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37-448: The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute ( BORI ) is a research institute involved in the conservation, preservation, and research of old manuscripts and rare books related to Orientalism , particularly Indology . It is located in Pune , Maharashtra , India. It was founded on 6 July 1917 and named after Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar (1837–1925), a scholar of Orientalism. The institute

74-538: A critical edition of the Harivamsa was inaugurated by the president of India, Rajendra Prasad , on 19 November 1954. The publication was completed in November 1971. The critical edition in two volumes consists of the four parvan s of the Harivamsa . The pratika Index in six volumes consists of 360,000 verse quarters with appendices. Two volumes of the cultural index have been published so far. The constituted text of

111-609: A palmleaf manuscript of the Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā dated 906. Among the several scholars referring to the works at BORI, the most well-known person arguably is the Bharat Ratna awardee, Pt. Pandurang Vaman Kane . A long-term project under the auspices of BORI, started on 1 April 1919, was the preparation of a critical edition of the Mahabharata . V.S. Sukthankar was appointed general editor of

148-606: Is an important work of Sanskrit literature , containing 16,374 shlokas , mostly in the anustubh metre . The text is also known as the Harivamsa Purana. This text is believed to be a khila (appendix or supplement) to the Mahabharata and is traditionally ascribed to Vyasa . The most celebrated commentary of the Mahabharata by Neelakantha Chaturdhara , the Bharata Bhava Deepa also covers

185-406: Is well known for its collection of old Sanskrit and Prakrit manuscripts. This institute is of a public trust registered under Act XXI of 1860. Initially, the institute received an annual grant of 3,000 rupees from the government of Bombay. Presently, it is partially supported by annual grants from the government of Maharashtra . The institute also receives grants from the government of India and

222-543: The Harivaṃśa parva (except for the later interpolations) to be at least as old as the 1st century CE. The Harivamśa is available in three editions. The vulgate text of the Harivamśa has total 271 adhyāya s (chapters), divided into three parvas , Harivaṃśa parva (55 chapters), Viṣṇu parva (81 chapters) and Bhaviṣya parva (135 chapters). The traditional edition contains 12000 shlokas (verses) 2 sub-parvas,

259-696: The Harivamsa c. 200 CE, but also the possible existence of Harivamsa as part of the around hundred thousand verses within the Mahabharata as it can be attested in the Southern recension of the latter. R. C. Hazra has dated the Purana to the 4th century CE on the basis of the description of the rasa lila in it, as according to him, the Visnu Purana and the Bhagavata Purana belong to

296-478: The Harivamsa . According to a traditional version of the Mahabharata , the Harivamsa is divided into two parvas (books) and 12,000 verses. These are included with the eighteen parvas of the Mahabharata . The Critical Edition has three parvas and 5,965 verses. The Adi Parva of Harivamsa describes the creation of the cosmos and the legendary history of the kings of the Solar and Lunar dynasties leading up to

333-456: The Harivamsa ." Sivaprasad Bhattacharyya, also considered that Ashvaghosha referred to the Harivamsa, and found internal and external evidence that it was an authoritative text by the first century CE and that its later redaction took place around the end of the second or beginning of the third century CE. Edward Washburn Hopkins considered the Mahabharata increased by the addition of

370-706: The Rockefeller Institute , Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study . Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation. As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States. The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities . A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to

407-568: The 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts. The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe 's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven , a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of

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444-441: The 1st or 2nd centuries BCE. Probably there was an oral previous version because later in time, the text was enlarged by additions and was matched in style to the Mahabharata. The origin of this appendix is not precisely known but it is apparent that it was a part of the Mahabharata by the 1st century CE because "the poet Ashvaghosha quotes a couple of verses, attributing them to the Mahabharata , which are now only found in

481-596: The 5th century CE and 6th century CE respectively. According to Dikshit, the date of the Matsya Purana is 3rd century CE. When we compare the biography of Krishna, the account of Raji, and some other episodes as depicted in the Harivaṃśa , it appears to be anterior to the former. Therefore, the Viṣṇu parva and the Bhaviṣya parva can be dated to at least the 3rd century CE. J. L. Masson and D. H. H. Ingalls regard

518-600: The BORI on 1 April 1918. The first curator, P.K. Gode took active initiatives to enhance this collection. Presently, the Institute has over 29,000 manuscripts. The largest part of the collection (17,877 Manuscripts) is part of the "Government Manuscript Library", while there is an additional collection of 11,633 manuscripts. The most prized collections include a paper manuscript of the Cikitsāsārasangraha dated 1320 and

555-475: The CE represents an expanded text and proposes that the oldest form of Harivamśa probably began with chapter 20 (which is where Agni Purana 12 places its start) and must have ended with chapter 98 of his text. The Harivamsa has been translated in many Indian vernacular languages; The vulgate version containing 3 books and 271 chapters has not been translated into English yet. The only English translation of

592-623: The Harivamsa Parva (187 chapters) and the Bhavishya Parva (48 chapters) with a total of 235 chapters. The Critical Edition or CE (1969–71, Ed. P.L.Vaidya), estimated to be c. 300 Common Era by Vaidya, is around a third (118 chapters in 6073 slokas) of this vulgate edition. Like the vulgate, the chapters in the CE are divided into three parvas, Harivaṃśa parva (chapters 1-45), Viṣṇu parva (chapters 46-113) and Bhaviṣya parva (chapters 114 -118). Vaidya suggests that even

