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82-932: The Berryessa Valley was about 10 miles (16 km) long and 3 miles (5 km) at its widest, with Putah Creek running through its center. Pomo people lived in relative ease on the rich land, as wildlife and plant foodstuffs were plentiful, but they were forcibly removed from their land by both Spanish and American Settlers. Nasario Antonio Berreyesa was born into the Berreyesa family at Mission Santa Clara de Asís on July 28, 1787. Nicknamed José, Berreyesa married María de Jesus Antonia Villela (born October 6, 1793) in 1806. The couple had eleven children, including José de Jesus born January 31, 1815, and Sexto "Sisto" Antonio born on March 28, 1818. Both brothers were born in San Francisco and christened at Mission San Francisco de Asís . Nasario Antonio "José" Berreyesa served as

164-414: A photographic documentary of the death of the town, and of the displacement of its residents, for Life , but the magazine did not run the piece. Lange's Aperture magazine , however, devoted one whole issue to the photojournalists' work. Construction of the dam began in 1953. Vegetation in the valley was chopped down, fences torn down and buildings demolished. The cemetery was moved to Spanish Flat,

246-525: A bluff overlooking the valley. The Putah Creek Bridge, too well made to easily demolish, was left in place to be covered by the rising waters. Monticello Dam was completed in 1957, and Lake Berryessa was formed. 38°37′12″N 122°14′24″W  /  38.620°N 122.240°W  / 38.620; -122.240 Pomo people The Pomo are a Native American people of California . Historical Pomo territory in Northern California

328-592: A corporal at the San Francisco Presidio during 1819–1824, then moved to become the original settler of the Berryessa Valley in the 1830s. Berreyesa forced 100 natives to help him manage his livestock—a herd which soon grew to 5,000 cattle and 20,000 horses, and extended eastward over Berryessa Peak into Capay Valley . The nearby hills held deer and bear. Established trails made it possible for men, horses and cattle to find their way through

410-533: A female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 14.5% of households were one person and 6.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.21 and the average family size was 3.56. The age distribution was 33.3% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% 65 or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males. The median household income

492-460: A grant was issued to José de Jesus Berreyesa and Sisto Berreyesa. The brothers built adobe estate houses about a third of the way up the valley, beginning with a 90-by-20-foot (27 m × 6 m) hacienda for Sisto, then a 60-by-20-foot (18 m × 6 m) one for José de Jesus. They expanded the livestock operation of their father to include a sizable grain harvest, and they enjoyed gambling and racing horses. Millstones for some of

574-576: A group of Northern Pomo people bought 7 acres in Coyote Valley. In 1880, another Northern Pomo group bought 100 acres along Ackerman Creek (now known as Pinoleville)". In 1881, Yokaya Rancheria was financed by central Pomo people. Once the Pomo Indians had bought the land, it was time to make money. Baskets were in so much demand at this point, even though they were once used for trade and bartering with other tribes and people, they now became

656-454: A healer spirit. A later shamanistic movement was the "Messiah Cult", introduced by the Wintun people. It was practiced through 1900. This cult believed in prophets who had dreams, "waking visions" and revelations from "presiding spirits", and "virtually formed a priesthood". The prophets earned much respect and status among the people. The record of Pomo myths, legends, tales, and histories

738-470: A high-quality oil strike in Berryessa Valley brought speculators and experts in drilling. In 1896, a heavy stone bridge with three large arches was built across Putah Ceek about 1.5 miles (2 km) from Monticello, along the road leading to Napa. The bridge cost $ 19,500 and, at 298 feet (91 m) long, was the largest stone bridge west of the Rocky Mountains . The well-engineered bridge survived

820-430: A minimum of 37.0 °F (2.8 °C). Average July temperatures are a maximum of 96.7 °F (35.9 °C) and a minimum of 59.8 °F (15.4 °C). There are an average of 102.0 days with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 20.3 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C). The record high temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on June 16, 1961, and July 14, 1972. The record low temperature

