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68-580: Bernt Balchen (23 October 1899 – 17 October 1973) was a Norwegian pioneer polar aviator , navigator, aircraft mechanical engineer and military leader. A Norwegian native, he later became an American citizen and was a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross . His service in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II made use of his Arctic exploration expertise to help the Allies over Scandinavia and Northern Europe . After

136-713: A starship crew in science fiction , where they are sometimes called astrogators, a merger of the prefix "astro" and "navigator". According to a science fiction citations site for the Oxford English Dictionary , the earliest known use of the word is in David Lasser 's 1931 book The Conquest of Space . According to that site and also Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction , it first appeared in science fiction in Stanley G. Weinbaum 's short story " The Planet of Doubt ", published in

204-648: A cavalry charge, his horse was shot from under him and he was left for dead on the battlefield. Having received serious wounds that required a lengthy convalescence, Balchen turned to an early interest in athletics and trained strenuously as a boxer to represent Norway in the 1920 Olympics . Besides being a championship boxer, he was also an expert marksman and an accomplished skier. Balchen was very knowledgeable about wilderness and northern survival, skills that he would later exploit. While waiting for his acceptance as an Olympian, Balchen received word that he also qualified for flight training, resulting in his decision to become

272-406: A comprehensive passage plan depending on the size and type of vessel, each applicable according to the individual situation. A good passage plan will include a track line laid out upon the largest-scale charts available which cover the vessel's track. The navigator will draw and redraw the track line until it is safe, efficient, and in line with all applicable laws and regulations. When the track

340-495: A folio of over three thousand charts this can be a laborious and time-consuming task for the navigator. Various and diverse methods exist for the correction of electronic navigational charts. The term nautical publications is used in maritime circles to describe a set of publications, generally published by national governments, for use in safe navigation of ships, boats, and similar vessels. The nature of waterways described by any given nautical publication changes regularly, and

408-492: A host of other companies including Hughes Aircraft , General Dynamics , Canadair and the Electric Boat Company . Working for Canadair in 1966, then the parent company, General Dynamics, from 1966 to 1971, Balchen had authority over projects as diverse as ice-breakers, tankers, new epoxy materials for submarine construction, seagoing electronic weather systems and over-snow vehicles. In 1962, he also worked with

476-465: A larger area, being less concentrated, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year except in tropical regions. The axial tilt of the Earth has the most effect on climate of the polar regions due to its latitude. However, since the polar regions are

544-639: A level equal to surface warfare officers. U.S. Coast Guard officers that are shipboard navigators are normally cutter qualified at a level analogous to the USN officers previously mentioned. Quartermasters are the navigator's enlisted assistants and perform most of the technical navigation duties. Aboard ships in the Merchant Marine and Merchant Navy , the second mate is generally the (senior) navigator. Navigators are sometimes also called 'air navigators' or 'flight navigators'. In civil aviation this

612-709: A mariner navigating by use of an old or uncorrected publication is courting disaster. Every producer of nautical publications also provides a system to inform mariners of changes that affect the chart. In the United States, corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notice to Mariners , Local Notice to Mariners , Summary of Corrections , and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections. For ensuring that all publications are fully up-to-date, similar methods are employed as for nautical charts. Various and diverse methods exist for

680-669: A maritime or flight region and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land, natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation , information on tides and currents , local details of the Earth's magnetic field , restricted flying areas, and man-made structures such as harbors , buildings and bridges . Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take

748-538: A new directive: to set up a training camp and school for expatriate Norwegian airmen and soldiers in Canada. Balchen negotiated directly with Canadian government officials to obtain an agreement to use available airport facilities at the Toronto Island airport on Lake Ontario known as " Little Norway ". During the war, over 2,500 Norwegian aviators of all categories: pilots, navigators and mechanics, were trained in

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816-673: A pilot in the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service in 1921. Gaining recognition as an accomplished pilot, the Norwegian Defense Department selected Balchen in 1925 to become part of the Amundsen-Ellsworth Relief Expedition, a rescue mission for the missing explorer Roald Amundsen under the command of Flight Lieutenant Lützow-Holm . The expedition consisting of two seaplanes, was sent to Spitsbergen on

