Biak is the main island of Biak Archipelago located in Cenderawasih Bay near the northern coast of Papua , an Indonesian province, and is just northwest of New Guinea . Biak has many atolls , reefs , and corals .
70-480: The largest population centre is at Kota Biak (Biak City) on the south coast. The rest of the island is thinly populated with small villages. Biak is part of the Biak Islands ( Kepulauan Biak ), and is administered by Biak Numfor Regency . Biak covers an area of 2,455 km (948 sq mi) The island is 72 km (45 mi) long and 37 km (23 mi) wide at its widest point. The highest point
140-407: A Makassan trepang fleet near present day Nhulunbuy . He communicated at length with a Makassan captain, Pobasso, through his cook, who was also a Malay, and learned of the extent of the trade from this encounter. Ganter writes that there were at most "1,000 Macassans" compared to the almost "7,000 British nestled into Sydney Cove and Newcastle." Nicholas Baudin also encountered 26 large perahu off
210-599: A Portuguese missionary tried to convert 14th Gowa king, I Mangngarangi Daeng Manrabbia, he was reluctant to change his ancestral faith and will invite Malay priests to compare both religions first. Around 1593, He decided to embrace Islam and adopt the title of Sultan Aluddin. He then set Islam as the official religion of Gowa. Payva noted that Malay traders and priests are generally more accepted and trusted compared to Portuguese. Gowa had maintained relationship with traders from Java, Sumatra, Pattani, Pahang, Champa, and Johor ever since 9th Gowa king, Tum’parisi Kallona. According to
280-690: A history of migration and exploration beyond their homeland in South Sulawesi. Makassar sailors were skilled navigators and traders who ventured out into the vast waters of the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. One notable area of Makassar migration was to the northern coast of Australia , particularly what is now known as the Northern Territory . They established trade relationships with the Aboriginal communities , primarily for
350-628: A marine invertebrate prized for its culinary and medicinal values in Chinese markets. The term Makassan (or Macassan) is generally used to apply to all the trepangers who came to Australia, although some were from other islands in the Indonesian Archipelago , including Timor , Rote and Aru . Fishing fleets began to visit the northern coasts of Australia from Makassar in southern Sulawesi , Indonesia from about 1720, but possibly earlier. While Campbell Macknight's classic study of
420-592: A meeting in the home of Yenures village leader, David Rumaropen to reorganise PIM and formally reactivated on 5 October 1949 in Bosnik, in the home of Lukas Rumkorem, with him as leader, Corinus Krey as deputy and J. Tarumaselly as advisor and Petrus Warikar as secretary. By 1958, a new movement led by Lukas Rumkorem was formed called Tentara Tjadangan Tjenderawasih (TTT), which according to J. Tarumaselly had branches in other region of Papua. This organisation sent some papuan youths to undergo military training outside Biak which
490-426: A number of endemic butterflies and one endemic spider Diolenius angustipes . Much of the forest has been cut down for logging or to clear land for planting especially on Biak Island, which is the most populous in the area, although logging has slowed. There are two protected areas, which are close to each other: Pulau Supiori Nature Reserve , which is most of Supiori Island; and Biak Utara Nature Reserve which
560-408: A plate after going back from long voyage. The official language is Indonesian and the main local language is Biak . Other languages such as English are also used, but limited. Administratively there are 12 kecamatan, covering only the island itself, having 122,166 people in the 2020 census. Biak features a tropical rainforest climate with nearly identical temperatures throughout the course of
630-610: A right hand man by the name of Stefanus Yoseph which was formerly under the employ of Japanese and met de Bruijn during his employment in Wissel Lakes (Paniai), Stefanus Yoseph was entrusted as warden in Biak, during which he stayed with Petero Jandi a Makassarese working as woodworker in HPB office. According to Stefanus, Petero Jandi was an Indonesian nationalist extremist (with links with Polongbangkeng group from South Sulawesi ) which
700-760: A strategic airfield of the Imperial Japanese Army was located there, serving as a base for operations in the Pacific theatre . American forces eventually captured the island during the Battle of Biak . The captured airfield was renamed Mokmer Airfield and later transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force . Biak became the second landing of allied forces after Hollandia . Many Biak islanders received supplies from allied forces such as clothes and foods. To restore Dutch rule after