629-498: The International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion project ITER which in addition to technical developments has a strong research focus. Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include

666-717: The University Grants Commission for specific research projects. The institute has one of the largest collections of rare books and manuscripts in South Asia, consisting of over 125,000 books and 29,510 manuscripts. The institute publishes a journal, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , four times a year. The institute also hosts the Manuscripts Resource and Conservation Centre under

703-844: The auspices of the National Mission for Manuscripts , a project of the Ministry of Culture of the government of India. In 2007, the Rigveda manuscripts preserved at the Institute were included in UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The government of Bombay, in 1866, started a pan Indian Manuscript Collection project. Noted scholars like Georg Bühler , F. Kielhorn , Peter Peterson, Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar , S. R. Bhandarkar, Kathavate and Ghate collected more than 17,000 important manuscripts under this project. This collection

740-497: The birth of Krishna . Vishnu Parva recounts the history of Krishna up to the events prior to the Mahabharata . Bhavishya Parva, the third book, includes two alternate creation theories, hymns to Shiva and Vishnu and provides a description of the Kali Yuga . While the Harivamsa has been regarded as an important source of information on the origin of Vishnu 's incarnation Krishna, there has been speculation as to whether this text

777-408: The critical edition has also been made available on CD-ROM. In 1932, there was a need for money for the publication of the Mahabharata . A formal request was made to the seventh nizam of Hyderabad , Mir Osman Ali Khan , who granted Rs.1000 /- per year for a period of 11 years and offered Rs 50,000 for construction of the guest house which is called "Nizam Guest House". The office of the university

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814-489: The critically constituted text of the 18 parvas of the Mahabharata consisting of more than 89,000 verses, an elaborate critical apparatus and a prolegomena on the material and methodology (volume I), written by V.S. Sukthankar. Further work since the initial publication has produced a critical edition of the Harivamsa , a pratika index, a bibliography of ancillary materials, and a cultural index. The project of preparing

851-674: The early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun , though the most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory , and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory . The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala , India . The school flourished between

888-539: The fore in driving specific research developments. After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence . Harivamsa Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas The Harivamsa ( Sanskrit : हरिवंश , lit.   'The genealogy of Hari ', IAST : Harivaṃśa )

925-444: The language of Harivamsa not later than 2nd or 3rd century CE and possibly from the 1st century CE; and André Couture that Mathura's description in Harivamsa is similar to cities of Kushana period (1st to mid-3rd century CE). By its style and contents, the Harivaṃśa parva appears to be anterior to the Viṣṇu parva and Bhaviṣya parva . The verses quoted by Asvaghosa belong to this parva. On this basis, we can safely assume

962-762: The principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in

999-405: The project on 1 August 1925 and he continued until his death on 21 January 1943. After his death, S.K. Belvalkar was appointed general editor on 1 April 1943. On 1 April 1961, P. L. Vaidya was appointed as general editor of the project on the retirement of S. K. Belvalkar . R. N. Dandekar was appointed as the joint general editor on 6 July 1957. To widespread acclaim, the completion for publication

1036-516: The seventeenth century to foster research. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg . His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within

1073-465: The stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs , Xerox Parc , The Scripps Research Institute , Beckman Institute , RTI International , and SRI International . Hughes Aircraft used a research institute structure for its organizational model. Thomas Edison , dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first inventors to apply

1110-843: The structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724. At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN , the European Southern Observatory (ESO) (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), EUMETSAT , the Italian-European Sistema Trieste with, among others,

1147-576: The subsequent ban on the book were denounced in a statement by historians, among whom were R.S. Sharma , R.C. Thakran, Suraj Bhan, Irfan Habib , D N Jha , Shireen Moosvi and K. M. Shrimali. Oxford University Press , publisher of James Laine 's Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India , withdrew the book after protests from historian Ninad Bedekar and other right-wing politicians due to what they claimed to be 'objectionable' statements about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Research institute In

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1184-421: The theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science

1221-469: Was announced on 22 September 1966, by Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan , then president of India , at a special function held at the institute. The Shloka composition in the BORI critical edition of the Mahabharata Other characters represent around 10% of shlokas The critical edition was collated from 1,259 manuscripts. This edition in 19 volumes (more than 15,000 demi-quarto size pages) comprised

1258-542: Was derived from an earlier text and what its relationship is to the Brahma Purana , another text that deals with the origins of Krishna. The bulk of the text is derived from two traditions, the pañcalakṣaṇa tradition, that is, the five marks of the Purana corpus one of which is the vaṃśa genealogy, and stories about the life of Krishna as a herdsman. The text is complex, containing layers that go back to

1295-569: Was first deposited at Elphinstone College in Bombay. Then it was transferred to Deccan College (Pune) for better preservation. After the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI) was founded in 1917, the BORI founders proposed to offer even better preservation and research. Hence Lord Willingdon, the then governor of the Bombay Presidency and the first president of BORI, transferred the valuable government collection of manuscripts to

1332-597: Was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation. This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included

1369-512: Was operated at Nizam Guest House until 1 June 1949. The institute was vandalized on 5 January 2004 by a mob composed of members of an extremist self-styled Maratha youth squad, calling themselves the Sambhaji Brigade , named after the elder son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj . The incident provoked widespread reaction and led historian Gajanan Mehendale to destroy parts of his in-progress biography of Shivaji. The vandalism and

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