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103-434: BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science , chemical engineering , material sciences and metallurgy , electronic instrumentation , biology and medicine, supercomputing , high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas. BARC's core mandate

206-526: A classical system , rather than a quantum-mechanical one. In the resulting liquid-drop model , the nucleus has an energy that arises partly from surface tension and partly from electrical repulsion of the protons. The liquid-drop model is able to reproduce many features of nuclei, including the general trend of binding energy with respect to mass number, as well as the phenomenon of nuclear fission . Superimposed on this classical picture, however, are quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using

309-493: A phase transition from normal nuclear matter to a new state, the quark–gluon plasma , in which the quarks mingle with one another, rather than being segregated in triplets as they are in neutrons and protons. Eighty elements have at least one stable isotope which is never observed to decay, amounting to a total of about 251 stable nuclides. However, thousands of isotopes have been characterized as unstable. These "radioisotopes" decay over time scales ranging from fractions of

412-629: A 10-member committee, consisting of experts from Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) and India Meteorological Department (IMD) , to assess the vulnerability of the Tarapur to earthquakes and tsunamis. A. Gopalakrishnan, former director of AERB, said that since Tarapur's reactors are much older than the Fukushima units, they should be immediately decommissioned. But the reactors are planned for restart in November 2024 after replacement of parts in

515-485: A 3-20 MeV, 12 m long, drift-tube linac (DTL) and a beam dump. Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) is an Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov telescope (IACT) located near Hanle , Ladakh , India. It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by Electronics Corporation of India , Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and

618-891: A 80MW land based prototype of INS Arihant 's nuclear power unit, as well as the Arihant's main propulsion reactor. Three other submarine vessels of the class( Arihant class ) including the upcoming INS arighat , S4 and S4* will also get the same class of reactors as there primary propulsion. BARC also developed stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Units for India's multirole fighter HAL Tejas and contributed to Chandrayaan-I and Mangalyaan missions. BARC has contributed for collaboration with various mega science projects of National and International repute viz. CERN ( LHC ), India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO), ITER , Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator ( LEHIPA ), Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE), etc. In 2012 it

721-474: A broad spectrum covering condensed matter physics , nuclear physics, astrophysical sciences and atomic and molecular spectroscopy . Important research areas include advanced magnetism , soft and nano structured materials, energy materials, thin film and multi-layers, accelerator/reactor based fusion-fission studies, nuclear-astrophysics, nuclear data management, reactor based neutrino physics, very high-energy astrophysics and astro-particle physics. Some of

824-408: A different number of protons. In alpha decay , which typically occurs in the heaviest nuclei, the radioactive element decays by emitting a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons), giving another element, plus helium-4 . In many cases this process continues through several steps of this kind, including other types of decays (usually beta decay) until a stable element is formed. In gamma decay ,

927-577: A flow sheet for reprocessing of spent thoria rods was developed and demonstrated at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF), Trombay. After gaining successful experience at UTSF, Power Reactor Thoria Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF) has been set up employing advanced laser based technology for dismantling of thoria bundle and single pin mechanical chopper for cutting of fuel pins. Thoria irradiated fuel bundles from PHWR were reprocessed using TBP as extractant to recover 233U. High Level Liquid Waste (HLLW) generated during reprocessing of spent fuel contains most of

1030-408: A nucleus decays from an excited state into a lower energy state, by emitting a gamma ray . The element is not changed to another element in the process (no nuclear transmutation is involved). Other more exotic decays are possible (see the first main article). For example, in internal conversion decay, the energy from an excited nucleus may eject one of the inner orbital electrons from the atom, in

1133-807: A number of research reactors across the country. Its primary facilities are located in Trombay , with new facilities also located in Challakere in Chitradurga district of Karnataka . A new Special Mineral Enrichment Facility which focuses on enrichment of uranium fuel is under construction in Atchutapuram near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh , for supporting India's nuclear submarine program and produce high specific activity radioisotopes for extensive research. When Homi Jehangir Bhabha

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1236-518: A process which produces high speed electrons but is not beta decay and (unlike beta decay) does not transmute one element to another. In nuclear fusion , two low-mass nuclei come into very close contact with each other so that the strong force fuses them. It requires a large amount of energy for the strong or nuclear forces to overcome the electrical repulsion between the nuclei in order to fuse them; therefore nuclear fusion can only take place at very high temperatures or high pressures. When nuclei fuse,