902-513: A title issue to the petitioners for "...as much of the land as they could settle." For some unexplained reason, the Berreyesa brothers considered that the grant was for only four square leagues, and on the following day, October 28, 1843, they presented a second petition, in which they stated that their families were very large, and included their parents, children, and brothers, and asked for a grant of eight square leagues. On this second petition,

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984-513: A unified group. Instead, they lived in small groups or bands linked by lineage and marriage. According to certain linguistic hypotheses, the Pomo descend from Hokan -speaking peoples; per this theory, a Hokan-speaking people migrated into the upland valley regions near Clear Lake ca. 7000 BCE , where their language evolved into Proto-Pomoan. Another theory places the Pomoan ancestral community in

1066-621: Is 37.9 years: 38.1 years for males, and 37.9 years for females. Winters is a small city located on Putah Creek in the western Sacramento Valley , near the California Coastal Range. It is situated along Interstate 505 , 11 miles (18 km) from Vacaville . Winters is nearly 30 miles (50 km) from Sacramento and about 60 miles (100 km) from San Francisco , California. It is located at 38°31′30″N 121°58′15″W  /  38.52500°N 121.97083°W  / 38.52500; -121.97083 . According to

1148-406: Is a strong indicator of the size and complexity of native California trade networks. The next phase, named the "Smith Phase" after the Pomo consultants, lasted from 1300 CE to the mid-19th century. Researchers mapped 30 sites in this era, showing a gradual evolving and intensification of trends. Archery , and its associated applications, was a major technological advancement which greatly benefited

1230-507: Is considered sacred to the Pomo tribe and baskets were produced for a variety of purposes. Pomo children were cradled in baskets, acorns (a major food staple to the Pomo) were harvested in great conical burden baskets, and food was stored, cooked, and served in baskets—some even being watertight. There were even "baskets" that were made as boats to be pushed by men to carry women across rivers. A commercial market for authentic baskets developed in

1312-637: Is extensive. The body of narratives is classed within the Central California cultural pattern. Carex roots are used to make baskets, and used to tend fishing traps. They are also used to make torches. Pomo baskets made by Pomo Indian women of Northern California are recognized worldwide for their exquisite appearance, range of technique, fineness of weave, and diversity of form and use. While women mostly made baskets for cooking, storing food, and religious ceremonies, Pomo men also made baskets for fishing weirs, bird traps, and baby baskets. Making

1394-630: Is in the process of revival due to efforts by Clear Lake Pomo Cultural Preservation Foundation. The Pomo Indian cultures are several ethnolinguistic groups that make up a single language family in Northern California. Pomo cultures originally encompassed hundreds of independent communities. Like many other Native groups, the Pomo Indians of Northern California relied upon fishing, hunting, and gathering for their daily food supply. They ate salmon, wild greens, gnats, mushrooms, berries, grasshoppers, rabbits, rats, and squirrels. Acorns were

1476-463: The 2010 census Winters had a population of 6,624. The population density was 2,255.2 inhabitants per square mile (870.7/km ). The racial makeup of Winters was 4,635 (70.0%) White, 43 (0.6%) African American, 56 (0.8%) Native American, 63 (1.0%) Asian, 7 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 1,488 (22.5%) from other races, and 332 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,469 persons (52.4%). The census reported that 6,618 people (99.9% of

1558-535: The Anglo settlers, to pay gambling debts. They owed Edward Schultz $ 1,645 but couldn't pay him in cash; Schultz petitioned the county to auction a major 26,000-acre (110 km) section of the Berreyesa holdings. Schultz paid only $ 2,000 for the huge parcel, and quickly resold it for $ 100,000 to a consortium of developers. José de Jesus and Sisto saved four square miles (2560 acres, or 10 km) for themselves. However, other family members contended that they owned part of