884-559: A pre-voyage conference (USAF term is "mission briefing") in order to ensure that all members of the team share the same mental model of the entire trip. Passage planning procedures are specified in International Maritime Organization Resolutions, in the laws of IMO signatory countries (for example, Title 33 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ), and a number of professional books and USN/USAF publications. There are some fifty elements of

952-610: A safe, reliable and practical means of transportation. Following this tour Balchen was hired by Anthony Fokker as a test pilot for the Fokker Aircraft Company at the Teterboro Airport , New Jersey. On 29 June 1927, Balchen, as the co-pilot with the chief pilot Bert Acosta ; the flight engineer, George Otto Noville and the navigator and air flight organizer, Commander Byrd, flew a U.S. Post Office airmail aircraft, Fokker trimotor America , across

1020-425: A type of marine Crustacea , which in turn feed a complex of living creatures from penguins to blue whales . Navigator Shipborne navigators in the U.S. Navy are normally surface warfare officer qualified with the exception of naval aviators and naval flight officers assigned to ship's navigator billets aboard aircraft carriers and large deck amphibious assault ships and who have been qualified at

1088-725: A weather station required to provide accurate weather reports for the German forces operating in the North Atlantic. Balchen then was posted to the European Theatre to run "Operation Where and When", based at Luleå - Kallax Air Base in northern Sweden. Balchen commanded a clandestine air transport operation, using 10 Douglas C-47s and helped to set up an escape route between the United Kingdom and Sweden that enabled numerous important diplomats and others to flee

1156-735: Is finished, it is becoming common practice to also enter it into electronic navigation tools such as an Electronic Chart Display and Information System , a chartplotter , or a GPS unit. Once the voyage has begun the progress of the vessel along its planned route must be monitored. This requires that the ship's position be determined, using standard methods including dead reckoning , radar fixing, celestial navigation , pilotage , and electronic navigation , to include usage of GPS and navigation computer equipment. Passage planning software, tide and tidal current predictors, celestial navigational calculators, consumables estimators for fuel, oil, water, and stores, and other useful applications. The navigator

1224-415: Is responsible for the maintenance of the ship's navigational equipment. U.S. Air Force navigators are responsible for troubleshooting problems of the navigation equipment while airborne, but the ground Maintenance personnel are ultimately responsible for the repair and upkeep of that aircraft's navigation system. Boats and ships can use several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to navigate all of

1292-542: Is the largest research station in Antarctica , run by the United States. Other notable stations include Palmer Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (United States), Esperanza Base and Marambio Base ( Argentina ), Scott Base ( New Zealand ), and Vostok Station (Russia). While there are no indigenous human cultures, there is a complex ecosystem, especially along Antarctica's coastal zones. Coastal upwelling provides abundant nutrients that feed krill ,

1360-399: Is with a "chart and publication correction record card" system. Using this system, the navigator does not immediately update every chart in the portfolio when a new Notice to Mariners arrives, instead creating a card for every chart and noting the correction on this card. When the time comes to use the chart, the navigator pulls the chart and chart's card, and makes the indicated corrections on

1428-855: The American Association of Airport Executives , created the Bernt Balchen Award in his memory in 1976 to recognize airports excelling in snow and ice control. In 1973, Balchen was inducted in the National Aviation Hall of Fame In 1974, Mount Balchen in Alaska was named after him, and there is a Mount Balchen in Antarctica also named in his honor. In 1976, Balchen was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame . October 23 1999,

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1496-757: The Arctic Ocean in the north, and by the Antarctic ice sheet on the continent of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the south. The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44" N), or just the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline . The Antarctic is usually defined simply as south of 60° south latitude, or

1564-795: The French Foreign Legion , and his unit was assigned to the Verdun front in World War I . In 1918, before seeing action, Balchen was recalled to Norway. He transferred to the Norwegian Army , and was sent to an artillery school, where he graduated shortly after. Under an assumed name, Balchen fought as a cavalryman with the White Guards in the Finnish Civil War that followed the end of major hostilities. During