1339-488: A second to trillions of years. Plotted on a chart as a function of atomic and neutron numbers, the binding energy of the nuclides forms what is known as the valley of stability . Stable nuclides lie along the bottom of this energy valley, while increasingly unstable nuclides lie up the valley walls, that is, have weaker binding energy. The most stable nuclei fall within certain ranges or balances of composition of neutrons and protons: too few or too many neutrons (in relation to

1442-551: A series of supercomputers for their internal usage. They were mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, reactor physics , theoretical physics , computational chemistry , computational fluid dynamics , and finite element analysis . The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya. BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed parallel processing as

1545-513: A spin of ± + 1 ⁄ 2 . In the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each other's spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of 1 ⁄ 2 . Rasetti discovered, however, that nitrogen-14 had a spin of 1. In 1932 Chadwick realized that radiation that had been observed by Walther Bothe , Herbert Becker , Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie

1648-409: A time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at Dhruva, the beam-lines at INDUS (Small-and wide angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS), protein crystallography , Infrared spectroscopy , Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES/ PEEM), Energy and angle-dispersive XRD, and imaging), commissioning of beam-lines and associated detector facilities at BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility,

1751-531: A unique position in the world, in terms of availability of nuclear fuel resource. It has a limited resource of uranium but a large resource of thorium . The beach sands of Kerala and Orissa have rich reserves of monazite , which contains about 8–10% thorium. Studies have been carried out on all aspects of thorium fuel cycle - mining and extraction , fuel fabrication, utilisation in different reactor systems, evaluation of its various properties and irradiation behaviour, reprocessing and recycling . Some of

1854-497: A very large amount of energy is released and the combined nucleus assumes a lower energy level. The binding energy per nucleon increases with mass number up to nickel -62. Stars like the Sun are powered by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus, two positrons , and two neutrinos . The uncontrolled fusion of hydrogen into helium is known as thermonuclear runaway. A frontier in current research at various institutions, for example

1957-755: Is a complex process and poses challenges in view of high temperature operations in presence of high amount of radioactivity . As a result, very few countries in world could master the technology of vitrification of HLLW and India is among them. Three melter technologies, Induction Heated Metallic Melter (IHMM), Joule Heated Ceramic Melter (JHCM) and Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM), have been indigenously developed for vitrification of HLLW. HLLW vitrification plants, based on IHMM or JHCM technologies, have been constructed and successfully operated at Trombay , Tarapur and Kalpakkam sites of India. Vitrification Cell (IHMM), WIP, Trombay Joule Heated Ceramic Melter, Tarapur Inside view of Cold Crucible Induction Melter R&D in

2060-422: Is a fifteen-minute drive from Boisar , the nearest railway station. The residential complex was also constructed by Bechtel to house both Indian and American employees. Due to this, the residential complex has a very Indian small-town look, with neat sidewalks, spacious houses, a club with tennis courts, swimming pool, a commissary etc. In 1974 after India conducted Smiling Buddha , its first nuclear weapons test

2163-620: Is a premier nuclear and multi-disciplinary research organisation though founded primarily to serve India's nuclear program and its peaceful applications of nuclear energy does an extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering , Radiology and their application to health, food, medicine, agriculture and environment, accelerator and Laser Technology, electronics, High Performance Computing , instrumentation and reactor control, Materials Science and radiation monitoring, high-energy physics and plasma physics among others. BARC

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2266-517: Is also directed towards management of Hulls, contaminated left over pieces of zirconium clad tube after dissolution of fuel, and Geological Disposal Facility for safe disposal of vitrified HLLW and long lived waste with objective to long term isolation of radionuclide from the human environment . The Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility (AFFF), a MOX fuel fabrication facility, is part of the Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB), and located at

2369-678: Is an agency of the Department of Atomic Energy. It is divided into a number of Groups, each under a director, and many more Divisions. BARC's Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) was formed in 2009. It is located in three cities – Mumbai, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam . BARC conducts extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronics instrumentation, biology and medicine, advance computing, high-energy plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear program and related areas. The few are: India has

2472-466: Is approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the colony. During maintenance of Tarapur-1, a blast occurred which damaged the chimney. Tarapur-2 was subsequently shut down to avoid any potential issues, completely shutting down the power generation capability of Phase-1 of TAPS in January 2020. T.A.P.S.-1 & 2 were shut down in 2020 following the explosion at T.A.P.S.-1. Later cracks were found in

