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136-624: Bhadrak is a city of Odisha state in eastern India. The city is the district headquarters of Bhadrak district . According to legend, the city derives its name from the Goddess Bhadrakali , whose temple is on the banks of the Salandi River. According to legend, Bhadrak derives its name from the Goddess Bhadrakali , whose temple is situated on the southwest outskirts of the town. It is an ancient land, dating from
272-634: A Food and Agriculture Organization -recognised rice gene bank and research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in Cuttack . The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea, making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity. Three-quarters of the state is covered in mountain ranges. Deep and broad valleys have been made in them by rivers. These valleys have fertile soil and are densely populated. Odisha also has plateaus and rolling uplands , which have lower elevation than
408-423: A " witch hunt ." In June 1978, Raj Narain attacked party president Chandra Shekhar and Bharatiya Jana Sangh . On 16 June 1978, Charan Singh announced his resignation from Janata Party parliamentary board. Janata Party parliamentary board which met on 22 June 1978 issued show-cause notices to Raj Narain , Devi Lal , Ram Dhan , Jabbar Singh and Sibhan Lal Saxena. On 1 July 1978, Charan Singh resigned from
544-519: A 10 MT steel plant in Odisha, too. Nippon Steel Corporation has recently announced to set up their own plants, one of which will be the world's largest and most advanced steel plant in Odisha, with a production capacity of 30 MT annually. Bandhabahal is a major area of open cast coal mines in Odisha. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminium, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation, Reliance Power (Anil Ambani Group)
680-610: A Revenue Divisional Commissioner (RDC). The position of the RDC in the administrative hierarchy is that between that of the district administration and the state secretariat. The RDCs report to the Board of Revenue, which is headed by a senior officer of the Indian Administrative Service . Each district is governed by a collector and district magistrate, who is appointed from the Indian Administrative Service or
816-530: A brief debate, the lower house, Lok Sabha , passed the bill and amendment on 9 November 2010. On 24 March 2011, Rajya Sabha , the upper house of Parliament , also passed the bill and the amendment. The changes in spelling were made with the intention of having the English and Hindi renditions conform to the Odia transliteration. However, the underlying Odia texts were nevertheless transliterated incorrectly as per
952-535: A coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi). It has one major port at Paradip and few minor ports. some of them are: Major cities of Odisha are well connected to all the major cities of India by direct daily trains and weekly trains. Most of the railway network in Odisha lies under the jurisdiction of the East Coast Railway (ECoR) with headquarters at Bhubaneswar and some parts under South Eastern Railway and South East Central Railway . According to
1088-485: A fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite . Rourkela Steel Plant was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India, built with collaboration of Germany . Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $ 10 billion. Russian major Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company (MMK) plans to set up
1224-568: A major part of the Indian sub-continent. Kharavela was a Jain ruler. He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill. Subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Shashanka . It was also a part of Harsha 's empire. The city of Brahmapur in Odisha is also known to have been the capital of the Pauravas during the closing years of 4th century CE. Nothing
1360-653: A majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The 147 elected representatives are called Members of the Legislative Assembly , or MLAs. One MLA may be nominated from the Anglo-Indian community by
1496-464: A medium of instruction include Durga Prasad Saraf Vidyapeeth, Sathya Sai Vidya Vihar School, SBD International School, Jyothi Convent School, Happy Home School, Sunshine Mission School, Carmel School, Kendriya Vidyalaya Bhadrak, and St. Xavier's School. The Akhandalamani Temple , the abode of Lord Siva is located on the bank of the Baitarani River , at Aradi, 37 kilometres (23 mi) from
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#17327727707761632-530: A meeting of the Harizan workers in Jimbaran Ashram (Nuasahi, Ashram, Garadpur). It was during this time that Banchhanidhi Mohanty of Eram was by his patriotic songs shaping, stimulating, and sensitizing the national consciousness among the people. Since independence, the history of Bhadrak has been of progress in education, industry, agriculture, trade, and commerce. Bhadrak City is well connected with
1768-596: A new Expressway that will connect Biju Patnaik International Airport airport at Bhubaneswar with the proposed Shri Jagannath International Airport at Puri. Odisha has a total of three operational airports, 16 airstrips and 16 helipads. The airport at Jharsuguda was upgraded to a full-fledged domestic airport in May 2018. Rourkela Airport became operational in December 2022.The Dhamra Port Company Limited plans to build Dhamra Airport 20 km from Dhamra Port . Odisha has
1904-530: A popular movement to restore civil liberties, evoking the memories and principles of the Indian independence movement. Its success in ending 30 years of uninterrupted Congress rule helped strengthen India's multi-party democracy. The term "Janata" has been used by several major political parties such as the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Janata Dal (United) , Janata Dal (Secular) , Rashtriya Janata Dal and others. Participants in
2040-921: A result of the Second Carnatic War by 1760, and incorporated them into the Madras Presidency gradually. In 1803, the British ousted the Marathas from the Puri-Cuttack region of Odisha during the Second Anglo-Maratha War . The northern and western districts of Odisha were incorporated into the Bengal Presidency . The Orissa famine of 1866 caused an estimated 1 million deaths. Following this, large-scale irrigation projects were undertaken. In 1903,
2176-611: A significant share of the Dalit vote to the Janata party and its allies won him considerable influence. In contrast to the rest of the country, the Janata party won only six seats from India's southern states – none from the state of Kerala – where the Emergency had not caused political unrest. The Congress (R) won a total of 153 seats, mainly from India's south. However, Janata candidates resoundingly defeated Congress (R) candidates in
2312-631: A single kingdom. Yayati II is supposed to have built the Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar . They were replaced by the Eastern Ganga dynasty . Notable rulers of the dynasty were Anantavarman Chodaganga , who began reconstruction on the present-day Shri Jagannath Temple in Puri (c. 1135), and Narasimhadeva I , who constructed the Konark temple (c. 1250). The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by
2448-613: A strong start, the Janata government began to wither as significant ideological and political divisions emerged. The party consisted of veteran socialists, trade unionists and pro-business leaders, making major economic reforms difficult to achieve without triggering a public divide. Socialists and secular Janata politicians shared an aversion to the Hindu nationalist agenda of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , whose members included Vajpayee, Advani and other leaders from