1632-706: The North Atlantic Ocean in search of the German Kriegsmarine U-boats that were menacing American, British, and Canadian ships taking war supplies and troops across the ocean in preparation for the then undecided location of the cross-channel invasion of Europe. This latter air base had the code name "Bluie West Eight" during its operational life. Between September 1941 and November 1943, Balchen trained his personnel in cold weather survival skills and rescue techniques which enabled them to carry out many rescues of downed airmen on

1700-528: The North Pole from Svalbard to Teller, Alaska . Although he was a highly regarded mechanic, Balchen's main role was to provide survival training to the Italian crew members as well as to teach them to ski. In a last-minute decision by Amundsen, he was not chosen to be on the record-breaking dirigible flight as Nobile was in charge of picking the crew, which already had a complement of 23. After observing

1768-484: The South Pole . Balchen was the chief pilot, and he was accompanied by Harold June , his co-pilot and radio operator; Ashley McKinley , the flight's photographer; and Commander Richard E. Byrd , the plane's navigator and leader of his First Antarctic Expedition. The flight was considered one of the greatest aviation achievements in history. Due to his reputation as a polar, transatlantic and aviation expert, Balchen

1836-531: The Svalbard archipelago. This assignment would make Amundsen, already a family friend, a lifelong friend and confidant. During the next year, Balchen became part of a ground party led by Lieutenant J. Höver, providing technical services for the Roald Amundsen, Lincoln Ellsworth and Umberto Nobile Arctic Expedition, ultimately a successful attempt to fly the lighter-than-air airship, Norge , over

1904-632: The United States ( Alaska ), Canada ( Yukon , the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ), Denmark ( Greenland ), Norway , Finland , Sweden , Iceland , and Russia . Arctic circumpolar populations, though small, often share more in common with each other than with other populations within their national boundaries. As such, the northern polar region is diverse in human settlements and cultures. The southern polar region has no permanent human habitation as of now. McMurdo Station

1972-485: The 10th Rescue Squadron of the U.S. Air Force, which was located in southern Alaska but which operated across all of Alaska and northern Canada rescuing crashed airmen. Balchen led this squadron in the development of the techniques that became widely used in cold weather search and rescues. He was also directly responsible for persuading the U.S. Air Force to purchase the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver bush aircraft, one that became an important search and rescue aircraft for

2040-456: The Arctic. On 23 May 1949, while commanding the 10th Rescue Squadron, Balchen flew a Douglas C-54 Skymaster from Fairbanks, Alaska , via the North Pole to Thule Air Base , Greenland. Balchen was primarily responsible for the pioneering and development of the strategic air base at Thule, Greenland, built secretly on his recommendation, in 1951 under severe weather conditions which, by extending

2108-554: The Atlantic Ocean from Roosevelt Field on Long Island . Due to Acosta's reported lack of ability to successfully fly via aircraft instruments, and the foul weather for most of this flight, Balchen did most of the flying. Bad weather and low visibility over France made landing at the Paris airport impractical, despite their repeated attempts. When their aircraft was running low on aviation gasoline, Balchen decided to fly back to

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2176-508: The Greenland icecap. On 25 May 1943, flying in a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress , Balchen led a bombing raid that destroyed the only German outpost remaining on Greenland , a forward station at Sabine Island on the eastern coast of that island. This destruction hindered the ability of the German armed forces to maintain a presence on Greenland that not only had been used to send deceptive radio messages to Allied aircraft as well as establishing

2244-520: The Nazis. From March to December 1944, Balchen's "Operation Balder" using six B-24s manned with OSS crews, safely evacuated at least 2,000 Norwegians, 900 American internees and 150 internees of other nationalities from Sweden. Norwegian police troops were also airlifted from Sweden to Finnmark. The air operation also shipped strategic freight; from July to October 1944, 64 tons of operational supplies such as ammunition were transported from Scotland to

2312-797: The Philippines, a representative of General Henry "Hap" Arnold sought out Balchen. Arnold asked Balchen to join the US Army Air Forces as a colonel to oversee the establishment of the USAAF polar airfields at Qaanaaq , and Sondre Stromfjord Greenland . These highly secretive bases would serve to ferry fighter aircraft across the Atlantic by air, rather than having to disassemble them and send them overseas by cargo ship. The airfields also served as bases from which long-range Consolidated B-24 Liberator patrol aircraft could fly far out over