2575-657: Is being used for carrying out experiments with thoria based fuels. Thoria based fuel irradiations have been carried out in our research and power reactors. Thoria fuel rods in the reflector region of research reactor CIRUS. Thoria fuel assemblies as reactivity load in research reactor Dhruva. Thoria fuel bundles for flux flattening in the Initial Core of PHWRs. Thoria blanket assemblies in FBTR. (Th-Pu)MOX fuel pins of BWR, PHWR and AHWR design in research reactors CIRUS and Dhruva. Post-irradiation examinations have been carried out on

2678-412: Is held together by the strong nuclear force, unless it is too large. Unstable nuclei may undergo alpha decay, in which they emit an energetic helium nucleus, or beta decay, in which they eject an electron (or positron ). After one of these decays the resultant nucleus may be left in an excited state, and in this case it decays to its ground state by emitting high-energy photons (gamma decay). The study of

2781-542: Is involved in AHWR(Thorium MOX Fuel) MOX fuel fabrication for the third stage of Indian nuclear program and is experimenting with different fabrication techniques. | MOX fuel fabrication at AFFF follows Powder Oxide Pelletisation (POP) Method. Major operations are mixing and milling, pre-compaction, granulation, Final compaction, Sintering, centreless grinding, degassing, endplug welding, decontamination of fuel elements and wire wrapping. AFFF also does

2884-589: Is located in Tarapur , Palghar , India. It was the first commercial nuclear power station built in India. It is one of the largest nuclear power plant in the country. It has 4 reactors, 2 BWR-1 of 160 MWe each and 2 IPHWRs Of 540 MWe each. Tarapur Atomic Power Station was constructed initially with two boiling water reactor (BWR) units under the 1963 123 Agreement between India, the United States, and

2987-638: Is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter . Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics , which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons . Discoveries in nuclear physics have led to applications in many fields. This includes nuclear power , nuclear weapons , nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging , industrial and agricultural isotopes, ion implantation in materials engineering , and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology . Such applications are studied in

3090-464: Is the source of energy for nuclear power plants and fission-type nuclear bombs, such as those detonated in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan, at the end of World War II . Heavy nuclei such as uranium and thorium may also undergo spontaneous fission , but they are much more likely to undergo decay by alpha decay. For a neutron-initiated chain reaction to occur, there must be a critical mass of

3193-701: Is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy . It manages all facets of nuclear power generation , from the theoretical design of reactors to, computer modeling and simulation, risk analysis , development and testing of new reactor fuel, materials, etc. It also researches spent fuel processing and safe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for isotopes in industries, radiation technologies and their application to health, food and medicine, agriculture and environment, accelerator and laser technology, electronics , instrumentation and reactor control and material science , environment and radiation monitoring etc. BARC operates

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-558: The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER), and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly, layout, detonation and data collection. On 3 June 1998 BARC was hacked by hacktivist group milw0rm , consisting of hackers from the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand. They downloaded classified information, defaced

3399-778: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) . It was built for the Department of Atomic Energy by GE and Bechtel . Units 1 and 2 were brought online for commercial operation on 28 October 1969 with an initial power of 210  MW of electricity. Later on this was reduced to 160 MW due to technical difficulties. These were the first of their kind in Asia. More recently, an additional two pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR) units of 540 MW each were constructed by BHEL , L&T and Gammon India , seven months ahead of schedule and well within

3502-475: The Joint European Torus (JET) and ITER , is the development of an economically viable method of using energy from a controlled fusion reaction. Nuclear fusion is the origin of the energy (including in the form of light and other electromagnetic radiation) produced by the core of all stars including our own Sun. Nuclear fission is the reverse process to fusion. For nuclei heavier than nickel-62

3605-497: The Tarapur, Maharashtra . Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility has fabricated MOX fuels on experimental basis for BWR, PHWR, FBTR and research reactors. It makes plutonium-based MOX fuel for the stage 2 of Indian Nuclear Program. The unit has successfully fabricated more than 1 lakh PFBR fuel elements for the Kalpakam based Bhavini's PFBR. AFFF is presently engaged in the fabrication of PFBR fuel elements for reloads of PFBR. AFFF also

3708-433: The nuclear shell model , developed in large part by Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen . Nuclei with certain " magic " numbers of neutrons and protons are particularly stable, because their shells are filled. Other more complicated models for the nucleus have also been proposed, such as the interacting boson model , in which pairs of neutrons and protons interact as bosons . Ab initio methods try to solve

3811-436: The nuclear submarine program. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronic instrumentation, biology and medicine, supercomputing, high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas. BARC