1640-806: The Russian River Valley, a missionary colonized and baptized the Makahmo Pomo people of the Cloverdale area. Many Pomo left the valley because of this. One such group fled to the Upper Dry Creek Area. The archeology surveyors of the Lake Sonoma region believe that European and Euro-American encroachment was the reason why Pomo villages became more centralized; the people retreated to the remote valley to band together for defense and mutual support. The Pomo suffered from

1722-546: The Sonoma region, where coastal redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) forests met with inland valleys and mixed woodlands , bolstered by Clear Lake and its abundant natural resources. Around 4000 BCE to 5000 BCE , some of these people relocated into the areas of today's Russian River Valley and northward, near present-day Ukiah . Their language diverged into western, southern, central and northern Pomoan, respectively. Another people, possibly Yukian speakers, lived first in

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1804-517: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km ), of which 2.9 square miles (7.5 km ) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.078 km ) of it (0.85%) is water. William Wolfskill , a Kentucky immigrant to Mexican Alta California , received a Mexican land grant for Rancho Rio de los Putos in 1842 from Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado . His brother, John Reid Wolfskill , started

1886-567: The Warm Springs and Upper Dry Creek areas. Bowls and mortars and pestles appeared in this phase, probably used by women to pound acorns (as opposed to the milling stones used for seeds). The sites were more settled and, likewise, more "complex". Trade took place on a larger scale beyond the region. Decorative beads and ornaments were made in this phase, and approximately half of the artifacts were made of obsidian. Steatite or soapstone objects were also found, which must have been imported into

1968-587: The infectious diseases brought by the Euro-American migrants, including cholera and smallpox . They did not have immunity to such diseases and fatalities were high. In 1837 a deadly epidemic of smallpox, originating in settlements at Fort Ross , caused numerous deaths of native people in the Sonoma and Napa regions. Mission treatment of Pomo was similar to that of slavery, and many Pomo died due to inhospitable living conditions. The Russian River Valley

2050-522: The Clear Lake Basin. Over a thousand prehistoric charmstones and numerous arrowheads have been unearthed at Tolay Lake, southern Sonoma County, attributed to both Pomo and Coast Miwok people. A sacred site, the lake is a ceremonial gathering and healing place. Both of these Skaggs-Phase sites contained millstones and other handstones for grinding seed and nuts. The villages may have been used for hunting or temporary camps. Obsidian

2132-579: The Miwok Pomo and Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria. Many of her baskets are in museums in Yosemite, Mono Lake and other museums; she even presented her baskets to Queen Elizabeth II . The materials for baskets were sedge root, willow shoots and roots, bulrush or blackroot, redbud shoots, sometimes bracken fern and a variety of colorful bird feathers, abalone and other types of shells, magnesite beads and sometimes glass beads. Redbud shoots, used for

2214-567: The Pomo Indians to work in very intense and unorthodox conditions, and sexually abused the Pomo women. The Pomo men were forced to work in harsh conditions and were not given any respect by the settlers. Exasperated with the violence and oppression of Stone and Kelsey, they rebelled. The Pomo men set up a sneak attack and killed both Stone and Kelsey. Because of the deaths of Kelsey and Stone, United States lieutenant J. W. Davidson and captain Nathaniel Lyon sent an army to retaliate against

2296-531: The Pomo also manufactured elaborate jewelry made from abalone and clamshells. Assembled during the winter, during the summer the Pomo would travel from various sites along the coast where they would fish and gather all of their materials needed to create their jewelry. The Pomo Indians would create stunning, beautiful, and intricate forms of jewelry that were worn during celebrations and rituals, and even given as gifts. Both of these traditions of creation and culture have slowly dispersed and have become less common over

2378-564: The Pomo changed with the arrival of Russians at Fort Ross (1812 to 1841) on the Pacific coastline, and Spanish missionaries and European-American colonists coming in from the south and east. The Pomo native to the coastline and Fort Ross were known as the Kashaya . They interacted and traded with the Russians. The Spanish missionaries stole or enslaved many of the southern Pomo from