2380-567: The South Geographic Pole. As well as being the first such flight, this would remain the fastest until succeeded by Pan Am Flight 50, a Boeing 747SP with U.S. registration N533PA, on October 28–30, 1977. (October 28, 1977 was the 50th anniversary of Pan Am's first (airmail) flight, from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba: about 90 miles.) As one of the world's foremost Arctic experts, Balchen was sought out by numerous companies and government agencies including Canada and Norway. Balchen

2448-653: The USAF presenting a proposal on the Apogee Intercept Defense System (AIDS) in 1962 and later, was the leading advocate for "Project Iceman", a proposed system of intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) stationed in Greenland. Colonel Balchen was among 27 passengers on board the first circumnavigation of the Earth over both poles. The aircraft was a brand-new, chartered Flying Tiger Line Boeing 707-349C jet with U.S. registration N322F, which had been modified with additional fuel tanks installed in

2516-632: The United States on a crucial mission to negotiate "matters pertaining to aircraft ordnance and ammunition with the question of the Norwegian Government's possible purchase of such materials in the United States of America." With his status of holding dual Norwegian and American citizenship and his extensive contacts in the aviation industry, his instruction from the Norwegian Government-in-exile in London changed to

2584-604: The Vega for the upcoming record flight. Its fuselage was strengthened to carry extra fuel tanks that were added to provide a 420-gallon capacity, and some additional flight instruments were also installed. After modifications had been made, Earhart flew this Lockheed Vega across the Atlantic Ocean on 20 May 1932, landing in Ireland. In the mid-1930s, Balchen returned to Norway to work with the Norwegian Airlines. Later, he

2652-563: The centenary of Balchen's birthday, king Harald V unveiled a statue of Balchen in his home town Kristiansand. The Royal Norwegian Air Force ’s school in Kjevik has a bronze relief of Balchen, a gift from Sons of Norway . In 2012, when the Norwegian Air Force celebrated their 100 year anniversary, «Norsk Militær Luftmakt 100 år», the first airshow was held at Kjevik outside Kristiansand and named «Bernt Balchen Airshow». Balchen

2720-526: The chart. This system ensures that every chart is properly corrected prior to use. British merchant vessels receive weekly Notices to Mariners issued by the Admiralty . When corrections are received all charts are corrected in the ship's folio and recorded in NP133A (Admiralty Chart Correction Log and Folio Index). This system ensures that all charts are corrected and up to date. In a deep-sea vessel with

2788-507: The continent of Antarctica. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty uses the former definition. The two polar regions are distinguished from the other two climatic and biometric belts of Earth, a tropics belt near the equator, and two middle latitude regions located between the tropics and polar regions . Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the Sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle , spreading over

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2856-443: The correction of electronic nautical publications. The navigator focuses on creating the ship's passage plans (or "mission plans" for USAF purposes). A mission or passage plan can be summarized as a comprehensive, step by step description of how the voyage is to proceed from berth to berth, including unberthing, departure, the en-route portion of a voyage, approach, and mooring/arrival at the destination. Before each voyage begins,

2924-460: The crash of the Fokker trimotor , Josephine Ford , belonging to one of his competitors, Lieutenant Commander Richard E. Byrd of the U.S. Navy , Amundsen asked Balchen to help in preparing the airplane for a flight to the North Pole. Under Balchen's supervision, the damaged aircraft skis were repaired with improvised wooden supports from a lifeboat's oars and some survival gear was loaned to Byrd for

2992-577: The dedicated Navigator's position was discontinued and its function was assumed by dual-licensed Pilot-Navigators, and still later by the aircraft's primary pilots (Captain and FO), resulting in a continued downsizing in the number of aircrew positions on commercial flights. Modern electronic navigation systems made the civil aviation navigators redundant by the early 1980s. In military aviation , navigators are still actively trained and licensed in some present day air forces , as electronic navigation aids cannot be assumed to be operational during wartime . In

3060-415: The downed pilots. Bennett had developed pneumonia following a previous crash. Bennett succumbed to his fever while in flight on 25 April. Balchen flew the remaining eight hours, and he was paid $ 10,000 for the effort. Balchen donated the money to Bennett's widow. On 28–29 November 1929, as the pilot of a modified Ford 4-AT Trimotor named Floyd Bennett , Balchen became one of the first four men to fly over