3914-421: The radioactivity generated in entire nuclear fuel cycle . The HLLW is immobilised into an inert Sodium Boro- Silicate glass matrix through a process, called vitrification . The vitrified waste is stored for an interim period in an air cooled vault to facilitate the dissipation of heat generated during radioactive decay . Prior to its eventual disposal in geological disposal facility . Vitrification of HLLW

4017-465: The "heavier elements" (carbon, element number 6, and elements of greater atomic number ) that we see today, were created inside stars during a series of fusion stages, such as the proton–proton chain , the CNO cycle and the triple-alpha process . Progressively heavier elements are created during the evolution of a star. Energy is only released in fusion processes involving smaller atoms than iron because

4120-546: The Atomic Energy Commission. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor designing and development, instrumentation , metallurgy , and material science , etc., were transferred with their respective programs from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for fundamental research in the sciences. After Bhabha's death in 1966,

4223-616: The BARC Training School to cater to the manpower needs of the expanding atomic energy research and development program. Bhabha emphasized self-reliance in all fields of nuclear science and engineering. The Government of India created the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) with Bhabha as the founding director on 3 January 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activities for nuclear reactors and technology under

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4326-448: The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. It is a Generation II reactor developed from earlier CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. Currently there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. Upon completion of the design of IPHWR-220, a larger 540 MWe design was started around 1984 under the aegis of BARC in partnership with NPCIL. Two reactors of this design were built in Tarapur, Maharashtra starting in

4429-542: The Indian Atomic Energy Commission described each one of the explosions of Pokhran-II to be "equivalent to several tests carried out by other nuclear weapon states over decades". Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test. The scientists and engineers of the BARC,

4532-567: The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) at BARC, the Digital holographic microscopy for biological cell imaging at Vizag. The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) project is under installation at common facility building in BARC premises. The 20 MeV, 30 mA, CW proton linac will consist of a 50 keV ion source, a 3 MeV, 4 m long, radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and

4635-679: The National Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM) at Hyderabad, the 10 MeV electron accelerator at the Electron Beam Centre at Navi Mumbai. BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of detectors , sensors , mass spectrometer , imaging technique and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh,

4738-731: The Pelletron-Superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR, the National Facility for Neutron Beam Research (NFNBR) at Dhruva, a number of state-of-the-art beam lines at INDUS synchrotron , RRCAT -Indore, the TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging Camera (TACTIC) at Mt. Abu, the Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and PURNIMA fast neutron facilities at BARC, the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator at

4841-546: The West chose to no longer honour its agreement to supply the plant with enriched uranium . Nuclear fuel for TAPS has subsequently been delivered from France, China and Russia under IAEA safeguards . The residential colony features 3 central schools namely - Atomic Energy Central School No. 1 (AECS-1), Atomic Energy Central School No. 2 (AECS-2) and Atomic Energy Central School No. 3 (AECS-3), all running under Atomic Energy Education Society (AEES). The local beach at Chinchani

4944-440: The areas of system integration , system engineering , system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users. The series started with a small four-processor system in 1991 with a sustained performance of 34 MFlops. Keeping in mind the ever increasing demands from the users, new systems have been built regularly with increasing computational power. The latest in

5047-403: The atom, in which the atom had a very small, very dense nucleus containing most of its mass, and consisting of heavy positively charged particles with embedded electrons in order to balance out the charge (since the neutron was unknown). As an example, in this model (which is not the modern one) nitrogen-14 consisted of a nucleus with 14 protons and 7 electrons (21 total particles) and the nucleus

5150-640: The atomic energy programme could no longer be carried out within TIFR he proposed to the government to build a new laboratory entirely devoted to this purpose. For this purpose, 1200 acres of land was acquired at Trombay from the Bombay Government . Thus the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) started functioning in 1954. The same year the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was also established. Bhabha established

5253-971: The best training facilities for the reactor personal and also for licensing of reactor operators. Core competencies cover a wide spectrum and include Process Sensors, Radiation Detector , Nuclear Instruments, Microelectronics , MEMS , Embedded Real Time Systems, Modelling and Simulation, Computer Network , High Integrity Software Engineering , High performance DAQ systems, High Voltage Supplies, Digital Signal Processing , Image Processing , Deep Learning , Motion control , Security Electronics, Medical Electronics etc. Development of stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Platform Unit for LCA HAL Tejas multi-mode Radar, Servo system for Indian Deep Space Network IDSN32- 32 meter antenna which tracked Chandrayaan-I and Mangalyaan , Instrumented PIG for Oil Pipe line inspection, Servo control and camera electronics for MACE telescope, Radiometry and Radiation Monitoring Systems etc. Nuclear science Nuclear physics