2584-537: A turnout of 60% from an electorate of more than 320 million. On 23 March, it was announced that the Janata party had won a sweeping victory, securing 43.2% of the popular vote and 271 seats. With the support of the Akali Dal and the Congress for Democracy, it had amassed a two-thirds, or absolute majority of 345 seats. Although the Congress for Democracy won 28 seats, Ram's standing as a national Dalit leader and moving
2720-541: A very senior officer from Odisha Administrative Service. The collector and district magistrate is responsible for collecting the revenue and maintaining law and order in the district. Each district is separated into sub-divisions, each governed by a sub-collector and sub-divisional magistrate. The sub-divisions are further divided into tahasils. The tahasils are headed by tahasildar. Odisha has 58 sub-divisions, 317 tahasils and 314 blocks. Blocks consists of Panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. The capital of
2856-494: Is a Shiva temple that has existed for 150 years. Apart from above there is a famous temple situated at kharida binayakpur under basudevpur block in the name of Aankudeswari Temple.The temple is too much popular in Bhadrak district and every year on the occasion of Maha vishuba sankranti / pana sankranti / vaishakhi there is a festivals conducted by the temple authority for almost 15th days. There are also Muslim mosques such as
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#17327727707762992-503: Is also found in this region. Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon on the east coast of Odisha with an area of 1,105 km . It is connected to the Bay of Bengal by a 35-km-long narrow channel and is a part of the Mahanadi delta. In the dry season, the tides bring in salt water. In the rainy season, the rivers falling into the lagoon decrease its salinity. Birds from places as far as
3128-595: Is also home for tiny red crabs. According to a census conducted in 2016, there are around 2000 elephants in the state. All states in India are governed by a parliamentary system of government based on universal adult franchise . The main parties active in the politics of Odisha are the Biju Janata Dal , the Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party . Following the Odisha State Assembly Election in 2019 ,
3264-455: Is at Charampa, which is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of Bhadrak city. The nearest airport is Biju Patnaik International Airport , 145 kilometres (90 mi) southwest, near Bhubaneswar. The nearest port is Dhamra Port , around 75 kilometers east of the city. As of 2011, Bhadrak has a population of 107,463. Males constitute 51% (55,090) of the population and females 49% (52,373). Bhadrak has an average literacy rate of 79.49%, higher than
3400-472: Is experiencing a rapid economic growth post-Covid. The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Odisha's growth rate is above the national average. The central Government's Urban Development Ministry has recently announced the names of 20 cities selected to be developed as smart cities . The state capital Bhubaneswar
3536-403: Is gradually losing its wilderness areas to timber smuggling , deforestation , destructive mining, and general urban industrialisation, as well as livestock grazing . There have been attempts at conservation and reforestation . Due to the climate and good rainfall, Odisha's evergreen and moist forests are uniquely suitable habitats for wild orchids . Around 130 species have been reported from
3672-593: Is one of the most famous. Dol Purnima or Holi (Melana) is also another major festival; it is celebrated in several locations in Bhadrak. The Cart Festival (Ratha Yatra), on the other hand, is celebrated in Jharpata, Gamal, Hide, Ghanteswar, Totapada, Chhatrapada, Bhadrak, and Bhatia village Sri Jagannath matha. This last location is one of the oldest places which observes Ganesh puja (150 years). Odisha Odisha ( English : / ə ˈ d ɪ s ə / ; Odia: [oɽiˈsa] ), formerly Orissa (
3808-638: Is putting up the world's largest power plant with an investment of US$ 13 billion at Hirma in Jharsuguda district . In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter (AIM) study on corporate investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 per cent in total investment in the country. It received an investment proposal worth ₹ 2.01 trillion (equivalent to ₹ 4.5 trillion or US$ 54 billion in 2023) in 2010. Steel and power were among
3944-522: Is the first city in the list of smart Cities released in January 2016, a pet project of the Indian Government. The announcement also marked with sanction of Rs 508.02 billion over the five years for development. Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. Odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals. It contains
4080-663: Is the primary function of this temple. It is situated at the heart of Bhadrak near Kacheri Bazar. Apart from that, the historical places and monuments to visit in the Bhadrak district include several Hindu temples; such as the Maa Santoshi Temple, located in Korkora village; Sri Radha Madanmohan temple; the temple of Akhandalamani; the Kali Puja held at Charampa; Prasanna Khemeswar Mahadev Temple in Anijo village, which
4216-562: Is the primary tree species. For fauna, the park is home to around 55 species of mammal , including the Bengal tiger , chital , chousingha , common langur , gaur , Indian elephant , Indian giant squirrel , jungle cat , leopard , muntjac , sambar , small Indian civet and wild boar . There are over 300 species of birds in the park, such as the common hill myna , as well as grey , Indian pied and Malabar pied hornbills . There are also some 60 species of reptiles and amphibians, including
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4352-617: Is the world's largest nesting site for olive ridley sea turtles . In 2013, the Indian Coast Guard initiated Operation Oliver to protect the endangered sea turtle population of the region. Other major nesting grounds for the turtle in the state are Rushikulya , in Ganjam district , and the mouth of the Devi river . The Bhitarkanika sanctuary is also noted for its large population of saltwater crocodiles and Asian water monitors ,
4488-481: The 2011 Census of India , Odisha accounted for approximately 3% of India's total population. The state had a population of 41,974,218, with 21,212,136 males (50.54%) and 20,762,082 females (49.46%), resulting in a sex ratio of 978 females per 1,000 males. This marked a growth rate of 13.97% during the 2001-2011 period, a decline from 16.25% in the previous decade (1991-2001). The population density stood at 269 people per square kilometer, with Ganjam district having
4624-503: The Baroda dynamite case , which included the new Minister of Industry, George Fernandes . The Minister of Railways reinstated the railway employees disciplined after the May 1974 strike. The Desai government proceeded to establish inquiry commissions and tribunals to investigate allegations of corruption and Indira Gandhi's government, political party and the police forces. Specific inquiries were instituted on Sanjay Gandhi 's management of
4760-481: The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) joined, dissolving their separate identities (the merger of all party organisations was to be completed after the election). Although the political ideologies of Janata constituents were diverse and conflicting, the party was able to unite under the over-reaching appeal of Jayaprakash Narayan, who had been seen as the ideological leader of the anti-Emergency movement and now
4896-592: The Caspian Sea , Lake Baikal (and other parts of Russia), Central Asia , Southeast Asia , Ladakh and the Himalayas migrate to the lagoon in winter. Among the waterfowl and wading birds spotted there are Eurasian wigeon , pintail , bar-headed goose , greylag goose , greater flamingo , common mallard and Goliath heron . The lagoon also has a small population of the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins . The state's coastal region has also had sightings of
