Traditional
22-685: The Bharatas were an early Vedic tribe that existed in the latter half of the second millennium B.C.E. The earliest mentioned location of the Bharatas was on the Sarasvatī River . Led by the tribal king Divodāsa , the Bharatas moved through the Hindu Kush mountains and defeated Śambara. Divodāsa's descendant, Sudās, won the Battle of the Ten Kings against a Pūru -led coalition, after which
44-404: A pun for Yadu), Matsyas , Druhyus , Pakthas , Bhalānas , Alinas , Viṣāṇins, Śivas, Vaikarṇa, and Anu . Though seemingly an unequal battle, going by the numbers (this aspect is highlighted multiple times in the hymns), Sudās decisively won against the tribal alliance by strategic breaching of a (natural) dyke on the river thereby drowning most (?) of the opponents; the victory is attributed to
66-487: Is a list of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of Indian religions . From the second or first millennium BCE, ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes turned into most of the population in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent – Indus Valley (roughly today's Punjab), Western India , Northern India , Central India , and also in areas of the southern part like Sri Lanka and
88-435: Is a list of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes that are mentioned in the literature of Indian religions . From the second or first millennium BCE, ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes turned into most of the population in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent – Indus Valley (roughly today's Punjab), Western India , Northern India , Central India , and also in areas of the southern part like Sri Lanka and
110-927: Is called Bhārata. The Bharata clan mentioned in Mahabharata is a Kuru clan which is a sub clan of the Puru clan who were the cousins of the Yadavas. " Bhārata " today is an official name of the Republic of India . List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic Tribes Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European This
132-729: The Vyākhyāprajñapti / Bhagavati Sutra ( Jain text ) Northwest Ancient India – Indus River Basin Other regions of Ancient India ( India Intra Gangem ) Alina people Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European This
154-522: The Aśvamedha ritual to commemorate the establishment of a realm, free of enemies from the north, east, and west. He still had enemies in the Khāṇḍava Forest to the south, which was inhabited by the despised non-Indo-Aryan Kīkaṭas A political realignment between Pūrus and Bharatas probably followed soon enough and might have included other factions of the tribal union as well; this is exhibited from how
176-611: The Maldives through and after a complex process of migration, assimilation of other peoples and language shift. (पञ्च जना – Páñca Jánāḥ / Pancha-janah ) The pancha Jana are five tribes inexplicitly listed together during the ( Āryāvarta of this time, c. 1700–1500 BCE, roughly corresponds with the Punjab and closer regions) (see the map of Early Vedic Period ) After roughly 1700 BCE Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes were swiftly expanding through ancient northern India , therefore
198-504: The Maldives through and after a complex process of migration, assimilation of other peoples and language shift. (पञ्च जना – Páñca Jánāḥ / Pancha-janah ) The pancha Jana are five tribes inexplicitly listed together during the ( Āryāvarta of this time, c. 1700–1500 BCE, roughly corresponds with the Punjab and closer regions) (see the map of Early Vedic Period ) After roughly 1700 BCE Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes were swiftly expanding through ancient northern India , therefore
220-657: The Turvaśas , and is mentioned alongside Abhyāvartin Cāyamāna who defeated the Vṛcīvants under Varaśikha. These battles occurred at the Hariyūpiyā (modern Hali-āb) and Yavyāvatī rivers . In a hymn to Sarasvatī, it is stated that she aided (or is sought to aid) Vadhryaśva in defeating niggards, foreigners, insulters of gods, haters, and the sons of Br̥saya. Witzel notes that the name Br̥saya is of non-Indo-Aryan origin, and Parpola proposes that
242-562: The Bharatas were also enemies of the Yadu - Turvaśas . Divodāsa's allies were Prastoka, Aśvatha, and Sr̥ñjaya's son. Scholars differ on whether Sr̥ñjaya's son was a different person from Prastoka or Aśvatha. Several Rigvedic poets mention a patron-client relationship between Divodāsa and Bharadvāja. According to a hymn attributed to Suhotra Bhāradvāja, Bharadvāja was involved in Divodāsa's battles with Śambara. In another hymn, Garga Bhāradvāja enumerates
