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52-535: Bhati (also romanised as Bhattī ) is a Rajput clan that claims descent from a 3rd-century monarch, named Rao Bhati . The Bhati clan historically ruled over several cities in present-day India and Pakistan with their final capital and kingdom being Jaisalmer , India. The Bhatis of Jaisalmer belonged to the Yadava clan of Rajputs. They reportedly originated in Mathura through a common ancestor named Rao Bhati ,

104-597: A captured Indian rebel by the British colonial regime . Ambala rebellion was led by Ananti Mishra, Parmeshwar Pandey, Beni Prasad, Sheikh Faiz Ul-Khan, Bikhan Khan who moved towards Red Fort in Delhi via Bilaspur , Sadhaura , Yamunanagar and Saharanpur . After the war was over, the British authorities burnt the villages of Bilaspur and Sadhaura as punishment for providing aid to the rebels. The 5th & 60th Regiments of

156-572: A descendant of Pradyumn . According to the seventeenth-century Nainsi ri Khyat , the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to Bhatner in Lakhi Jungle, and from there to other locations in western and northwestern India including Punjab . Rao Bhati conquered and annexed territories from 14 princes in Punjab, including the area of what is now modern-day Lahore . He is also credited with establishing

208-467: A descendant of Desu Singh Randhawa. Ambala Army Cantonment was established in 1843 after the British were forced to leave its Karnal Cantonment following the malaria epidemic of 1841–42 in as there were not any known effective means to control malaria epidemic in those days. The cantonment houses the '2 Corps', one of the three Strike Corps of the Indian Army . Ambala Air Force Base is one of

260-649: A district, Ambala has witnessed many changes in its boundaries. Previously, it extended across tehsils of Ambala, Chandigarh , Jagadhri , Pipli, Kharar, Ropar and Nalagarh . Kalka-cum-Kurari State, Pinjore , Mani Majra , Kasauli & Sanawar were also merged later into the district at different times. For their participation in first war of independence , the Chaudharys and Lambardars of villages who participated in rebellion were also deprived of their land and property, including 368 people of Hisar and Gurugram were hanged or transported for life, and fine

312-438: A ratio of 843. There were 20,687 children 0–6 and Ambala had an average literacy rate of 89.31%, with 91.76% of males and 86.41% of females literate. The Cloth Market is considered to be the largest textile market in this region. It is located in sector 7, the central part of the city of Ambala. The market is known for catering to wedding related shopping. The most commonly bought items are sarees and silk clothing. Ambala

364-472: A sub depot at Naraingarh. Presently, Haryana Roadways , Ambala has 200 buses, which carry about 34.88 Lac's passengers daily and cover a distance of about 19000 km daily. Out of these, total distance covered on interstate routes is 24,711 km (15,355 mi) and 41.469 km (25.768 mi) are operated within Haryana every day. New Bus Stand at Ambala Cantt was inaugurated on 12 July 1999 and

416-740: Is Jai Shri Kishan ("victory to Lord Krishna ") as opposed to the general Rajput greeting Jai Mata Jiri ("victory of the Mother Goddess"). Dulla Bhatti was a Punjabi landlord who led a revolt against Akbar . He remains Punjab's folk hero and is made the centrepiece of all Lohri songs. Romanization There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A particular system's characteristics may make it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful representation of pronunciation. If

468-489: Is a perfectly mutually intelligible language, essentially meaning that any kind of text-based open source collaboration is impossible among devanagari and nastaʿlīq readers. Initiated in 2011, the Hamari Boli Initiative is a full-scale open-source language planning initiative aimed at Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli

520-653: Is also known as "Twin City." It has a large Indian Army and Indian Air Force presence within its cantonment area. It is located 200 km (124 mi) to the north of New Delhi , India's capital, and has been identified as a counter-magnet city for the National Capital Region to develop as an alternative center of growth to Delhi. Ambala separates the Ganges river network from the Indus river network and

572-530: Is called " rōmaji " in Japanese . The most common systems are: While romanization has taken various and at times seemingly unstructured forms, some sets of rules do exist: Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems: Thai , spoken in Thailand and some areas of Laos, Burma and China, is written with its own script , probably descended from mixture of Tai–Laotian and Old Khmer , in

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624-499: Is connected to all of the other major cities of north India . It is a big interchange for various commuters for all neighbouring states. National Highway NH 44 popularly known as GT road earlier known as NH 1 passes through Ambala and connects it to National capital Delhi, Panipat , Ludhiana and Amritsar . NH 152 connects it to state capital Chandigarh, Kaithal. Apart from the Interstate service, Ambala also houses one of

676-497: Is no single universally accepted system of writing Russian using the Latin script—in fact there are a huge number of such systems: some are adjusted for a particular target language (e.g. German or French), some are designed as a librarian's transliteration, some are prescribed for Russian travellers' passports; the transcription of some names is purely traditional.   All this has resulted in great reduplication of names.   E.g.