5032-499: The Congress (R) and along with his supporters formed the Congress for Democracy on 2 February 1977. Other co-founders included the former Chief Minister of Orissa Nandini Satpathy , former Union Minister of State for Finance K. R. Ganesh , former MP D. N. Tiwari and Bihar politician Raj Mangal Pandey. Although committing to contest the election with the Janata party, Ram resisted merging his party organisation with Janata. It
5168-490: The Congress (R) . Significant numbers of Congress (R) MPs and activists condemned Indira's leadership and left the party. As a result, MPs still loyal to Indira Gandhi renamed their party to Congress (I) – "I" standing for Indira. Although no longer an MP, Indira Gandhi continued as the president of Congress (I) , which remained the largest opposition party. The first actions taken by the Desai government were to formally end
5304-601: The Delhi High Court quashed the charges of bribery against Rajiv Gandhi and others. But some leaders of Janata Party refused to accept its merger into Janata Dal and continued in Janata Party. These included Indubhai Patel, Subramanian Swamy , Syed Shahabuddin , H. D. Deve Gowda , Sarojini Mahishi . On 4 January 1989, Indubhai Patel was declared as acting president of Janata Party. Janata Dal filed an application to Election Commission of India to seek
5440-547: The Gajapati Kingdom . The region resisted integration into the Mughal empire until 1568, when it was conquered by Sultanate of Bengal . Mukunda Deva, who is considered the last independent king of Kalinga, was defeated and was killed in battle by a rebel Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja himself was killed by Bayazid Khan Karrani . In 1591, Man Singh I , then governor of Bihar , led an army to take Odisha from
5576-523: The Hunterian system , the official national transliteration standard, in which the transliterations would be Orisha and Oria instead. Prehistoric Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in various places in the region, implying an early settlement by humans. Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata , Vayu Purana and Mahagovinda Suttanta . According to political scientist Sudama Misra,
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5712-474: The Indian National Congress bifurcated in 1969 over the issue of the leadership of Indira Gandhi , the daughter of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru . Supporters of Indira Gandhi claimed to be the real Congress party, adopting the name Indian National Congress (R) – where "R" stood for "Requisition." Congress politicians who opposed Indira identified themselves as the Indian National Congress (O) – where "O" stood for "Organisation" or "Old." For
5848-477: The Indian National Congress . In the 1977 general election , the party defeated the Congress and Janata leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister in independent modern India's history . Raj Narain , a socialist leader, had filed a legal writ alleging electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi in 1971. On 12 June 1975, Allahabad High Court found her guilty of using corrupt electoral practices in her 1971 election victory over Narain in
5984-666: The Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha. The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the British Indian government, the Orissa Province was established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of Bihar and Orissa Province , Madras Presidency and Central Provinces . Utkala Dibasa ( lit. ' Odisha Day ' ) is celebrated on 1 April. Cuttack
6120-652: The Karranis of Bengal . They agreed to treaty because their leader Qutlu Khan Lohani had recently died. But they then broke the treaty by attacking the temple town of Puri . Man Singh returned in 1592 and pacified the region. In 1751, the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan ceded the region to the Maratha Empire . The British had occupied the Northern Circars , comprising the southern coast of Odisha, as
6256-504: The Naveen Patnaik -led Biju Janata Dal stayed in power for the sixth consecutive term until 2024. Currently, BJP , who won for the first time, formed the government after winning the majority in 2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election . He is the 17th Chief Minister of Odisha. The Odisha state has a unicameral legislature. The Odisha Legislative Assembly consists of 147 elected members, and special office bearers such as
6392-811: The Rae Bareli constituency . She was barred from contesting any election for the next six years. Economic problems, corruption and the conviction of Gandhi led to widespread protests against the Congress (R) government, which responded by imposing a State of Emergency. The rationale was that of preserving national security. However, the government introduced press censorship, postponed elections and banned strikes and rallies. Opposition leaders such as Jivatram Kripalani , Jayaprakash Narayan , Anantram Jaiswal , Chandra Shekhar , Biju Patnaik , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , L. K. Advani , Raj Narain , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Ramnandan Mishra and Morarji Desai were imprisoned, along with thousands of other political activists. When
6528-710: The Soviet Union . The Janata government announced its desire to achieve "genuine" non-alignment in the Cold War , which had been the long-standing national policy. In 1978, Jimmy Carter became the third U.S. president to make an official visit to India. Both nations sought to improve trade and expand cooperation in science and technology. Vajpayee represented India at the U.N. conference on nuclear disarmament, defending India's nuclear programme and its refusal to sign non-proliferation treaties. The Janata government had lesser success in achieving economic reforms. It launched
6664-606: The Utkal Sammilani organisation was founded to demand the unification of Odia -speaking regions into one state. On 1 April 1912, the Bihar and Orissa Province was formed. On 1 April 1936, Bihar and Orissa were split into separate provinces. The new province of Orissa came into existence on a linguistic basis during the British rule in India, with Sir John Austen Hubback as the first governor. Following India's independence , on 15 August 1947, 27 princely states signed
6800-667: The president of India , Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , accepted prime minister Indira Gandhi 's recommendation to declare a state of national emergency. Indira argued that the political and civil disorder constituted a threat to national security. A state of emergency enabled the central government to issue executive decrees without requiring the consent of Parliament . Elections were postponed and public gatherings, rallies and strikes were banned. Curfews were imposed and police forces were empowered to make warrantless searches, seizures and arrests. Indira's government imposed "President's rule" in
6936-652: The 1971 election, the Congress (O) , Samyukta Socialist Party and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh had formed a coalition called the "Grand Alliance" to oppose Indira Gandhi and the Congress (R) , but failed to have an impact; Indira's Congress (R) won a large majority in the 1971 elections and her popularity increased significantly after India's victory in the war of 1971 against Pakistan. However Indira's subsequent inability to address serious issues such as unemployment, poverty, inflation and shortages eroded her popularity. The frequent invoking of " President's rule " to dismiss state governments led by opposition political parties