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#1732765163248264-626: The Tṛtsu-Bharatas win the Battle of the Ten Kings . The first phase of the battle took place on the banks of the Paruṣnī river (modern Ravi ) near Mānuṣa, west of Kurukṣetra. The principal antagonist is doubtful and names of the participating tribes are difficult to retrieve, in light of the phonological deformations of their names. Plausible belligerents of the tribal union include (in order) — Pūrus (erstwhile master-tribe of Bharatas), Yadu (probably commanded by Turvaśa), Yakṣu (relatively unimportant or
286-550: The area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts. महाजनपद – Mahajanapada Shodasa Mahajanapadas (Sixteen Mahajanapadas) The Mahajanapadas were sixteen great kingdoms and republics that emerged after the more powerful political entities (initially based on the territories of peoples and tribes) had conquered many others. According to the Anguttara Nikaya , Digha Nikaya , Chulla-Niddesa ( Buddhist Canon ) According to
308-434: The area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts. महाजनपद – Mahajanapada Shodasa Mahajanapadas (Sixteen Mahajanapadas) The Mahajanapadas were sixteen great kingdoms and republics that emerged after the more powerful political entities (initially based on the territories of peoples and tribes) had conquered many others. According to the Anguttara Nikaya , Digha Nikaya , Chulla-Niddesa ( Buddhist Canon ) According to
330-621: The benevolence and strategizing of Indra , the patron-God of Bharatas, whose blessings were secured by Vasiṣṭha's poetics. Thereafter, the battleground (probably) shifted to the banks of river Yamunā , wherein the local chieftain Bheda was defeated along with three other tribes — Ajas, Śighras, and the Yakṣus. The Battle of the Ten Kings led Bharatas to occupy the entire Pūru territory (Western Punjab) centered around Sarasvatī River and complete their east-ward migration. Sudās celebrated his victory with
352-488: The chieftain Divodāsa Atithigva, the Bharatas moved through the Hindu Kush mountain range, which borders the Indian subcontinent in the northwest. Divodāsa was adopted by Vadhryaśva after the former was given to him by the river goddess Sarasvatī . Divodāsa defeated the aboriginal mountain chief Śambara in the autumn of the fortieth year of campaigns, after destroying ninety-nine of the latter's forts. Under Divodāsa,
374-601: The core collection of Rigveda prominently features clan-hymns of both the sides. There is no clear mention of Sudās' descendants or any succeeding Bharata king in the Rigveda. The Bharatas eventually evolve into the Kuru kingdom ; however, there is no record of this development due to the time gap between the R̥gveda and other Vedas . In the epic Mahābhārata , the ancestor of Kurus becomes Emperor Bharata , and his rule and empire
396-516: The gifts that were donated to the Bharadvajas by Divodāsa and his allies, of which included part of the booty that was looted from Śambara. Under Sudās Paijavana (a descendant of Divodāsa) and his purohita Viśvāmitra Gāthina , the Bharatas crossed the Vipāś and Śutudrī rivers (modern Beas and Sutlej ). Eventually Viśvāmitra was replaced by Vasiṣṭha Maitrāvaruṇi . Under Sudās and Vasiṣṭha,
418-539: The initial compilation of hymns of the R̥gveda was carried out. After the battle, the Bharatas and other Pūru clans eventually formed the Kuru kingdom , which was the first attested state in Indian history. The name Bharata is of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Iranian origin, meaning "bearers" or "carriers". Two Bharatas, Devaśravas Bhārata and Devavāta Bhārata, are mentioned as living near the Āpayā, Sarasvatī and Dr̥ṣadvatī rivers. Devavāta's son, Sṛñjaya Daivavāta, defeated
440-597: The name came from the language of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex . He states that Br̥saya was a hereditary regnal title in the region, and that it existed even till the time of Alexander the Great . In addition, the poet expresses the desire not to leave the Sarasvatī river (modern Helmand and Arghandab ). Both hymns mentioning the two are attributed to Bharadvāja Bārhaspatya . Under
462-476: The number of peoples, tribes and clans was increasing (as well as the number of Indo-Aryan language speakers) and Āryāvarta was becoming a very large area (see the map on the right side). From roughly 1100 to 500 BCE Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes expanded even further throughout ancient northern India (see the map 6). According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised
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#1732765163248484-421: The number of peoples, tribes and clans was increasing (as well as the number of Indo-Aryan language speakers) and Āryāvarta was becoming a very large area (see the map on the right side). From roughly 1100 to 500 BCE Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes expanded even further throughout ancient northern India (see the map 6). According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised
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