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5356-458: The beta decay spectrum was continuous rather than discrete. That is, electrons were ejected from the atom with a continuous range of energies, rather than the discrete amounts of energy that were observed in gamma and alpha decays. This was a problem for nuclear physics at the time, because it seemed to indicate that energy was not conserved in these decays. The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics

5459-538: The binding energy per nucleon peaks around iron (56 nucleons). Since the creation of heavier nuclei by fusion requires energy, nature resorts to the process of neutron capture. Neutrons (due to their lack of charge) are readily absorbed by a nucleus. The heavy elements are created by either a slow neutron capture process (the so-called s -process ) or the rapid , or r -process . The s process occurs in thermally pulsing stars (called AGB, or asymptotic giant branch stars) and takes hundreds to thousands of years to reach

5562-486: The binding energy per nucleon decreases with the mass number. It is therefore possible for energy to be released if a heavy nucleus breaks apart into two lighter ones. The process of alpha decay is in essence a special type of spontaneous nuclear fission . It is a highly asymmetrical fission because the four particles which make up the alpha particle are especially tightly bound to each other, making production of this nucleus in fission particularly likely. From several of

5665-622: The capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in the development of nuclear weapons. BARC was also involved in the Pokhran-II series of five nuclear test conducted at Pokhran Test Range in May 1998. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted after Smiling Buddha by India. The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the capability to build fission and thermonuclear weapons ( Hydrogen bomb /fusion bomb) with yields up to 200 Kilotons. The then Chairman of

5768-549: The centre was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on 22 January 1967. The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the west. India's first power reactors, installed at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station were from the United States. The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian government has consistently maintained that

5871-553: The content of Proca's equations for developing a theory of the atomic nuclei in Nuclear Physics. In 1935 Hideki Yukawa proposed the first significant theory of the strong force to explain how the nucleus holds together. In the Yukawa interaction a virtual particle , later called a meson , mediated a force between all nucleons, including protons and neutrons. This force explained why nuclei did not disintegrate under

5974-427: The development of various indigenous technologies. In the fields of nuclear energy, many Control and Instrumentation systems including In Service Inspection Systems were designed, developed and deployed for Nuclear Reactors ranging from PHWR , AHWR , LWR , PFBR , to new generation Research Reactors and C&I for reprocessing facilities. Development of simulators for Nuclear Power Plant are immense as they provide

6077-474: The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896, made while investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts. The discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson a year later was an indication that the atom had internal structure. At the beginning of the 20th century the accepted model of the atom was J. J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model in which the atom was a positively charged ball with smaller negatively charged electrons embedded inside it. In

6180-426: The equivalence of mass and energy to within 1% as of 1934. Alexandru Proca was the first to develop and report the massive vector boson field equations and a theory of the mesonic field of nuclear forces . Proca's equations were known to Wolfgang Pauli who mentioned the equations in his Nobel address, and they were also known to Yukawa, Wentzel, Taketani, Sakata, Kemmer, Heitler, and Fröhlich who appreciated

6283-418: The field of nuclear engineering . Particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are typically taught in close association. Nuclear astrophysics , the application of nuclear physics to astrophysics , is crucial in explaining the inner workings of stars and the origin of the chemical elements . The history of nuclear physics as a discipline distinct from atomic physics , starts with

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6386-498: The field of partitioning of Minor Actinides from HLLW are also aimed to separate out the long-lived radioactive waste constituents prior to immobilizing then in glass matrice. The long lived radio-contaminants is planned to be burnt in Fast reactor or Accelerator Driven Sub Critical systems to get converted into short- lived species. This will reduce the need of long term isolation of radionuclide from environment by multifold. R&D

6489-412: The foil with their trajectories being at most slightly bent. But Rutherford instructed his team to look for something that shocked him to observe: a few particles were scattered through large angles, even completely backwards in some cases. He likened it to firing a bullet at tissue paper and having it bounce off. The discovery, with Rutherford's analysis of the data in 1911, led to the Rutherford model of

6592-544: The head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC, Raja Ramanna . The neutron initiator was of the polonium–beryllium type and code-named Flower was developed by BARC. The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation and research but also

6695-766: The heat emanating from the Earth's core results from radioactive decay. However, it is not known if any of this results from fission chain reactions. According to the theory, as the Universe cooled after the Big Bang it eventually became possible for common subatomic particles as we know them (neutrons, protons and electrons) to exist. The most common particles created in the Big Bang which are still easily observable to us today were protons and electrons (in equal numbers). The protons would eventually form hydrogen atoms. Almost all