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#17327727707767072-414: The 1977 March Lok Sabha election results of India, using alliances under Morarji Government from 1977 to 1979 Sources: Keesing's – World News Archive On the morning of 24 March, Jayaprakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani led the newly elected Janata MPs to Raj Ghat , where the ashes of Mahatma Gandhi were laid, and administered a pledge to continue Gandhi's work and preserve honesty in serving
7208-536: The Allahabad High Court found Indira guilty and barred her from holding public office for six years. Opposition politicians immediately demanded her resignation and stepped up mass protests against the government. On 25 June, Narayan and Desai held a massive rally in Delhi , calling for a " Satyagraha " – a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to force the government to resign. On 25 June 1975,
7344-564: The BJP and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). However, Singh's government soon fell victim to intra-party rivalries and power struggles, and his successor Chandra Sekhar's Janata Dal (Socialist) government lasted barely into 1991. Although its tenure in office was tumultuous and unsuccessful, the Janata party played a definitive role in Indian politics and history and its legacy remains strong in contemporary India. The Janata party led
7480-598: The Communist Party of India (Marxist) had distanced themselves from the Janata party. Desperately seeking enough support for a majority, Charan Singh even sought to negotiate with Congress (I), which refused. After only three weeks in office, Charan Singh resigned. With no other political party in position to establish a majority government, President Reddy dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections for January 1980. In 1980 general elections , Janata Party declared Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate, but
7616-509: The Congress (I) returned to power with a strong majority. Sanjay Gandhi was also elected to the Parliament. President Reddy was succeeded at the end of his term in 1982 by Congress (I) leader Zail Singh . (RUPPS). Between 1980 and 1989, the Janata party maintained a small presence in the Indian Parliament under the leadership of socialist politician Chandra Sekhar . In 1988, Lok Dal (A) was merged into Janata Party and Ajit Singh
7752-801: The Congress (R) amongst India's Dalits. BLD leader Charan Singh 's peasant roots helped him raise considerable support in the rural parts of Uttar Pradesh , the most populous state of India. The Shiromani Akali Dal , the party of the Sikhs of Punjab and regional political parties such as the Tamil Nadu -based Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam became important allies. The leaders of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh rallied India's middle-class merchants, traders and conservative Hindus . The Hindu nationalist RSS and trade unions aligned with Janata helped rally considerable voting blocs. The 1977 election drew
7888-552: The Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh . On 19 July 1979 Desai resigned from the government and eventually retired to his home in Mumbai (then Bombay). The failing health of Jayaprakash Narayan made it hard for him to remain politically active and act as a unifying influence, and his death in 1979 deprived the party of its most popular leader. Dissidents projected Charan Singh as the new prime minister in place of Desai. President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy appointed Charan Singh as
8024-546: The Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) were banned and their leaders arrested. Only the Communist Party of India supported the state of emergency. Due to the advancing age and failing health, Narayan was released from prison, but remained prohibited from political activity. During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth, aided by
8160-589: The Janata Dal, these two(the 1977 one and present one) are considered as distinct from one another by many. Under V. P. Singh, the Janata Dal and the National Front sought to replicate the Janata-style alliance of anti-Congress political parties. Although it failed to win a majority, it managed to form a fragile coalition government with V.P. Singh as the prime minister with the outside support of
8296-441: The Janata government unable to effectively address national problems. By mid-1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai was forced to resign and his successor Chaudhary Charan Singh became Prime Minister of India. He remained in office for 23 days until Congress(I) withdrew support. Popular disenchantment with the political in-fighting and ineffective government led to the resurgence of Gandhi and her new Congress (I) party, which won
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#17327727707768432-457: The Janata organisation. To avoid a potentially divisive contest, Janata leaders asked Jayaprakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani to select the party's leader, pledging to abide by their choice. After a period of deliberation, Narayan and Kripalani selected Morarji Desai to become the chairman of the Janata Parliamentary Party on 24 May. Although some leaders such as George Fernandes and Jagjivan Ram hesitated to support Desai and criticised
8568-424: The Janata party formed a coalition government with the Akali Dal. In Bihar, Karpuri Thakur won the closely contested Janata legislature party leadership from the then Bihar Janata Party chief Satyendra Narayan Sinha to become the Bihar Chief Minister . The number of Janata members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of all the states increased from 386 to 1,246 seats. The government also called fresh elections in
8704-429: The Janata party. Chandra Shekhar became first president of Janata Party. Ramakrishna Hegde became the party general secretary, and Bharatiya Jana Sangh politician Lal Krishna Advani became the party spokesperson. The Janata manifesto was released on 10 February, which declared that the coming election presented voters with: a choice between freedom and slavery; between democracy and dictatorship; between abdicating
8840-405: The Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts. The Sabar people of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata. Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions, implying it followed mostly tribal traditions. Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE, which
8976-401: The Prime Minister of a minority government on the strength of 64 MPs, calling upon him to form a new government and prove his majority. The departure of Desai and the BJS had considerably diminished Janata's majority, and numerous Janata MPs refused to support Charan Singh. MPs loyal to Jagjivan Ram withdrew themselves from the Janata party. Former allies such as the DMK, Shiromani Akali Dal and
9112-471: The Sixth Five-Year Plan, aiming to boost agricultural production and rural industries. Seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, the government required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations such as Coca-Cola and IBM from India. ( 1978 election ) ( 1978 election ) Despite
9248-425: The Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker, or by the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister , although the titular head of government is the Governor of Odisha . The governor is appointed by the President of India . The leader of the party or coalition with
9384-636: The State of Emergency was lifted and new elections called in 1977, opposition political parties such as the Congress (O) , Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Bharatiya Lok Dal as well as defectors from the Indian National Congress joined to form the Janata party, which won a sweeping majority in the Indian Parliament . Narain defeated Gandhi at Rae Bareli in those elections. The new Janata-led government reversed many Emergency-era decrees and opened official investigations into Emergency-era abuses. Although several major foreign policy and economic reforms were attempted, continuous in-fighting and ideological differences made
