoyed immediacy and, therefore, they had no authority above them besides the Holy Roman Emperor himself. While all the estates were entitled to a seat and vote, only the higher temporal and spiritual princes of the College of Princes enjoyed an individual vote ( Virilstimme ), while lesser estates such as imperial counts and imperial abbots, were merely entitled to

2052-434: The event on May 9–11. In 2000 began the partnership between Bernkastel-Kues and Karlovy Vary in the Czech Republic . In 2005, the town celebrated the centenary of the merger of Bernkastel and Kues, and the municipality became a “climatic health resort” ( Heilklimatischer Kurort ). The council is made up of 22 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and

2106-483: The head to chief. The arms borne until 1951 were similar, but there were two notable differences: The keys are meant to be the keys of heaven held by Saint Peter , to whom the Archbishopric of Trier is consecrated. The bear is the town's armorial bearing, and is canting (“bear” is Bär in German ). The crayfish, also canting, as the blazon calls it a Krebs (a word applied to any of a number of crustacean creatures), stands for Nikolaus von Kues , whose family name

2160-406: The honorary mayor as chairman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results: The honorary mayor is Wolfgang Port (CDU). He was first elected in 2000 and last re-elected in 2019 with 61.6% of the votes. Port's predecessor, Helmut Gestrich, was mayor beginning in 1994 and was reëlected in 1999, but he resigned the mayoralty on 22 November 2000 after having been linked to

2214-442: The largely independent rule of the dukes over their respective territories, and also limited the number of electors to seven. The Pope, contrary to modern myth, was never involved in the electoral process but only in the process of ratification and coronation of whomever the Prince-Electors chose. Until the late 15th century the Diet was not formalized as an institution. Instead, the dukes and other princes would irregularly convene at

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2268-454: The longstanding rivalry between Franks and Saxons and laying the foundation for the German realm. After the conquest of Italy , the 1158 Diet of Roncaglia finalized four laws that would significantly alter the (never formally written) constitution of the Empire, marking the beginning of the steady decline of the central power in favour of the local dukes. The Golden Bull of 1356 cemented the concept of "territorial rule" ( Landesherrschaft ),

2322-465: The north, these are Graach , Longkamp , Monzelfeld , Veldenz , Mülheim , Lieser , Maring-Noviand , Platten and Zeltingen-Rachtig . Bernkastel-Kues is subdivided into the four Stadtteile of Andel, Bernkastel, Kues and Wehlen. The former two lie on the Moselle's right bank, while the latter two are on the left. All together, 7,794 people live in all four centres (3,696 men, 4,098 women), of whom 268 – or 3.44% – are foreigners. The town lies in

2376-419: The old legend about a local wine, the famous "Bernkasteler Doctor". Another well-known point of interest is the Late Gothic St. Nikolaus-Hospital ( Cusanusstift ), an Electoral complex of Nikolaus von Kues . The institution's library has an outstanding scientific range of works. It is also well known for its chapel, where the heart of the great philosopher, cardinal and polymath Nikolaus von Kues (Cusanus)

2430-436: The opening of the Burgbergtunnel (550 m), heavy traffic in the constituent community of Bernkastel was alleviated. Also, two bridges are found in town, one of which is the only suspension bridge across the Moselle . Both were renovated in the 1990s. Public transport is integrated into the Verkehrsverbund Region Trier (VRT), whose fares therefore apply. Until 31 December 1962, the narrow gauge Moseltalbahn , also called

2484-417: The so-called Doerfert Affair (a corruption scandal; its namesake, Hans-Joachim Doerfert, was sentenced to seven years and three months for fraud and breach of trust, although he only served five years). The town's arms might be described thus: Quarterly, first and fourth sable a key palewise argent, the wards to chief and sinister, second Or a bear passant of the first, and third Or a crayfish palewise gules,

2538-416: The terms of the Golden Bull of 1356 , Bohemond II became Elector. According to legend, he was brought back to health from a serious illness by a glass of wine, giving rise to the legend of the Bernkastler Doctor winery. In 1401, Nikolaus von Kues , also known by his Latinized name Nicolaus Cusanus, was born in Moselle shipowner Henne Cryfftz's house, which is well preserved and can be visited. In 1451,

2592-413: The tracks have been torn up. The slate-block railway station building, built “Moselle-style” in the early 20th century by Reichsbahn building director Franz Schenk, has likewise been preserved. An adjoining goods building was restored and is now used as a multifunctional building ( Güterhalle ). In what was once the track area there was at first an unsecured carpark. Now here is the Forum Alter Bahnhof ,

2646-467: Was Cryfftz (the same as Krebs in High German ). There are only two other towns in Germany whose arms bear a crustacean charge, namely Bad Wurzach in the Allgäu and Cottbus . Worth seeing in Bernkastel is the mediaeval marketplace with its gabled timber-frame houses from the 17th century, foremost among which is the narrow Spitzhäuschen (“Pointed House”) from 1416. Around the St. Michaelsbrunnen (“ Saint Michael’s Fountain”) from 1606 gathers

2700-461: Was begun on the third castle building under the lordship of Archbishop of Trier Heinrich II of Finstingen. On 29 May 1291, King Rudolph I of Germany granted Berrincastel town rights. The castle, Burg Landshut, which was built at that time, was given this name only in the 16th century. In 1332, the town rights were reaffirmed by Emperor Louis the Bavarian's Sammelprivileg (a kind of omnibus decree that dealt with many rights and privileges). Under

2754-409: Was discovered by archaeologists in Kues. About AD 370, Decimus Magnus Ausonius , the Roman poet and teacher at the Imperial court, wrote his poem Mosella . Adalbero von Luxemburg (d. 1036 or 1037), Provost of the Trier Monastery of St. Paulin, became Lord of Bernkastel in the early 11th century. In the first half of the 11th century, Bernkastel had its first documentary mention. At the turn of

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2808-439: Was headed by the Elector of Saxony . At meetings of the Protestant body, Saxony would introduce each topic of discussion, after which Brandenburg-Prussia and Hanover would speak, followed by the remaining states in order of size. When all the states had spoken, Saxony would weigh the votes and announce a consensus. Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism in 1697 in order to become King of Poland, but

2862-432: Was in effect a permanent meeting of ambassadors between the estates. The role and function of the Imperial Diet evolved over the centuries, like the Empire itself, with the estates and separate territories increasing control of their own affairs at the expense of imperial power. Initially, there was neither a fixed time nor location for the Diet. It began as a convention of the dukes of the old Germanic tribes that formed

2916-431: Was the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire . It was not a legislative body in the contemporary sense; its members envisioned it more like a central forum where it was more important to negotiate than to decide. Its members were the Imperial Estates , divided into three colleges. The diet as a permanent, regularized institution evolved from the Hoftage (court assemblies) of the Middle Ages . From 1663 until

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