728-557: Is said to derive its name from Amba Rajput who supposedly founded it during the 14th century CE. According to another version, it is named after the goddess "Bhawani Amba," whose Temple still exists in Ambala city. The English spelling Umballa has sometimes been used; this spelling was used by Rudyard Kipling in his 1901 novel Kim . Archaeological Surveyor C.J Rodgers found Indo-Parthian Kingdom coins as well as coins of Hunas , Mihirakula and Toramana which indicated that after

780-461: Is surrounded by two rivers – Ghaggar and Tangri  – to the north and to the south. Due to its geographical location, the Ambala district plays an important role in local tourism, being located 47 km (29 mi) south of Chandigarh , 50 km (31 mi) north of Kurukshetra , 148 km (92 mi) southwest of Shimla , 198 km (123 mi) north of New Delhi and 260 km (160 mi) southeast of Amritsar . The town

832-506: Is the most common system of phonetic transcription. For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown for the romanized form to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents any spoken language with perfect accuracy and

884-548: Is to relieve Hindustani of the crippling devanagari–nastaʿlīq digraphia by way of romanization. Romanization of the Sinitic languages , particularly Mandarin , has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations. Because of this, many romanization tables contain Chinese characters plus one or more romanizations or Zhuyin . Romanization (or, more generally, Roman letters )

936-527: Is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones. Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language with extreme digraphia and diglossia resulting from the Hindi–Urdu controversy starting in

988-586: Is very near to Ambala Cantt Jn. (Railway station). Most of the buses plying on GT road (NH1) stop in front of the Railway station. Ambala is a divisional headquarters of the Northern Railway Zone and is an important railway junction. Ambala Cantt station is among the top 100 booking stations in India. The city is served by three railway stations: The Ambala Cantonment railway station was founded on

1040-696: The Balochs , the Dehli Sultans , and eventually the Mughals had all clashed with the Bhati kings. The cities of Kapurthala , Ambala and Batala in Punjab are said to be founded by the Bhati Rajputs. Rana Kapur , an immigrant from Jaisalmer founded Kapurthala in the early 11th-century, Raja Amba of Taoni subclan founded Ambala in the 14th century, whereas Rai Ram Deo founded Batala in 1465. By

1092-612: The Bengal Native Infantry were also disbanded. The memorial has four sections, an administrative building, second a museum building, third a library and food court, and the fourth is an open air theatre. Ambala was given the status of a district in 1847, formed by the merging of the jagir estates of hitherto independent chieftains whose territories had lapsed or had been confiscated by the British Indian Government. In its 160 years of existence as

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1144-816: The Brahmic family . The Nuosu language , spoken in southern China, is written with its own script, the Yi script . The only existing romanisation system is YYPY (Yi Yu Pin Yin), which represents tone with letters attached to the end of syllables, as Nuosu forbids codas. It does not use diacritics, and as such due to the large phonemic inventory of Nuosu, it requires frequent use of digraphs, including for monophthong vowels. The Tibetan script has two official romanization systems: Tibetan Pinyin (for Lhasa Tibetan ) and Roman Dzongkha (for Dzongkha ). In English language library catalogues, bibliographies, and most academic publications,

1196-509: The Library of Congress transliteration method is used worldwide. In linguistics, scientific transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets . This applies to Old Church Slavonic , as well as modern Slavic languages that use these alphabets. A system based on scientific transliteration and ISO/R 9:1968 was considered official in Bulgaria since the 1970s. Since

1248-636: The Pathans led by Hussain Shah, together with tribes such as the Langas, Khichis , Khokars (Ghakkars), Johiyas , and others, was successfully driven back under Tannu-ji's leadership. In the 10th century, the Bhati rulers near Multan were eager to assist Jayapala , the Hindu Shahi ruler of Afghanistan, because of the slave incursions into their territories by the rulers of Ghazni. However, Jayapala

1300-697: The Soviet Union , with some material published. The 2010 Ukrainian National system has been adopted by the UNGEGN in 2012 and by the BGN/PCGN in 2020. It is also very close to the modified (simplified) ALA-LC system, which has remained unchanged since 1941. The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of

1352-410: The 1800s. Technically, Hindustani itself is recognized by neither the language community nor any governments. Two standardized registers , Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu , are recognized as official languages in India and Pakistan. However, in practice the situation is, The digraphia renders any work in either script largely inaccessible to users of the other script, though otherwise Hindustani