9520-471: The Sufi Saint Mujahid-e-Millat's Shrine (Mazaar) at Dhamnagar. This shrine is also known as Khanquah-E-Habibah. It is the center of an annual celebration called Eid-Miladun-Nabi, which commemorates the prophet Mohammad's birthday. Other sites in Bhadrak include the Maa Patana Mangala temple and the biggest pond in Odisha. As a religious hub, Bhadrak is also home to festivals and religious celebrations. The Pana Sankranti held at Chhatrapada from 14 to 21 April
9656-413: The absence of strikes and trade union conflicts. Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters, Indira called elections for May 1977. However, the emergency era had been widely unpopular. The most controversial issue was the 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India , which deprived citizens of direct access to the Supreme Court, except when violation of
9792-672: The age of the Puranas . Bhadrak's contribution to Odisha's maritime and agrarian prosperity, trade, and commerce throughout the ages is a part of history. In the Mughal period, Bhadrak was a subah , or province, under the Nawabs of Bengal . When the imperial power of the Mughals waned, the area consisted of principalities such as Kanika, Nampo, and Agarapada, with administrative sub-units called chowparhies, all ruled by Kshatriya chiefs. After
9928-586: The ancient Prakrit word "Odda Visaya" (also " Udra Bibhasha " or " Odra Bibhasha ") as in the Tirumalai inscription of Rajendra Chola I , which is dated to 1025. Sarala Das , who translated the Mahabharata into the Odia language in the 15th century, calls the region 'Odra Rashtra' as Odisha. The inscriptions of Kapilendra Deva of the Gajapati Kingdom (1435–67) on the walls of temples in Puri call
10064-557: The average literacy rate is 70.22%, compared to 85.57% in urban areas. Among the Scheduled Tribe population, the literacy rate is 52.24%. Janata Party The Janata Party ( JP , lit. ' People's Party ' ) is an unrecognised political party in India . It was founded as an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the Emergency that was imposed between 1975 and 1977 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of
10200-437: The aversion of the Indian public to another fragile and dysfunctional government by campaigning on the slogan "Elect A Government That Works!" Indira Gandhi apologised for mistakes made during the Emergency and won the endorsement of respected national leaders such as Vinoba Bhave . At the polls, the candidates running under the Janata ticket were resoundingly defeated – the party lost 172 seats, winning only 31. Indira Gandhi and
10336-445: The cabinet of Morarji Desai because of growing differences between them over trial of Indira Gandhi . On 24 January 1979, Charan Singh returned into cabinet and held portfolios of Minister of Finance and becoming Deputy Prime Minister . Hirubhai M. Patel was shifted from Finance ministry to Home Ministry . Through 1979, support for Morarji Desai had declined considerably due to worsening economic conditions as well as
10472-497: The demolition of slums in the Jama Masjid area of New Delhi , the national capital, which left thousands of people, mostly Muslims, homeless. Indian laborers, urban workers, teachers and government employees were also disenchanted by wage freezes and the curtailing of trade union activities and rights. Calling elections on 18 January 1977 the government released political prisoners and weakened restrictions and censorship on
10608-403: The district headquarters. On the outskirts of the city, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest, is situated Maa Bhadrakali Temple, whose deity, it is believed, gave the town its name. In the city itself one can worship and get blessing at Maa Banka Basuli Temple and Baba Lokanath Shiva Temple. Bankabasuli is the oldest temple in Bhadrak. This temple is famous for its serenity and divinity. Durgapuja
10744-610: The document to join Orissa. Most of the Orissa Tributary States , a group of princely states, acceded to Orissa in 1948, after the collapse of the Eastern States Union . Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707 km , which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450 km. In the eastern part of
10880-467: The doyen of Kanika. When the civil disobedience movement was launched in 1930, Bhadrak became ardent with patriotic zeal, the salt law was defied, and success achieved against the government. Harekrushna Mahatab 's role in this success has become cherished in Bhadrak, and a part of the history of modern India. Gandhi, who visited Bhadrak again in 1934, staying in Mahatab's residence at Nuabazar, addressed
11016-433: The emergence of allegations of nepotism and corruption involving members of his family. Desai's confrontational attitude eroded his support. His main rival Charan Singh had developed an acrimonious relationship with Desai. Protesting Desai's leadership, Singh resigned and withdrew the support of his Bharatiya Lok Dal . Desai also lost the support of the secular and socialist politicians in the party, who saw him as favoring
11152-655: The famed king cobra , plus banded krait and tricarinate hill turtle . There is also a mugger crocodile breeding programme in nearby Ramtirtha. The Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary is a 190 km protected area near the capital city, Bhubaneswar. However, urban expansion and over-grazing have reduced the forests, driving the herds of elephants to migrate away, as well as increasing human-elephant conflicts—which sometimes results in injury and death (on both sides). Some elephants have died in conflicts with villagers, while some have died during migration after being accidentally electrocuted by power lines or even hit by trains. Outside
11288-534: The former Bharatiya Jana Sangh . Violence between Hindus and Muslims led to further confrontations within the Janata party, with most Janata leaders demanding that Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani choose between staying in government and being members of the RSS . Both Vajpayee and Advani as well as other members of the former BJS opted to remain members of the RSS and consequently resigned from their posts and from
11424-646: The fundamental rights resulted from Union law. The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was given exclusive jurisdiction as regards determination of the constitutional validity of laws passed by the Union government. It restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions. Almost all parts of the Constitution saw changes through this amendment. The clampdown on civil liberties and allegations of widespread abuse of human rights by police had angered
11560-564: The general election called in 1980. After Jaiprakash Bandhu now Navneet Chaturvedi is the president of Janata Party since November 2021. Thakur Ji Pathak (January 1982–20 January 1985) Before Thakur Ji Pathak was in Janata party . Having led the Indian independence movement , the Indian National Congress became the most popular political party in independent India and won every election following national independence in 1947. However,
11696-710: The governor. The term of the office is for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The judiciary is composed of the Odisha High Court , located at Cuttack, and a system of lower courts. Odisha has been divided into 30 districts. These 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance. The divisions are North, Central and South, with their headquarters at Sambalpur , Cuttack and Berhampur respectively. Each division consists of ten districts and has as its administrative head