2460-454: The Pomo people's way to make money and build their newly found empires. Women had preserved Pomo basket weaving traditions, which made a huge change for the Pomo people. The baskets were wanted all over California; it was a piece of art that traders wanted. Grandmothers and daughters taught other Pomo women, who had lost the tradition of basket weaving, how to make the all-powerful baskets. Within this time period in addition to basket weaving,

2542-726: The Pomo people. During the Bloody Island Massacre of 1850, on an island in Clear Lake the 1st Dragoons US Cavalry slaughtered between 60 and 100 people, mostly women and children of the Clear Lake Pomo and neighboring tribes. Shortly after the massacre, during 1851 and 1852, four reservations for the Pomo were established by the United States government in California. Pomo were also part of

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2624-709: The Russian River Valley and Lake Sonoma areas prior to being displaced by the Pomo, who subsequently took over the region. Modern archaeological analyses and discoveries have suggested that the local native economy, which was based on women processing acorns by mortar and pestle , and first observed by the Spanish upon their arrival in Central California , may have developed during the Mostin Culture period (ca. 8500 BP –6300 BP) in

2706-478: The Santa Rosa Plain to Mission San Rafael, at present-day San Rafael, between 1821 and 1828. Only a few Pomo speakers went to Mission Sonoma , the other Franciscan mission, located on the north side of San Francisco Bay. The Pomo who remained in the present-day Santa Rosa area of Sonoma County were often called Cainameros in regional history books from the time of Spanish and Mexican occupation. In

2788-777: The Solano Project, a combination of water plans including Monticello Dam , the Putah Diversion Dam, the Putah South Canal, the Terminal Dam and Reservoir, the Green Valley Conduit and various related water distribution systems. Residents of Monticello protested, but California Governor Earl Warren and Solano County promoted the dam. Residents started leaving the valley. Dorothea Lange and Pirkle Jones were commissioned to shoot

2870-522: The Spanish, and Euro-Americans have impacted these languages, and many are no longer spoken due to language shift to English, accelerated by policies such as the 1887 ban on the teaching in Native American languages put into place by John DeWitt Clinton Atkins . There are about twelve Pomo language varieties that are still in use by Pomo people. One, xay tsnu , which is spoken by Elem Pomo,

2952-418: The United States. Of these, 8,578 reside in California. Pomo, also known as Pomoan or less commonly Kulanapan, is a language family that includes seven distinct and mutually unintelligible languages, including Northern Pomo , Northeastern Pomo , Eastern Pomo , Southeastern Pomo , Central Pomo , Southern Pomo , and Kashaya . John Wesley Powell classified the language family as Kulanapan in 1891, using

3034-642: The Wolfskill Ranch in Winters to the University of California, Davis , which had been founded in 1908. The land was to be used for an experimental orchard. Winters has hot, mostly dry summers and cool, wet winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Winters has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ). Average January temperatures are a maximum of 55.2 °F (12.9 °C) and

3116-529: The agricultural development of the Sacramento Valley by planting orchards and vineyards on his lands. In 1849, William Wolfskill transferred half of Rancho Rio de los Putos to John Wolfskill, and transferred the rest to his brother in 1854. The Winters post office was established in 1875. Winters incorporated in 1898. The name honors Theodore Winters , whose ranch provided half of the town's land. In 1935, Wolfskill's heirs deeded 100 acres of

3198-584: The appreciation for American Indian art has been on the rise, and the art has become in demand – specifically Pomo Indian basketry. Dr. Joallyn Archambault, director of the American Indian Program at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History says: "Since the 1880s, when Pomo baskets first became sought after, the Pomo have changed their lifestyles enormously." Pomo today live normal modern lifestyles, but

3280-531: The artists and communities. Dealers and collectors may have exploited the lucrative basket market, but it still paid well enough to provide income to Pomo women where hunting and gathering were no longer feasible and money was needed for survival. Today you will see rare baskets being sold for the prices mentioned above. Due to the time and preparation necessary to weave these pieces of art; basket weavers today have more requests than they can fulfill, and many customers wait months before receiving orders. The rarity of