1404-630: The Bhati Rajput founder of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer . Timur invaded India in 1398, when he held a vast empire in the Middle East and Central Asia. He suffered tough resistance in India only from the Bhati ruler, Rai Dul Chand of Bhatner. Rajputs and Muslims fought together against Timur under him but the Bhatner fort was ultimately sacked with the city burnt and laid waste. The Rathores ,

1456-589: The Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyûzyutu may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ , but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu . The Arabic script is used to write Arabic , Persian , Urdu , Pashto and Sindhi as well as numerous other languages in

1508-454: The Muslim world, particularly African and Asian languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following: or G as in genre اِ || e || e || i || e || e || e || e Notes : Notes : There are romanization systems for both Modern and Ancient Greek . The Hebrew alphabet is romanized using several standards: The Brahmic family of abugidas

1560-519: The casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds ( phonemes ) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn Romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. A phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all phones in

1612-416: The cost of Rs300 crore in the honour of Indian rebels of 1857 First War of Independence , is spread over 22 acres on NH-44 . The war was started at Ambala on 10 May 1857 by the Indian sepoys of 5th & 60th regiments of Bengal Native Infantry stationed at Ambala Cantonment. After the war was over, the execution of Baba Mohar Singh on 5 June 1857 at Ambala Cantonment was the first recorded execution of

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1664-514: The disintegration of the Mauryan empire , the area was taken over by Indo-Parthians and later incorporated into the domain of the Hunas. In 1709, Battle of Ambala was fought, and Sikhs captured Ambala from Mughals . It was under the rule of Gill Jats from 1748 to 1825. It was also the capital of Nishanwalia Misl . For some time it had been under the rule of Jawahir Singh of Mustafabad ,

1716-564: The fort and city of Gazni in Afghanistan, but also to have settled Sialkot (Salbahnpur), named after their ancestor  Salbahan , who conquered the entire Punjab. The Bhatis also claim to be the ancestors of the Chughtai Mughals through an ancestor named Chakito who became the king of Balich and Bokhara . The historian Tanuja Kothiyal notes that a part of such claims may well be justified. The greeting used by Bhati Rajputs

1768-434: The fortified settlements that were historically ruled by the Bhati clan or subclans. The Bhati ruler Vijayrao Lanjo ruled a vast empire, He was known as the 'uttara disi bhad kivaad' (the sentinel of the north direction), due to his control over forts and settlements that extended from Ghazni to Gujarat , leading to several conflicts with the invading Muslim tribes. According to epigraphic evidence, Vijayarao Lanjo took

1820-572: The junction of the Delhi-Kalka and Ludhiana - Saharanpur lines. The historic Delhi-Panipat-Ambala-Kalka railway line dates back to 1889 while the Ludhiana-Saharanpur line was built in 1870. Situated 200 km (120 mi) north of Delhi, this town is well connected by the rail and road network. Ambala cantt railway station is main station of the city and is well connected with major cities of India. Kalka-Shimla Railway , which

1872-613: The language sections above. (Hangul characters are broken down into jamo components.) For Persian Romanization For Cantonese Romanization Ambala Ambala ( / ə m ˈ b ɑː l ə / ) is a city and a municipal corporation in Ambala district in the state of Haryana , India , located on the border with the Indian state of Punjab and in proximity to both states capital Chandigarh . Politically, Ambala has two sub-areas: Ambala Cantonment (also known as Ambala Cantt) and Ambala City , eight kilometres apart, therefore, it

1924-498: The large title of Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshwara (the paramount sovereign, great king of kings, the supreme reality). He was succeeded by his son, Bhojde in 1143. However, Bhojde's uncle Rawal Jaisal Singh colluded with the Ghaznavid chiefs, and Bhojde was killed in the resulting combat. Following Bhojde's death, Jaisal became the head of Bhatis. The Phulkian dynasty claimed direct descent from Rawal Jaisal Singh,

1976-457: The late 1990s, Bulgarian authorities have switched to the so-called Streamlined System avoiding the use of diacritics and optimized for compatibility with English. This system became mandatory for public use with a law passed in 2009. Where the old system uses <č,š,ž,št,c,j,ă>, the new system uses <ch,sh,zh,sht,ts,y,a>. The new Bulgarian system was endorsed for official use also by UN in 2012, and by BGN and PCGN in 2013. There

2028-590: The modern town of Bathinda in the Lakhi jungle area in the 3rd century. The Bhati ruler of Tanot , Rao Tannu-ji, utilized his long reign (until 814 AD) to consolidate the Bhatis' expanding strength in western Rajasthan and the eastern Cholistan desert area. He is credited with defeating and destroying the domains of the Varya Rajputs and Langas of Multan. A unified attack against the Tanot Bhatis by