3128-452: The establishment of Det Norske Luftfartselskap (D.N.L.) ("The Norwegian Airline Company"), with which he pioneered commercial Europe–US airline flights across the North Pole. D.N.L. later merged with Danish and Swedish airlines into the major carrier Scandinavian Airlines . Balchen continued to work in consultancy until his death. In his final year, he was diagnosed with bone cancer , and he died at Mount Kisco, New York in 1973. Balchen

3196-462: The farthest from the equator , they receive the weakest solar radiation and are therefore generally frigid year round due to the earth's axial tilt of 23.5° not being enough to create a high maximum midday declination to sufficiently compensate the Sun's rays for the high latitude even in summer, except for relatively brief periods in peripheral areas near the polar circles. The large amount of ice and snow also reflects and weakens of what weak sunlight

3264-525: The flight. This enabled Byrd and his pilot, Floyd Bennett to continue with their attempt to fly to the North Pole and back on 9 May 1926. In 1926, under the sponsorship of Joseph Wanamaker, Balchen officially joined the Byrd party, as the co-pilot and navigator , with the pilot Floyd Bennett, flying the Josephine Ford on a tour to more than 50 American cities, thereby promoting commercial aviation as

3332-735: The form of charts printed on paper or computerised electronic navigational charts . The nature of a waterway depicted by a chart changes regularly, and a mariner navigating on an old or uncorrected chart is courting disaster. Every producer of navigational charts also provides a system to inform mariners and aviators of changes that affect the chart. In the United States, chart corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs), Notice to Mariners , Local Notice to Mariners , Summary of Corrections , and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections. A convenient way to keep track of corrections

3400-503: The front passenger cabin. The route taken, between 14 and 17 November 1965, was from Honolulu , over the North Pole, to London ; Lisbon ; Buenos Aires ; before flying over the South Pole and continuing on to the last refueling stop at Christchurch before returning to Honolulu. Balchen was the only passenger allowed into the cockpit when the four pilots, who were all qualified Boeing 707 captains, performed four 360-degree loops over

3468-406: The mid-1960s. USAF navigators/combat systems officers and USN/USMC naval flight officers must be basic mission qualified in their aircraft, or fly with an instructor navigator or instructor NFO to provide the necessary training for their duties. A naval ship's navigator is responsible for buying and maintaining its nautical charts. A nautical chart, or simply "chart", is a graphic representation of

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3536-402: The navigator should develop a detailed mental model of how the entire voyage will proceed. In the aviation community, this is known as "chair flying". This mental model includes charting courses and forecasting weather, tides, and currents. It includes updating and checking aeronautical charts , nautical publications , which could include Sailing Directions and Coast Pilots , and projecting

3604-479: The polar regions receive further, contributing to the cold. Polar regions are characterized by extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice , short and still cold summers, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter . There are many settlements in Earth's north polar region. Countries with claims to Arctic regions are:

3672-650: The range of the Strategic Air Command , increased the capabilities that made the SAC a significant deterrent to Soviet aggression during the Cold War. After retiring from the U.S. Air Force in 1956, Colonel Balchen continued to serve the Air Force on special assignments and aviation and energy industries as a consultant. He joined General Precision Laboratories as a consultant in 1959, as well as working with

3740-528: The underground in occupied Norway. Life necessities like bales of hay and fodder for livestock were brought to areas in the north of Sweden and Norway, once even paradropping a hospital complete with a doctor and nurse. Between November 1944 and April 1945, Balchen also transported 200 tons of Arctic equipment and operational supplies from England to Sweden that were used to make secret overland transport from Sweden to Norway possible. During winter 1945, Balchen shipped communications equipment into northern Norway that

3808-466: The various bases of "Little Norway". During 1940, with the "Little Norway" facilities under construction and his administrative duties taken over by others, Balchen requested permission from the Norwegian Air Force to fly ferrying missions for the British, teaming with Clyde Pangborn , a contemporary record-breaking pilot of the era. In early 1941, while engaged in a ferrying mission, and on a layover in