770-540: Is a creole of Malay. This language is used as the language of commerce in the port of Makassar, South Sulawesi. The number of speakers is reached 1.889 million inhabitants in 2000 and an estimated number of speakers of these languages continue to grow until it reaches ± 3.5 million inhabitants. The language is mostly used by Immigrants from outside the city of Makassar, Makassar City Population, Youth Makassar, or people who are not proficient in Makassarese. This language
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#1732766226991840-487: Is also well-developed. Among others, tunas are most commonly caught. The "agrarian pattern" is found in Makassarese dishes which are made from beef or buffalo . Prime examples are coto , konro , sop saudara , and pallubasa . People who live in coastal cities high in maritime resources predominantly eat fish. There is a common misperception that the Makassar people are identical and ethnically cognate to
910-406: Is an amalgamation of two traditional dances namely Yosim dances originating from the bay of Sairei (Serul, Waropen) and Pancar dances originating from Biak, Numfor and Manokwari . The musical instruments used for Yosim usually used are cuku lele (Ukulele), and guitars which shows foreign influences as these were not instruments from Papua. Included was also local bass made from three strings, with
980-539: Is an area on Biak Island just across the bridge from Supiori. However the logging industry may return, while birds are vulnerable to collectors and just because they have such a limited range of habitat on these small islands. The area needs more study. The seas around the Biak Islands are part of the Coral Triangle , a marine region which has the world's greatest diversity of coral reef species. Diving in
1050-563: Is approximately 740 meters elevation, located in the northwest of the island. The island of Supiori lies close to the northwest, separated from Biak by a narrow, shallow channel. The smaller Padaido Islands lie south and southeast of Biak. Collectively Biak, Supiori, the Padaido Islands, and the island of Numfor to the southwest are known as the Schouten Islands, also called the Biak Islands or Geelvink Islands. Biak
1120-511: Is of mixed indigenous and Makassar descent. Meanwhile, the name Maccassar is likely to have originated from the name for their ancestors' homeland. There are several places named Maccassar in South Africa and neighbouring Mozambique . Makassar trepangers from the southwest corner of Sulawesi visited the coast of northern Australia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to collect and process trepang (also known as sea cucumber ),
1190-509: Is relatively rural and most Papuans on the island subsist off the land, primarily by fishing or gathering. It has large reserves of copper and nickel . For generations, most Papuans have inherited "customary claims" to parcels of land that they live off of and these property rights are defended by both the property's owner and possibly also the property owner's clan. Biak is served by Frans Kaisiepo Airport , which has flights from all over Indonesia. Biak lies at latitude 1 degree south of
1260-525: Is similar to the guitar or ukulele. The rain forest -covered Biak Islands have been designated the Biak–Numfoor rain forests , especially as they have the largest number of endemic bird species of any single area in the New Guinea region. There are also numerous reptile and amphibian species found here. Among the many snake species catalogued by Tom Mendelson during his herpetological survey of Biak in
1330-748: Is spoken along the South Peninsula region of Sulawesi. Around 16th century South Sulawesi was a center for trade of the region with Malay Muslim traders as well as Portuguese traders frequently visited the area. Native rulers were generally uncommitted to either Muslim or Christian religions and allowed both to maintain presence. Around 1537 Padre Manuel d’la Costa visited Gowa court, along with Portuguese representatives from Ternate. From Portuguese records some Gowan aristocracy decided to convert to Christianity . According to Antonio de Payva, Portuguese trader and missionary from Malaccas, that had some success converting some Bugis kings from Ajatappareng, when
1400-415: Is strict because of the rigid separation of the sexes, as in all traditional Muslim communities. Men are engaged in matters outside the house such as farming, fishing, etc. Women are usually responsible for the household duties, while the man is the head of the family. While they are in public, respect should be shown to him by the wife and children. Usually the final decisions concerning the family are made by