3362-426: The basket itself. Pomo women sometimes spent months or years making such gift baskets. The materials used to make the baskets—including, but not limited to, swamp canes, saguaro cactuses, rye grass, black ash, willow shoots, sedge roots, the bark of redbud, the root of bulrush, and the root of the gray pine—were harvested annually. After being picked, the materials are dried, cleaned, split, soaked, and dyed. Sometimes

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3444-666: The basket weavers are still heralded and praised within the community for their artistic ability and skill. One of those basket weavers is Julia F. Parker . She is a master weaver, having woven under Lucy Telles . Her childhood was rough, constantly moving around until boarding school after her parents' death at 6. Lucy had taught Julia because of her perceived interest in preserving Indian culture and specifically basketry. Julia Parker became cultural demonstrator after Lucy Telles death in 1956. She continued in her studies and later studied Pomo basketry with Pomo master weaver Elsie Allen (1899–1990) at Ukiah and several others. Julia belongs to

3526-577: The baskets and the skill are required in making them in what makes them valuable. The demand is greater than the supply, and collectors facilitate a high demand for these artistically made baskets. The United States acknowledges many groups of native people of the United States as " federally recognized tribes ", classifying them as "domestic dependent nations" under the jurisdiction of the federal government, but with some autonomy from their respective states, including California. Many other self-identified Native American groups are not federally recognized. Since

3608-457: The baskets required great skill and knowledge in collecting and preparing the needed materials. Materials for weaving baskets changed with the seasons and years. The Pomo usually covered a basket completely with the vivid red feathers of the pileated woodpecker until the surface resembled the smoothness of the bird itself. With the feathers, 30-50 to every inch, beads were fastened to the basket's border and hung pendants of polished abalone shell from

3690-624: The baskets that signify different cultural meanings. For example, the Dau is a pattern woven into a basket by creating a small change in the stitching to create a small opening between two stitches. The Dau is the design that is also called the Spirit Door. This Spirit Door allows good spirits to come and circulate inside of the basket while the good or bad spirits are released. Although baskets were made for decorating homes and as gifts, they were centrally used in Pomo daily life as well. Basket weaving

3772-474: The darker reddish colors in basket designs are gathered in October. Good redbud is hard to obtain around Ukiah, so it is usually found at Clear Lake. All these materials are gathered with a thankful heart and the gatherers talk continuously to the plants. They were, after all, living things that were giving themselves for something useful and beautiful. In order to preserve the soil and creek banks, sedge gathering

3854-407: The developer holding the majority of land in the valley divided Rancho Las Putas into smaller parcels to sell to farmers, and platted a town called Monticello . Within a year, the valley was filled with farmers who enjoyed mild winters and bountiful harvests, especially of wheat. By 1870, Monticello contained a cemetery, a general store, blacksmith shops, hotels and various other businesses. In 1875,

3936-731: The first gristmills in Alta California were quarried from the upper northwest Putah Canyon, near a difficult and tortuous road out of Berryessa Valley into Napa Valley, a two-day trip by mule team. After California was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the Berreyesas filed the claim with the American Public Land Commission in their wives' names in 1852, and

4018-525: The forced relocation known as the "Marches to Round Valley" in 1856, conducted by the U.S. federal government. By using bullwhips and guns, white settlers demanded relocation to reservations of the Pomo Indian. The justification given was that to protect their culture, the Pomo Indians had to be removed from their ancestral land. Richerson & Richerson stated that before the European conquests there

4100-482: The future would have in store. It was a time to build, a time to connect, a time of hope, and a time of change. The Pomo Indians did not have enough money to buy land. The Pomo men decided to work for ranchers and the woman went back to making baskets. The "white" people loved the baskets, especially the designer, feathered ones, which led to a basketry movement. Finally, in 1878, the Pomo Indians bought their first piece of land in California. Paula Giese noted, "In 1878,