6798-569: The heaviest elements of lead and bismuth. The r -process is thought to occur in supernova explosions , which provide the necessary conditions of high temperature, high neutron flux and ejected matter. These stellar conditions make the successive neutron captures very fast, involving very neutron-rich species which then beta-decay to heavier elements, especially at the so-called waiting points that correspond to more stable nuclides with closed neutron shells (magic numbers). Tarapur Atomic Power Station Tarapur Atomic Power Station ( T.A.P.S. )

6901-439: The heaviest nuclei whose fission produces free neutrons, and which also easily absorb neutrons to initiate fission, a self-igniting type of neutron-initiated fission can be obtained, in a chain reaction . Chain reactions were known in chemistry before physics, and in fact many familiar processes like fires and chemical explosions are chemical chain reactions. The fission or "nuclear" chain-reaction , using fission-produced neutrons,

7004-629: The important milestones achieved / technological progress made in these are as follows: The process of producing thoria from monazite is well established. IREL has produced several tonnes of nuclear grade thoria powder The fabrication of thoria based fuel by powder-pellet method is well established. Few tonnes of thoria fuel have been fabricated at BARC and NFC for various irradiations in research and power reactors. Studies have been carried out regarding use of thorium in different types of reactors with respect to fuel management, reactor control and fuel utilisation. A Critical Facility has been constructed and

7107-638: The important ongoing developmental activities are: Indian Scintillat or Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrinos (ISMRAN), neutron guides, polarizers and Neutron supermirror , Nb-based superconducting RF cavities, high purity Germanium detector , 2-D neutron detectors, cryogen-free superconducting magnets , electromagnetic separator for radio-isotopes, nuclear batteries and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) power source and liquid Hydrogen cold neutron source. Other activities include research and developmental towards India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) and quantum computing . BARC designed and developed

7210-417: The influence of proton repulsion, and it also gave an explanation of why the attractive strong force had a more limited range than the electromagnetic repulsion between protons. Later, the discovery of the pi meson showed it to have the properties of Yukawa's particle. With Yukawa's papers, the modern model of the atom was complete. The center of the atom contains a tight ball of neutrons and protons, which

7313-1151: The irradiated PHWR thoria fuel bundles and (Th-Pu) MOX fuel pins. Thermo-physical and thermodynamic properties have been evaluated for the thoria based fuels. Thoria fuel rods irradiated in CIRUS have been reprocessed at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF) BARC. The recovered 233U has been fabricated as fuel for KAMINI reactor. Thoria blanket assemblies irradiated in FBTR have been reprocessed at IGCAR . The recovered 233U has been used for experimental irradiation of PFBR type fuel assembly in FBTR. Thoria fuel bundles irradiated in PHWRs will be reprocessed in Power Reactor Thorium Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF). The recovered 233U will be used for reactor physics experiments in AHWR-Critical Facility. Advanced reactors AHWR and AHWR300-LEU have been designed at BARC to provide impetus to

7416-433: The large-scale utilisation of thorium. After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that fission chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel discharged from the reactor is known as spent nuclear fuel (SNF). BARC has come a long way since it first began reprocessing of spent fuel in

7519-418: The neutrons created in the Big Bang were absorbed into helium-4 in the first three minutes after the Big Bang, and this helium accounts for most of the helium in the universe today (see Big Bang nucleosynthesis ). Some relatively small quantities of elements beyond helium (lithium, beryllium, and perhaps some boron) were created in the Big Bang, as the protons and neutrons collided with each other, but all of

7622-660: The nuclear many-body problem from the ground up, starting from the nucleons and their interactions. Much of current research in nuclear physics relates to the study of nuclei under extreme conditions such as high spin and excitation energy. Nuclei may also have extreme shapes (similar to that of Rugby balls or even pears ) or extreme neutron-to-proton ratios. Experimenters can create such nuclei using artificially induced fusion or nucleon transfer reactions, employing ion beams from an accelerator . Beams with even higher energies can be used to create nuclei at very high temperatures, and there are signs that these experiments have produced

7725-409: The number of protons) will cause it to decay. For example, in beta decay , a nitrogen -16 atom (7 protons, 9 neutrons) is converted to an oxygen -16 atom (8 protons, 8 neutrons) within a few seconds of being created. In this decay a neutron in the nitrogen nucleus is converted by the weak interaction into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino . The element is transmuted to another element, with