11832-466: The guerrillas loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the founding leader of Bangladesh, who had been assassinated in 1975 by military officers and replaced by a military regime that sought to distance itself from India. India also sought to improve relations with the United States, which had been strained due to the latter's support for Pakistan during the 1971 war and India's subsequent proximity with
11968-475: The highest population among all districts in Odisha. In contrast, Debagarh district has the lowest population. The population in the age group of 0–6 years comprised 12% of the total population, with a child sex ratio of 934 females for every 1,000 males in this age group. Additionally, Scheduled Castes (SC) constituted a population of 7.2 million, making up 16.5% of the total population, while Scheduled Tribes (ST) accounted for 9.6 million, representing 22.1% of
12104-402: The leading campaigners for the Janata party, drawing great masses of people in rallies across the country. Actions taken during Emergency significantly diminished support for the Congress (R) amongst its most loyal constituencies. The bulldozing of slums near the Jama Masjid was widely unpopular amongst India's Muslims, and the defection of Jagjivan Ram significantly diminished support for
12240-471: The massive victory of the AIADMK , led by M. G. Ramachandran . Home Minister Charan Singh argued that the ruling party had been resoundingly rejected by voters and would need to win a new mandate from the people of the states. The Congress (R) was defeated in all the states, and the Janata party took power in seven – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. In Punjab,
12376-440: The nation. Immediately afterwards, the Janata party faced a serious challenge in choosing a leader to become India's new prime minister, where the rival bids of party leaders could divide the party and weaken its majority before it took power. Janata party chairman Morarji Desai , Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram enjoyed the support of a significant number of Janata MPs and the activists brought from their own political parties into
12512-579: The national average of 59.5%; with 83.99% of males, and 74.77% of females, literate. 12% (13,138) of the population is under 6 years of age. Bhadrak is part of Lok Sabha Constituency 3 Bhadrak(SC) . The present Member of Parliament is Manjulata Mandal , of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD). The current MLA from the Bhadrak assembly constituency is Sanjib Mallick, of the BJD, who won the seat in 2019. Previous MLAs from this seat were Jugal Kishore Pattnaik (BJD), who
12648-554: The northern " Hindi belt ", especially in Uttar Pradesh . One of the most shocking outcomes of the election was the defeat of Indira Gandhi in her bid to seek re-election from her constituency of Rae Bareilly , which she lost to her 1971 opponent Raj Narain by a margin of 55,200 votes. The Congress (R) did not win any seats in Uttar Pradesh and was wiped out in 10 states and territories by Janata candidates. Summary of
12784-508: The occupation of Odisha by the British in June 1804, Bhadrak constituted one of the two administrative divisions of Cuttack and Balasore. In 1828, when Balasore was made a separate district, Bhadrak became one of its sub-divisions with an assistant magistrate and deputy collector as the sub-divisional head; but the munsif 's court remained in Jajpur until 1901. Bhadrak was at the forefront during
12920-468: The official name until 2011 ), is an Indian state located in Eastern India . It is the eighth-largest state by area , and the eleventh-largest by population , with over 41 million inhabitants. The state also has the third-largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . It neighbours the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to
13056-422: The opposition vote by not running candidates against the Janata party. During the election campaign, the leaders of the Congress (R) and the Janata party traveled across the country to rally supporters. Indira and her Congress (R) promoted the record of achieving economic development and orderly government. Although she offered apologies for abuses committed during the Emergency, Indira and the Congress (R) defended
13192-665: The ouster of Indira Gandhi, who had preserved a hardline stance against India's rival neighbors. In 1979, Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the highest-ranking Indian official to visit Beijing, meeting China's leaders. The Desai government re-established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which had been severed due to the Sino-Indian War of 1962 . Both nations established regular dialogue to resolve long-standing territorial disputes, expand trade and enhance border security. The Desai government ended India's support for
13328-487: The party won only 31 seats out of 542. Veerendra Patil (1977–78) H. D. Deve Gowda (1978) D. Manjunath (1983) M. P. Prakash (1987) Jeevaraj Alva (1988–1990) Nellai R. Jebamani In the run-up to the 1980 elections, the remaining Janata party leaders tried unsuccessfully to rebuild the party and make fresh alliances. Desai campaigned for the party but did not himself stand for election, preferring retirement from politics. The Congress (I) capitalised on
13464-413: The party. The decline in the popularity of the Janata government was aided by the stalled prosecution of Emergency-era abuses. The government had failed to prove most of the allegations and obtained few convictions. Cases against Indira Gandhi had also stalled for lack of evidence, and her continued prosecution began to evoke sympathy for her from the Indian public and anger of her supporters, who saw it as
13600-407: The period of national struggle. In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement was launched. In March 1921, Gandhi visited Bhadrak, after being impressed by its nationalistic fervor and fighting spirit. In 1922, he started the rebellion of Kanika which British troops stationed at Bhadrak attempted to suppress; but ultimately the tenants' movement triumphed, under the leadership of Chakradhar Behera,
13736-501: The plateaus. The highest point in the state is Deomali at 1,672 metres in Koraput district . Some other high peaks are: Sinkaram (1,620 m), Golikoda (1,617 m), and Yendrika (1,582 metres). The state experiences four meteorological seasons : winter (January to February), pre-monsoon season (March to May), south-west monsoon season (June to September) and north east monsoon season (October–December). However, locally
13872-410: The population. According to the 2011 Census, Odisha's overall literacy rate is 72.87%. Male literacy stands at 81.59%, while female literacy is recorded at 64.01%. Odisha's literacy rate is slightly below the national average of 74.04%. Literacy rates vary within the state, with Khordha district having the highest literacy rate at 86.88%, while Nabarangpur has the lowest at 46.43%. In rural areas,
14008-460: The potential to become a trillion-dollar economy by 2030. Odisha has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. Bhubaneswar is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes. Odisha Government Plans Mega Metro Rail Project to Connect Puri and Bhubaneswar The metro rail proposal was given to connect trains between Puri- Bhubaneswar – Cuttack. The Odisha government has planned
14144-536: The power of the people and asserting it; between the Gandhian path and the way that has led many nations down the precipice of dictatorship, instability, military adventure and national ruin. As it became clear that Indira's Emergency rule had been widely unpopular, defections from the Congress (R) government increased. The most significant was that of Jagjivan Ram , who commanded great support amongst India's Dalit communities. A former Minister of Defence, Ram left