4182-514: The grant was patented to María Anastasia Higuera de Berreyesa and María Nicolasa Higuera de Berreyesa in 1863. The men used their wives' names so that the men could stand witness in front of the Public Land Commission regarding their grant and not have the commission use their interest in the claim against them. By 1853, José de Jesus and Sisto Berreyesa had sold minor parcels of Rancho Las Putas, referred to as Berryessa Ranch by

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4264-671: The hills into Capay Valley. Sons Sisto Antonio and José de Jesus served in the Mexican army, stationed in San Francisco, from the 1830s to 1842. In 1838, the two men married twin sisters: José de Jesus married María Anastasia Higuera, and Sisto Antonio married María Nicolasa Higuera. In 1842, Nasario Antonio Berreyesa petitioned the Mexican Governor for a grant of eight square leagues in the names of his sons Sisto Antonio and José de Jesus Berreyesa. The Governor ordered that

4346-404: The history of the tribe but more evident in today's culture. Pomo basket weaving is still valued and honored today, not only by the Pomo Indians themselves, but also by amateur enthusiasts, buyers for curio dealers, and scientific collectors. The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria are a federally recognized American Indian tribe of Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo Indians. During the past 30 years,

4428-736: The larger Rancho, based on the second grant petition which mentioned extended family. Miguel Santiago Berreyesa (b. 1831) in Berreyesa v Schultz , and Jesse Loyd Beasley (1814–1899), who married Clara Berreyesa (b. 1823) in 1848, in Schultz v Beasley , sued for ownership. Beginning in 1858, a toll road was operated by Adam See and his family, called the Putah Creek Canyon Turnpike. It shuttled people and goods eastward from Berryessa Valley to Winters, California , and back. Sisto Berreyesa and his brother José de Jesús both died in 1874. They were buried in Berryessa Valley. In 1866,

4510-606: The late 20th century, some states have begun to give formal recognition to tribes in varying ways. The Pomo groups presently recognized by the United States are based in Sonoma , Lake , and Mendocino counties. They include the following tribes: Many Pomo were impacted by the California Rancheria Termination Acts and lost lands due to lack of understanding the tax system, along with predation by merchants who took advantage of land-rich but cash-poor tribal members. Along with losing their lands,

4592-463: The latter part of the 19th century, lasting from about 1876 to the 1930s. Two Pomo people who capitalized on this market were William Ralganal Benson and his wife, Mary Knight Benson and the Bensons may have been the first California Indians who supported themselves solely by crafting and selling their baskets to collectors and museums. Even though most of their original land was taken over, this

4674-438: The materials are also boiled over a fire and set in the sun to dry. Women traditionally wove Pomo baskets with great care and technique. The three different techniques of Pomo basket weaving are plaiting, coiling, and twining. One drying method was wrapping maiden fern in blue clay and placing underground for several days. This prevented fading in the sun or when cooking mush. There are many different designs that are woven into

4756-621: The most important staple in their diet. The division of labor in Pomo Indian communities typically involved gathering and preparation of plant-based foods by women, while men were hunters and fishers. The Pomo people participated in shamanism ; one form this took was the Kuksu religion , which was held by people in Central and Northern California. It included elaborate acting and dancing ceremonies in traditional costume, an annual mourning ceremony, puberty rites of passage , shamanic intervention with

4838-576: The name first introduced by George Gibbs in 1853. This name for the language family is derived from the name of one Eastern Pomo village on the south shore of Clear Lake. Stephen Powers (1877) was the first to refer to this entire language family with the name "Pomo", and the geographic names that have been used to refer to the seven individual Pomoan languages (e.g. Southeastern Pomo) were introduced by Samuel Barrett (1908). The Pomoan languages became severely endangered after European-American colonization of their native territory. Contacts with Russians,

4920-486: The names of places, to mean a subgroup of people of the place. By 1877 , the meaning of the word Pomo had been broadened, at least in the English language , to refer to not only the Pomo language but the entire group of people speaking it, as well—the people known as Pomo, today. The people called Pomo were originally linked by location, language, and cultural expression. They were not socially or politically linked as