7828-475: The original cost estimates. Unit 3 was brought online for commercial operation on 18 August 2006, and unit 4 on 12 September 2005. The facility is operated by the NPCIL ( Nuclear Power Corporation of India ). The personnel operating the power plant live in a residential complex called T. A. P. S. colony, 19°48′58″N 72°44′35″E  /  19.816°N 72.743°E  / 19.816; 72.743 which

7931-421: The primary recirculation system in both units. Restart of the two units is planned for Nov. 2024 after replacement of the damaged parts. This will increase the operational life of the older BWR units by an additional 10 years. The parts are to be delivered from Italy says plant director Mulkalwar. T.A.P.S.-3 & 4 are currently operational. The Boiling water reactors (BWRs) at Tarapur 1 and 2 units are similar to

8034-574: The problem of the spin of nitrogen-14, as the one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron in this model each contributed a spin of 1 ⁄ 2 in the same direction, giving a final total spin of 1. With the discovery of the neutron, scientists could at last calculate what fraction of binding energy each nucleus had, by comparing the nuclear mass with that of the protons and neutrons which composed it. Differences between nuclear masses were calculated in this way. When nuclear reactions were measured, these were found to agree with Einstein's calculation of

8137-428: The reactor's critical role: "Purnima was a novel device, built with about 20 kg of plutonium, a variable geometry of reflectors, and a unique control system. This gave considerable experience and helped to benchmark calculations regarding the behaviour of a chain-reacting system made out of plutonium . The kinetic behaviour of the system just above critical could be well studied. Very clever physicists could then calculate

8240-568: The reactors are used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru when he likened the blue Cerenkov radiation to the beauty of the Apsaras ), CIRUS (1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from the US), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984), Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990), and KAMINI . Apsara

8343-555: The reactors involved in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster . The age of the reactors, coupled with their old design, have raised safety concerns and, according to one local leader in 2011, the reactors had already been in operation for 16 years longer than their design lives. In 2007, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) evaluated seismic safety features at Tarapur 1 and 2 and reported many shortfalls, following which NPCIL installed seismic sensors. In 2011, AERB formed

8446-647: The recycling of the rejects based on either thermal pulverisation or microwave based oxidation and reduction. AFFF uses Laser welding for encapsulation of fuel elements along with GTAW. The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, ion and electron accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial phenomena in materials over wide length and time scales. Major facilities, operated by BARC for research in Physical sciences, include

8549-498: The relevant isotope present in a certain space under certain conditions. The conditions for the smallest critical mass require the conservation of the emitted neutrons and also their slowing or moderation so that there is a greater cross-section or probability of them initiating another fission. In two regions of Oklo , Gabon, Africa, natural nuclear fission reactors were active over 1.5 billion years ago. Measurements of natural neutrino emission have demonstrated that around half of

8652-410: The series of supercomputers is Anupam-Aganya with processing power of 270 TFLOPS and PARALLEL PROCESSING SUPERCOMPUTER ANUPAM-ATULYA:Provides sustained LINPACK performance of 1.35 PetaFlops for solving complex scientific problems. BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in

8755-531: The source of the energy of radioactivity would have to wait for the discovery that the nucleus itself was composed of smaller constituents, the nucleons . In 1906, Ernest Rutherford published "Retardation of the α Particle from Radium in passing through matter." Hans Geiger expanded on this work in a communication to the Royal Society with experiments he and Rutherford had done, passing alpha particles through air, aluminum foil and gold leaf. More work

8858-486: The strong and weak nuclear forces (the latter explained by Enrico Fermi via Fermi's interaction in 1934) led physicists to collide nuclei and electrons at ever higher energies. This research became the science of particle physics , the crown jewel of which is the standard model of particle physics , which describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces . A heavy nucleus can contain hundreds of nucleons . This means that with some approximation it can be treated as

8961-502: The time behaviour of the core of a bomb on isotropic compression. What the critical parameters would be, how to achieve optimum explosive power, and its dependence on the first self sustaining neutron trigger, were all investigated". It was decommissioned in 1973. Along with DRDO and other agencies and laboratories BARC also played an essential and important role in nuclear weapons technology and research. The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came from CIRUS. In 1974

9064-487: The underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the core architecture . BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computation. To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in

9167-511: The website and deleted data from servers. BARC also designed a class of Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor IPHWR (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor), the baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the Canadian CANDU reactor . The design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs. The IPHWR-220 (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-220) was the first in class series of Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by