1470-412: Is the largest island in the group, and the most populated. The islands enclose Cenderawasih Bay on the north. The island of Yapen lies south of Biak and the Padaido Islands, separated by a broad channel. The island is administered by Biak Numfor Regency , which also includes Numfor and the Padaido Islands. The administrative center is at Biak City. Supiori was formerly part of Biak Numfor Regency, but
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#17327662269911540-587: Is under the same sub-category as Campalagian language and along with another 2 languages spoken in Kalimantan , Embaloh and Taman . This differences between the Bugis and Makassar people are one of the characteristics that differentiate the two people group. The idea that the Buginese and Makassar people are ethnically cognate derives from the conquest of kingdoms such as Bone state and Wajo Kingdom by
1610-612: Is usually made from soa-soa (lizards). The movements are more stiff following the Tifa beats. Movements include Seka, this dance movement are usually from southern coast with famous version from Kaimana, Fakfak, and Timika. In Pacul Tiga, or Pancar Meneru the dancer swing forward three steps, and throw both arms and one leg to the left and right, which was then repeated fir the other leg. Jef movements are influenced by rock and roll dance from 1969-1971, Gale-Gale movements are from Wondama Bay and Mor-Mambor islands. Pancar movements are performed by
1680-1236: The Aitape tsunami which occurred approximately 1,000 kilometres (621 miles) away in Papua New Guinea . The people of Biak are predominantly Melanesians , though speaking predominantly Austronesian languages and the main religion is Christianity . In Biak and surrounding regions, many titles relating to jobs in Tidore Sultanate administration became used as clan and family names, which include Korano or Kolano (ultimately from Javanese Klono in Panji ), Sanadi or Sangaji (district leader), Mayor which had job to deliver tribute to Tidore. Dimara (village leader), military leaders such as Kapitarau (sea captain) and Kapisa (captain), as well as numerous names with starting element of Rum- such as Rumbiak, Rumbewas, Rumbekwan, have origin in Tidore language , as Rum referred to specific area in palace of Tidore. However due to extensive foreign trading relationship Biak and Yapen islands as well as
1750-811: The Buginese people , and that the term Buginese and Makassar are terms that are coined by the Dutch colonials to create a division among them. All potentials were lost once the Sultanate of Makassar fell to the Dutch colonial, since these people were notoriously rebellious against the Dutch colonials. Wherever these people encounter the Dutch colonials, conflicts are bound to happen. Several notable figures centered in Gowa Regency that refused to surrender like Karaeng Galesong , migrated to Central Java . Along with his powerful naval fleet, they would engage in war against any Dutch vassals that they would encounter. Hence,
1820-545: The equator and consequently, any rockets launched from the island would require less fuel to reach Earth's orbit and enter into a geocentric orbit than had the same rocket been launched further away from the equator. The equatorial location offers particularly efficient launches to equatorial and near-equatorial orbits ; facing eastward toward the Pacific Ocean reduces the downrange risks of launch. As of 2006, space satellite launch services had been planned for
1890-481: The galleon San Juan . The archipelago was first mapped in the Portuguese charts of Gaspar Viegas (c. 1537), an anonymous map of 1540, and on the maps of João de Lisboa and of Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), and by other Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch maps. The Schouten Islands were eventually named after Dutch explorer Willem Schouten , who explored them in 1615. The Tidore Sultanate had tributary ties with
1960-401: The 1990s, the green tree python ( Morelia viridis ) and the amethystine python ( Morelia amethystina ) were quite common. The Biak glider is a recently reclassified gliding possum species, formerly considered a sugar glider subspecies. There are numerous types of flora in the tropical rain forest of the island, including a variety of trees and other commercially important species plus
2030-803: The Dutch colonials at that time under Cornelis Speelman calls him the Si-Bajak-Laut , meaning "the pirate". In linguistic terms, Makassarese and Buginese are distinct languages, even though both of these languages belong to the South Sulawesi group within the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages . In this category, the Makassarese language is in the same sub-category as Bentong , Coastal and Highland Konjo and Selayar ; while Buginese