5002-416: The occupied units 1,425 (65.2%) were owner-occupied and 761 (34.8%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.0%. 4,401 people (66.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,217 people (33.5%) lived in rental housing units. At the 2000 census there were 6,125 people in 1,907 households, including 1,546 families, in the city. The population density

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5084-498: The people in the village to government lands and burned the village houses. From 1891 to 1935, starting with National Thorn , the artist Grace Hudson painted over 600 portraits, mainly of Pomo individuals living near her in the Ukiah area. Her style was sympathetic and poignant, as she portrayed domestic native scenes that would have been fast disappearing in that time. In 1770 there were about 8,000 Pomo people; in 1851 population

5166-606: The population) lived in households, 6 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and no one was institutionalized. There were 2,186 households, 949 (43.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,322 (60.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 255 (11.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 134 (6.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 123 (5.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 16 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 365 households (16.7%) were one person and 134 (6.1%) had someone living alone who

5248-434: The population. The production of shell beads (and drills to create holes in beads), remained important, with drills being found in high numbers. Numerous clamshell beads, a major currency among the peoples of Central California, were also found, also suggesting a vast trade network. There were an estimated 8,000 to 21,000 Pomo among 70 tribes speaking seven Pomo languages at the time of European contact. The way of life of

5330-467: The region through trade, as the rocks do not exist locally. Relatively soft and easy to carve, soapstone was used to make beads, pendants , as well as mortars. The largest and only substantial steatite mine in California existed on Catalina Island , one of the Channel Islands off the coast of what is now Los Angeles County . The existence of steatite in Pomo and Northern California native sites

5412-419: The spirit world, and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms. The Pomo believed in a supernatural being, the Kuksu or Guksu (depending on their dialect), who lived in the south and who came during ceremonies to heal their illnesses, along with spirits from six cardinal directions, and Coyote as their ancestor and creator god . Medicine men dressed up as Kuksu , their interpretation of

5494-561: The swollen flood of Putah Creek every winter thenceforward. As early as 1906, proposals were put forward to dam Putah Creek to form a reservoir. In 1907, the Mulholland-Goethals-Davis plan proposed a dam at Devil's Gate, the southeastern limit of the valley. Other plans were formulated. No proposal was acted upon until 1947 when Solano County and the United States Bureau of Reclamation together formed

5576-420: The toll road was opened to become a public road, maintained by the county. A four- and six-horse stagecoach ran from the 300 men working at the remote quicksilver mining town of Knoxville south through to Monticello, where the horses were changed, then west to Napa . The first adobe belonging to Sisto Berreyesa was left to ruin, but the second was held by a settler named Abraham Clark. In 1900 and 1901, news of

5658-624: The tribes lost their status as federally recognized tribes and the ability to access federal clinics that served other federally recognized tribes. In a decision dated July 19, 1983 the United States District Court for the Northern District of California restored the status of 17 California rancherias in Hardwick v. United States . Winters, California Winters is a city in rural Yolo County , and

5740-400: The western Sacramento Valley , in northern California , United States. Winters has a 2024 population of 7,860. Winters is currently growing at a rate of 2.16% annually and its population has increased by 9.24% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 7,195 in 2020. The average household income in Winters is $ 148,333 with a poverty rate of 6.55%. The median age in Winters

5822-463: Was 15 °F (−9 °C) on December 23, 1990. Average annual precipitation is 21.94 inches (557 mm). There are an average of 64 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1983 with 47.12 inches (1,197 mm) and the driest year was 1976 with 6.60 inches (168 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 17.21 inches (437 mm) in January 1995. The most rainfall in 24 hours

5904-583: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.03. There were 1,711 families (78.3% of households); the average family size was 3.40. The age distribution was 1,707 people (25.8%) under the age of 18, 741 people (11.2%) aged 18 to 24, 1,707 people (25.8%) aged 25 to 44, 1,868 people (28.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 601 people (9.1%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 35.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males. There were 2,299 housing units at an average density of 782.7 per square mile, of