2080-475: The name of the Russian composer Tchaikovsky may also be written as Tchaykovsky , Tchajkovskij , Tchaikowski , Tschaikowski , Czajkowski , Čajkovskij , Čajkovski , Chajkovskij , Çaykovski , Chaykovsky , Chaykovskiy , Chaikovski , Tshaikovski , Tšaikovski , Tsjajkovskij etc. Systems include: The Latin script for Syriac was developed in the 1930s, following the state policy for minority languages of

2132-742: The oldest and largest airbases that were inherited from the British by the IAF . It was from this airbase that Spitfires and Harvards flown by Instructors of the Advanced Flying Training School took part in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 . Subsequently, Ambala was the front line airfield for many years. It was home to various aircraft that were inducted into the Indian Air Force . Vampires , Ouragans , Hunters , etc. all flew from this base. The airbase

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2184-542: The oldest local bus services in Haryana, which is run by both Haryana roadways and private companies. Other means of local transportation include auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws . Bus service is the major means of public transport in this district. Ambala depot came into being on 1 August 1950. The office of the General Manager has situated on the premises of the depot workshop at Ambala City. Ambala depot has

2236-589: The romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation. Most romanizations are intended to enable

2288-511: The same 15th-century, Rao Kelana, a powerful Bhati Rajput ruler of Pugal had expanded his territories up to Bhatinda and Abohar , and was responsible for the death of Rathore ruler Chunda of Marwar . Rao Kelana invaded Dera Ghazi Khan and defeated the Balochs. As part of the peace settlement that followed, Zubeida, the daughter of the Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan (founder of Dera Ismail Khan ),

2340-618: The site of the Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab as the ancient city of Gajipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the Bhatis in the ages prior to the Christian era. The historian André Wink states that prior to the Bhatis' expulsion from the country of Zabulistan , they reportedly inhabited as far as Samarkand in Uzbekistan. The ancient history of the Bhatis alludes to a tradition in which they claim not only to have erected

2392-398: The source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such a representation almost never tries to represent every possible allophone—especially those that occur naturally due to coarticulation effects—and instead limits itself to the most significant allophonic distinctions. The International Phonetic Alphabet

2444-579: The total land of bus stand is 6.7 acres (2.7 ha). Bus stands in this district exist at Ambala City, Naraingarh and Barara as well. A sub-depot-level workshop has also been provided at Naraingarh. 'Yatri Niwas' exists on the campus of Ambala Cantt. bus stand for the convenience of the commuters who wish to stay for the night. Besides, the Haryana Roadways buses, the government has issued permits to private operators on local routes. Presently 60 such buses are plying in Ambala district. The bus stand

2496-509: The vocal interpretation of a script may vary by a great degree among languages. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken (read) native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider

2548-675: Was briefly attacked in 1965 by B-57 bombers of the Pakistan Air Force . Today, the Airbase houses the '7 Wing' with squadrons of Jaguars and MiG-21 Bisons. A unit of the French-made Dassault Rafale will also be based at Ambala airbase. Ambala Cantonment is the location of historic European Cemetery . It is 200 km north of Delhi and 55 km southwest of Chandigarh . First War of Independence Memorial or 1857 War Memorial , completed in 2023 at

2600-475: Was imposed on the people of Thanesar (Rs 235,000), Ambala (Rs. 253,541) and Rohtak (Rs. 63,000 mostly on Ranghars , Shaikhs and Muslim Kasai ). In November 1949, Mahatma Gandhi's assassin Nathuram Godse was hanged at Ambala Central Jail along with Narayan Apte , a co-conspirator. As of 2011 India census, Ambala UA had a population of 207,934 consisting of 112,840 males and 95,094 females,

2652-509: Was married to the Bhati ruler. In 1613, Raja Kishan Singh a Rathore ruler and the founder of Kishangarh State complained his Brother-in-law Jahangir about a Bhati sardar, Govind Das Bhati for killing of his brother, and thereafter Raja along his followers executed Bhati sardar as per direction of Jahangir. As Govind Das Bhati was a noble affiliated with Rathore ruler Sur Singh , consequently his son Gaj Singh of Marwar killed Raja Kishan Singh. Sir Alexander Cunningham identified ruins on

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2704-531: Was unable to conquer Ghazni, and the alliance he had formed quickly fell apart. By the 12th-century, Rohri and Sukkur in the present-day Sindh, Pakistan as well as Pugal and Chohtan in Rajasthan had been incorporated in dominion of the Bhati Rajputs. Jaisalmer had a dynasty with a successful line of rulers and this became their center. Bhatner, Pugal, Bikrampur, Barsalpur, Deravar , Maroth , Kehror , Aasnikot, Tanot, Lodhruva and Mamanvahan were some of

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