9270-440: The year 1964 at Trombay. India has more than five decades of experience for reprocessing of spent fuel of Uranium based first stage reactor resulting in development of well matured and highly evolved PUREX based reprocessing flow sheet involving recovery of SNM. Implementation of thorium fuel cycle requires extraction of 233U from irradiated thorium fuel and its re-insertion into the fuel cycle. Based on indigenous efforts,

9373-533: The year 2000 and the first was commissioned on 12 September 2005. The IPHWR-540 design was later upgraded to a 700 MWe with the main objective to improve fuel efficiency and develop a standardized design to be installed at many locations across India as a fleet-mode effort. The design was also upgraded to incorporate Generation III+ features. Almost 100% of the parts of these indigenously designed reactors are manufactured by Indian industry. BARC designed and built India's first pressurised water reactor at Kalpakkam ,

9476-443: The years that followed, radioactivity was extensively investigated, notably by Marie Curie , a Polish physicist whose maiden name was Sklodowska, Pierre Curie , Ernest Rutherford and others. By the turn of the century, physicists had also discovered three types of radiation emanating from atoms, which they named alpha , beta , and gamma radiation. Experiments by Otto Hahn in 1911 and by James Chadwick in 1914 discovered that

9579-399: Was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated swimming pool type thermal reactor that went critical on August 4, 1956, and is suitable for production of isotopes , basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and testing of neutron detectors. It

9682-489: Was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy, and even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen (see metallicity ), had not yet been discovered. The Rutherford model worked quite well until studies of nuclear spin were carried out by Franco Rasetti at the California Institute of Technology in 1929. By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons each had

9785-439: Was actually due to a neutral particle of about the same mass as the proton, that he called the neutron (following a suggestion from Rutherford about the need for such a particle). In the same year Dmitri Ivanenko suggested that there were no electrons in the nucleus — only protons and neutrons — and that neutrons were spin 1 ⁄ 2 particles, which explained the mass not due to protons. The neutron spin immediately solved

9888-551: Was assembled at the campus of Indian Astronomical Observatory at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in the world and will help the scientific community enhance its understanding in the fields of astrophysics , fundamental physics , and particle acceleration mechanisms. The largest telescope of the same class is the 28-metre-diameter High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) telescope being operated in Namibia. Ongoing basic and applied research encompasses

9991-595: Was awarded jointly to Becquerel, for his discovery and to Marie and Pierre Curie for their subsequent research into radioactivity. Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his "investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances". In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the idea of mass–energy equivalence . While the work on radioactivity by Becquerel and Marie Curie predates this, an explanation of

10094-466: Was performed during 1909, at the University of Manchester . Ernest Rutherford's assistant, Professor Johannes "Hans" Geiger, and an undergraduate, Marsden, performed an experiment in which Geiger and Marsden under Rutherford's supervision fired alpha particles ( helium 4 nuclei ) at a thin film of gold foil. The plum pudding model had predicted that the alpha particles should come out of

10197-470: Was published in 1909 by Geiger and Ernest Marsden , and further greatly expanded work was published in 1910 by Geiger . In 1911–1912 Rutherford went before the Royal Society to explain the experiments and propound the new theory of the atomic nucleus as we now understand it. Published in 1909, with the eventual classical analysis by Rutherford published May 1911, the key preemptive experiment

10300-560: Was reported that new facilities and campuses of BARC were planned in Atchutapuram , near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh , and in Challakere in Chitradurga district in Karnataka. BARC would be setting 30 MW special research reactor using an enriched uranium fuel at Visakhapatnam to meet the demand for high specific activity radio isotopes and carry out extensive research and development in nuclear sector. The site would also support

10403-428: Was shut down permanently in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U. Purnima-I is a plutonium oxide fuelled 1 MWTh pulsed-fast reactor that was built starting in 1970 and went critical on 18 May 1972 to primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of plutonium-239 powered nuclear weapons . On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, Purnima's designer, P. K. Iyengar , reflected on

10506-499: Was surrounded by 7 more orbiting electrons. Around 1920, Arthur Eddington anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars , in his paper The Internal Constitution of the Stars . At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc . This

10609-643: Was working at the Indian Institute of Science , there was no institute in India which had the necessary facilities for original work in nuclear physics , cosmic rays , high energy physics , and other frontiers of knowledge in physics. This prompted him to send a proposal in March 1944 to the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for establishing "a vigorous school of research in fundamental physics". When Bhabha realised that technology development for

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