5986-536: Was 7.25 inches (184 mm) on March 29, 1907. Snowfall is a rarity in Winters, but 3.3 inches (8.4 cm) fell in January 1973 and 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) fell in December 1988. The current elected members of the Winters City Council are: Other elected or appointed city officials include: According to Winters' 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: At

6068-483: Was 860.0/km (2,226.6/mi ). There were 1,954 housing units at an average density of 274.3/km (710.3/mi ). The racial makeup of the city was 69.81% White, 0.67% African American, 0.88% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.28% Pacific Islander, 22.56% from other races, and 4.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44.41%. Of the 1,907 households 48.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were married couples living together, 12.8% had

6150-512: Was an estimated 3,000 Pomo Indians that lived at Clear Lake; after all of the death, disease, and killings, there were only about 400 Pomo Indians left. One ghost town in the Lake Sonoma Valley excavations was identified as Amacha, built for 100 people but hardly used. Elder natives of the region remember their grandfathers hid at Amacha in the mid-1850s, trying to evade the colonizing settlers. They tell that one day soldiers took all

6232-439: Was done with care. The commonly held decision would be leaving behind about half of what was found. Dyeing of the bulrush root takes about three to six months in a concoction of black walnuts, rusty metal and ashes in water. Today, new Pomo baskets might sell for as much as $ 1,000, and the more historical ones might sell for more than $ 10,000. Dealing of these baskets has not always been so lucrative and many have tried to exploit

6314-439: Was estimated between 3,500 and 5,000; and in 1880 estimated at 1,450. Anthropologist Samuel Barrett estimated a population of 747 in 1908, but that is probably low; fellow anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber reported 1,200 Pomo counted in the 1910 Census . According to the 1930 Census there were 1,143 Pomo, and by the 1990 Census there were 4,766. According to the 2010 United States Census , there are 10,308 Pomo people in

6396-637: Was large, bordered by the Pacific Coast to the west, extending inland to Clear Lake , mainly between Cleone and Duncans Point . One small group, the Tceefoka ( Northeastern Pomo ), lived in the vicinity of present-day Stonyford , Colusa County , where they were separated from the majority of Pomo lands by Yuki and Wintuan speakers. The name Pomo derives from a conflation of the Pomo words [pʰoːmoː] and [pʰoʔmaʔ] . It originally meant "those who live at red earth hole" and

6478-472: Was once the name of a village in southern Potter Valley , near the present-day community of Pomo , Mendocino County . The word may also have referred to the local deposits of red magnesite (mined and utilized for making red beads ) or to the reddish, earthen clay soil of the area, rich in hematite (also mined for use). In the Northern Pomo dialect, -pomo or -poma was used as a suffix after

6560-513: Was settled in 1850 by the 49ers , and the Lake Sonoma Valley was homesteaded out. The US government forced many Pomo on to reservations so that the European-Americans could homestead the former Pomo lands. Some Pomo took jobs as ranch laborers; others lived in refugee villages. During this time period, two settlers named Andrew Kelsey and Charles Stone enslaved many Pomo people in order to work as cowboys on their ranch. They forced

6642-464: Was the first turning point for the Pomo people. They had finally escaped the harsh road they were once a part of, and even though they had to settle on poor, isolated land, they finally got to make a stride towards tradition and basket weaving. From 1852 to 1878, many Pomo Indians tried to rekindle their cultures and find peace to what had happened to them. Many people let this time be a learning and spiritual time, where they could have visions and see what

6724-436: Was used, albeit rarely, from Mount Konocti , in present-day Lake County . There were no petroglyphs . The population lived only along major creeks. The "Dry Creek" Phase lasted from 500 BCE to 1300 CE . During this phase, the indigenous people settled the lands more extensively, and permanently. Archaeologists believe a Pomo group took over the lands from earlier peoples during this phase. They founded 14 additional sites in

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