3876-413: The various future events including landfalls, narrow passages, and course changes that will transpire during the voyage. This mental model becomes the standard by which the navigator will measure progress toward the goal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it is manifested in a written passage plan. When working in a team environment, the passage/mission plan should be communicated to the navigation team in

3944-466: The war, Balchen continued to be an influential leader with the U.S. Air Force , as well as a highly regarded private consultant in projects involving the Arctic and aviation. The son of a country doctor, Balchen was born at the farm Myren in Tveit , just outside Kristiansand , Norway. After having finished Norwegian middle school in 1916, he attended a Forestry School from 1917 to 1918. Next he enrolled in

4012-494: The western coast of France, and there he landed the Fokker Trimotor —-which was not designed for a water landing —- on the ocean with no injury to the occupants. In late April 1928 the three-man crew of the aircraft Bremen was stranded on Greenly Island, Canada following the first east to west non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe. Balchen and Floyd Bennett flew a Ford Trimotor to provide relief to

4080-562: The world's air forces, modern navigators are frequently tasked with weapons and defensive systems operations, along with co-pilot duties such as flight planning and fuel management, depending on the type, model and series of aircraft. In the U.S. Air Force , the aeronautical rating of navigator has been augmented by addition of the combat systems officer , while in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps , those officers formerly called navigators, tactical systems officers, or naval aviation observers have been known as naval flight officers since

4148-510: The world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GNSS units include functions useful on water, such as "man overboard" (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GNSS may be connected to the ships self-steering gear and Chartplotters using the NMEA 0183 interface, and GNSS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling AIS . Navigators are often part of

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4216-510: Was a position on older aircraft, typically between the late-1910s and the 1970s, where separate crew members (sometimes two navigation crew members) were often responsible for an aircraft's flight navigation, including its dead reckoning and celestial navigation , especially when flown over oceans or other large featureless areas where radio navigation aids were not originally available. As sophisticated electronic air navigation aids and universal space-based GPS navigation systems came online,

4284-458: Was also a recipient of the following military decorations: Polar region The polar regions , also called the frigid zones or polar zones , of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps , the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles ), lying within the polar circles . These high latitudes are dominated by floating sea ice covering much of

4352-809: Was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia . He is buried in Section 2, Grave 4969, next to Admiral Richard E. Byrd . Balchen received the Congressional Gold Medal in 1930 and the Harmon Trophy in 1956, both for his pioneering in aviation. He became honorary member of American Polar Society in 1966. The annual "International Aviation Snow Symposium", sponsored by the Northeast (U.S.) Chapter of

4420-499: Was hired as a consultant by Hercules Oil, then Phillips Petroleum and Moran Towing on plans to extract oil from Alaska using pipelines. According to a 1972 article in The Christian Science Monitor , Balchen asserted that "a general warming trend over the North Pole is melting the polar ice cap and may produce an ice-free Arctic Ocean by the year 2000." In his native Norway, Balchen was a driving force in

4488-491: Was hired in 1931 by Amelia Earhart as a technical adviser for a planned solo transatlantic flight. In an attempt to throw off the press, Earhart turned over her repaired Lockheed Vega to Balchen who was assumed to be planning an Antarctic flight. Balchen flew the Vega to the Fokker Aircraft Company plant at Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey. There, he and the mechanics Frank Nagle and Eddie Gorski reconditioned

4556-543: Was of inestimable value to the Allied Expeditionary Force's intelligence operations. The leading Norwegian wartime ace Sven Heglund was acting military attaché and served with Balchen, later writing about his time at Kallax. Another Norwegian at Kallax during the same period, who became a good friend, was marine biologist and explorer-to-be Thor Heyerdahl , later of Ra I and II and Kon-Tiki fame. From November 1948 to January 1951, Balchen commanded

4624-584: Was part of a team to create a Nordic Postal Union, and as war seemed inevitable in Europe, Balchen helped negotiate an aviation treaty with the United States. Balchen also worked with the airplane, The Valkyrien. In 1939, Balchen was in Helsinki , working on a contract to provide U.S. fighter aircraft to Finland, when the Soviet attack on Finland took place. Enlisting with the Norwegian Air Force, he made his way to

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