14280-576: The press, although the state of emergency was not officially ended. When opposition leaders sought the support of Jayaprakash Narayan for the forthcoming election, Narayan insisted that all opposition parties form a united front. The Janata Party was officially launched on 23 January 1977 when the Janata Morcha , Charan Singh 's Bharatiya Lok Dal , Swatantra Party , the Socialist Party of India of Raj Narain and George Fernandes , and
14416-688: The protected area, they are killed by ivory poachers . In 2002, there were about 80 elephants, but by 2012, their numbers had been reduced to 20. Many of the animals have migrated toward the Barbara Reserve forest, Chilika, Nayagarh district , and Athagad . Besides elephants, the sanctuary also has leopards, jungle cats and herds of chital. The Bhitarkanika National Park in Kendrapara district covers 650 km , of which 150 km are mangroves. Gahirmatha Beach , in Bhitarkanika,
14552-499: The public. Indira Gandhi was believed, by the public at large to be under the influence of a clique of politicians led by her youngest son, Sanjay Gandhi , who had become notorious for using his influence in the government and the Congress party for alleged corrupt activities. Sanjay Gandhi had masterminded the Union government's unpopular campaign of family planning, which had allegedly involved forcible sterilisation of young men by government officials. Sanjay Gandhi had also instigated
14688-407: The rare finless porpoise , as well as the more common bottlenose dolphin , humpback dolphin and spinner dolphins in its waters. Satapada is situated close to the northeast cape of Chilika Lake and Bay of Bengal. It is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat. There is a tiny island en route for watching dolphins, where tourists often take a short stop. Apart from that, this island
14824-496: The rationale of imposing the state of emergency as being essential for national security. On the other hand, Janata leaders assailed Indira for ruling as a dictator and endangering human rights and democracy in India. Janata's campaign evoked memories of India's freedom struggle against British rule , during which Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani and Morarji Desai had first emerged as political leaders. Although Narayan and Kripalani did not seek office themselves, they became
14960-578: The region Odisha or Odisha Rajya . In 2011, the English rendering of ଓଡ଼ିଶା was changed from "Orissa" to "Odisha", and the name of its language from "Oriya" to "Odia", by the passage of the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010 and the Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010 in the Parliament . The Hindi rendering उड़ीसा ( uṛīsā ) was also modified to ओड़िशा ( or̥iśā ). After
15096-739: The second-largest lizard species on earth, in addition to axis deer and rhesus macaques . The coastal mangrove environments are home to several types of mudskippers , including the barred , Boddart's blue-spotted and great blue-spotted mudskippers . In winter, Bhitarkanika is also visited by migratory birds . Among the many species, both resident and migratory, are kingfishers (including black-capped , collared and common kingfishers ), herons (such as black-crowned night , grey , purple and striated herons ), Indian cormorants , openbill storks , Oriental white ibis , pheasant-tailed jacana , sarus cranes , spotted owlets and white-bellied sea-eagles . The possibly endangered horseshoe crab
15232-636: The sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state. The recently concluded Make in Odisha Conclave 2022 saw the state generate investment proposals worth ₹10.5 trillion with an employment potential for 10,37,701 people. Out of the total investment proposals received, the metals, ancillary and downstream sectors fetched ₹5.50 lakhs crore (trillion), power, green energy, and renewable energy sector fetched ₹2.38 trillion, and chemicals-petrochemicals and logistics-infrastructure sector attracted ₹76,000 crores and ₹1.20 trillion, respectively. Odisha has
15368-621: The south. Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi) along the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean . The region is also known as Utkaḷa and is mentioned by this name in India's national anthem, Jana Gana Mana . The language of Odisha is Odia , which is one of the Classical languages of India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in
15504-1150: The state is Bhubaneswar and the largest city is Cuttack , which also functions as the deputy capital of the state . The other major cities are, Rourkela , Berhampur and Sambalpur . Municipal Corporations in Odisha include Bhubaneswar , Cuttack , Berhampur , Sambalpur and Rourkela . Other municipalities of Odisha include Angul , Asika , Balangir , Balasore , Barbil , Bargarh , Baripada , Basudevpur , Belpahar , Bhadrak , Bhanjanagar , Bhawanipatna , Biramitrapur , Boudh , Brajarajnagar , Byasanagar , Chhatrapur , Deogarh , Dhamra , Dhenkanal , Gopalpur , Gunupur , Hinjilicut , Jagatsinghpur , Jajpur , Jeypore , Jharsuguda , Joda , Kendrapara , Kendujhar , Khordha , Konark , Koraput , Malkangiri , Nabarangpur , Nayagarh , Nuapada , Paradeep , Paralakhemundi , Phulbani , Puri , Rajgangpur , Rayagada , Sonepur , Sundargarh , Talcher , Titilagarh , Karanjia , Chatrapur , Asika , Kantabanji , Nimapada , Baudhgarh , and Umerkote . Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats , for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs in rural areas. Odisha
15640-551: The state lies the coastal plain. It extends from the Subarnarekha River in the north to the Rushikulya River in the south. The lake Chilika is part of the coastal plains. The plains are rich in fertile silt deposited by the six major rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal : Subarnarekha , Budhabalanga , Baitarani , Brahmani , Mahanadi , and Rushikulya . The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI),
15776-528: The state of Gujarat on 11 June 1975. Raj Narain , a leader of the Socialist Party (India) , who had unsuccessfully contested election against Indira from the constituency of Rae Bareilly in 1971, lodged a case at the Allahabad High Court , alleging electoral malpractices and the use of government resources for her election campaign. On 12 June 1975 in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain ,
15912-499: The state of Jammu and Kashmir , where the Janata party won 13 seats to the Congress's 11, and the veteran Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah returned to power after having been dismissed in 1953. Prime Minister Morarji Desai and the Minister of External Affairs Atal Bihari Vajpayee began significant changes in India's foreign policy, moving away from the course adopted by Indira's government. Both Pakistan and China had celebrated
16048-474: The state of Odisha, and to other parts of the country as well. The town lies on National Highway 16 , 130 kilometres (81 mi) northeast of Bhubaneswar , the state capital. Bhadrak City has three bus stop, one on NH 16(New Bus stand/Main Bus Stand), the others near Bant square and Charampa. There are frequent buses to and from Cuttack , Bhubaneswar , Balasore , and Calcutta . Bhadrak railway station
16184-402: The state of emergency and media censorship and repeal the controversial executive decrees issued during the Emergency. The Constitution was amended to make it more difficult for any future government to declare a state of emergency; fundamental freedoms and the independence of India's judiciary was reaffirmed. The new government also proceeded to withdraw all charges against the 25 accused in
16320-443: The state-owned Maruti Udyog Ltd. , the activities of the former Minister of Defence Bansi Lal and the 1971 Nagarwala scandal . Both Indira and her son Sanjay were charged with allegations of corruption and briefly arrested. Immediately upon taking office, the Janata government pressured the ten state governments where the Congress was in power to dissolve the state assemblies and hold fresh elections in June. Tamil Nadu witnessed
16456-551: The state. Around 97 of them are found in Mayurbhanj district alone. The Orchid House of the Nandankanan Zoological Park maintains some of these species. Simlipal National Park is a protected wildlife area and Bengal tiger reserve spread over 2,750 km of the northern part of Mayurbhanj district . The park has around 1,078 species of plants, including 94 of the aforementioned orchids. The sal
16592-586: The states of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat , dismissing the governments controlled by opposition political parties. The central government also imposed censorship on radio, television and newspapers. Across the country, police forces arrested thousands of opposition political activists, as well as leaders such as Raj Narain , Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani , Anantram Jaiswal , Kamaraj , Morarji Desai , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Vijaya Raje Scindia , Charan Singh , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Lal Krishna Advani and others. Opposition political organisations such as
16728-599: The struggle against the Indian Emergency (1975–77) and of the Janata party went on to comprise a new generation of Indian political leaders. Chandra Shekhar , Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Deve Gowda went on to serve as Prime Ministers; Vajpayee led the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term from 1999 to 2004. Lal Krishna Advani served as deputy prime minister. Younger politicians such as Subramanian Swamy , Arun Jaitley , Pramod Mahajan , Sushma Swaraj and others were grass-roots activists in
16864-462: The title of deputy prime minister. Charan Singh became the Minister of Home Affairs, the second-most important position in the Council of Ministers, while Jagjivan Ram took charge of the Ministry of Defence. BJS leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani were respectively given charge of the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . Raj Narain
17000-504: The transfer of Janata Party symbol to its own. But the Election Commission froze the symbol chakra–haldhar for 1989 general election and as a result, Janata Dal had to use wheel as their election symbol. Janata Party continue to retain its status as unrecognised registered party with Election Commission of India and retains its symbol of chakra-haldhar. Since the original Janata Party disappeared when it merged into
17136-412: The undemocratic method of selection, Desai's position was soon confirmed and consolidated. Taking office as prime minister, Desai also took charge of the Ministry of Finance. He sought to carefully distribute important posts to satisfy Janata's different constituents and the most powerful party leaders who were rivals for his own position of leadership. Both Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram were accorded
17272-688: The year is divided into six traditional seasons (or rutus ): Grishma (summer), Barsha (rainy season), Sharata (autumn), Hemanta (dewy), Sheeta (winter season) and Basanta (spring). According to a Forest Survey of India report released in 2012, Odisha has 48,903 km of wild forest, covering 31.41% of the state's total area. The forests are classified into areas of dense forest (7,060 km ), medium dense forest (21,366 km ), open forest (forest without closed canopy ; 20,477 km ) and scrub forest or scrubland (4,734 km ). The state also has bamboo forests (10,518 km ) and tidal areas of mangrove swamp (221 km ). The state
17408-470: Was appointed Minister of Health , Madhu Dandavate was to head the Ministry of Railways and trade unionist George Fernandes was made the Ministry of Communications . Jurist Shanti Bhushan was appointed Minister of Law and Justice . Congress (O) veteran and Janata candidate Neelam Sanjiva Reddy won the presidential election to become the 6th President of India on 25 July 1977. The results of its election defeat considerably weakened and diminished
17544-486: Was established in 1982. It is situated at Barapada, which is 8 km away from sub-district headquarters at Bhadrak Rural . India There are six new industrial training institutes (ITI) in Bhadrak, whose courses impart technical skill to students. There are also numerous secondary schools. Bhadrak High School, established in 1882, is one of the oldest schools in Odisha. Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab , first chief minister of Odisha, studied at this school. Schools using English as
17680-644: Was heard from the Pauravas from about the 3rd century CE, because they were annexed by the Yaudheya Republic , who in turn submitted to the Mauryans . It was only at the end of 4th century CE, that they established royalty at Brahmapur, after about 700 years. Later, the kings of the Somavamsi dynasty began to unite the region. By the reign of Yayati II, c. 1025 CE, they had integrated the region into
17816-606: Was made its president. After some months, it merged into the Janata Dal , which had emerged as the chief opposition party under the leadership of Vishwanath Pratap Singh and the main constituent of the National Front coalition. Singh had become widely popular for exposing the role of the government of prime minister Rajiv Gandhi , the eldest son and successor of Indira, in the Bofors scandal , though on 5 February 2004,
17952-655: Was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1968. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha. The economy of Odisha is the 15th-largest state economy in India with ₹ 5.86 trillion (US$ 70 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹ 127,383 (US$ 1,500). Odisha ranks 32nd among Indian states in Human Development Index . The terms Odisha and Orissa ( Odia : ଓଡ଼ିଶା , Oṛissa ) derive from
18088-477: Was seen as authoritarian and opportunist. Political leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan , Acharya Kripalani and Congress (O) chief Morarji Desai condemned Indira's government as dictatorial and corrupt. Narayan and Desai founded the Janata Morcha ( People's Front ), the predecessor of what would become the Janata party . The Janata Morcha won the elections for the Vidhan Sabha (State Legislature) of
18224-840: Was the MLA for two terms up to 2019; Naren Palei, of the INC , elected in 2004; Biren Palei, INC, in 2000; Prafulla Samal (BJD), who won in 1995 and in 1990; Jugal Kishore Pattanayak, who won in 1985, as a member of the INC, and in 1980, as a member of INC(I); and Ratnakar Mohanty, of JNP , in 1977. The higher education institutions of the district are the Bhadrak Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET) and Bhadrak Autonomous College , among others. The Bhadrak Institute of Engineering & Technology (BIET) in Orissa(known as Odisha ), India,
18360-412: Was the eighth year of his reign. According to his own edicts , in that war about 100,000 people were killed, 150,000 were captured and more were affected. The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism. By c. 150 BCE, Emperor Kharavela , who was possibly a contemporary of Demetrius I of Bactria , conquered
18496-460: Was ultimately decided that the Congress for Democracy would contest the election with the same manifesto as the Janata party and would join the Janata party in Parliament, but would otherwise retain a separate identity (the CFD would merge with the Janata party after the elections on 5 May). On 30 January 1977 the Communist Party of India (Marxist) announced that it would seek to avoid a splintering in
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