2100-521: The HPB went on sick leave until the resident found out. By the middle of 1947, Lukas Rumkorem would be captured by Dutch authority accused of trying to kill Frans Kaisiepo and Marcus Kaisiepo. De Bruijn as district leader of Biak would reorganised and formed regional council Kakain Karkara on 20 November 1947 to rebuild villages which were destroyed after Koreri movements against social changes brought by outsiders. In his administration de Bruijn had
2170-646: The Makassan trepang industry accepts the start of the industry as about 1720, with the earliest recorded trepang voyage made in 1751, Regina Ganter of Griffith University notes a Sulawesi historian who suggests a commencement date for the industry of about 1640. Ganter also notes that for some anthropologists, the extensive impact of the trepang industry on the Yolngu people suggests a longer period of contact. Arnhem Land rock art, recorded by archaeologists in 2008, appears to provide further evidence of Makassan contact in
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2240-407: The Makassar are almost all Muslim , but some traditional pre-Islamic beliefs are still influential, especially in the remote areas. Culture Siri 'Na Pacce is one cultural philosophy of Bugis-Makassar society. Baju bodo (lit. 'short blouse' in Makassarese ) is a traditional upper garment of Makassarese women. The baju bodo has a rectangular shape, and is usually short-sleeved, i.e. half above
2310-464: The Maros and Pangkep regions. Rice and other crops such as bananas are abundant. Most dishes—mainly traditional kues and desserts—are predominantly made from rice and bananas. Coastal areas of South Sulawesi are important producers of fish, with ponds on the west coast filled with bolu (milkfish) , sunu (grouper) , shrimps , and crabs . The tradition of fishing in coastal and high seas areas
2380-517: The Yondama bay host a sizeable descendant of foreign traders. This can be seen with these islands has the largest local Chinese-descent population in Papua provinces. They have intermarried with locals for generations and sometimes took on local family name. Proof of extensive foreign tradings also include various local traditions involving Chinese porcelains, such as Mansorandak tradition of stepping on
2450-689: The anniversary of the unsuccessful 1971 Papuan declaration of independence, Biak was the scene of what is commonly known as the ' Biak Massacre ' or 'Bloody Biak'. Members of the Organisasi Papua Merdeka ( Free Papua Movement ), raised ' The Morning Star ', at Kota Biak water tower and camped there for the next six days. At 05:30 on 6 July 1998, the demonstration was fired upon by the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI or Indonesian Military ). Many were shot while attempting to flee. Survivors were rounded up and forced to
2520-465: The archipelago. Similar treaties were sometimes struck with foreign powers, especially with the Portuguese. However, until its fall, Gowa was also engaged in ongoing wars with the Netherlands. The Makassar are known to have explored large sections of the world's oceans, reaching as far as South Africa . In South Africa there is an area called “ Macassar ”. It is suspected that the local population
2590-553: The birds, there are a number of endemic mammals, although there are only 29 mammal species on the islands. The endemics include: Biak naked-backed fruit bat ( Dobsonia emersaa ) a species of barebacked fruit bat (so-called because their wings are attached to the back rather than the sides, giving this type of bat a different appearance to most species; a marsupial Biak glider ( Petaurus biacensis ); Japen rat ( Rattus jobiensis ); and two species of giant naked-tailed rat , Uromys boeadii and Uromys emmae . The islands also have
2660-762: The coast, to boil and dry the trepang before the return voyage home, four months later, to sell their cargo to Chinese merchants. Marege' was the Makassan name for Arnhem land, (meaning literally "Wild Country") from the Cobourg Peninsula to Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria . Kayu Jawa was the name for the fishing grounds in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , from Napier Broome Bay to Cape Leveque . Other important fishing areas included West Papua , Sumbawa , Timor and Selayar . Matthew Flinders in his circumnavigation of Australia in 1803, met
2730-404: The dancers move in a circle. These movements was inspired by animals, and have four variations. The rhythm and song of Yosim Pancar dance are now being modernized with special effect sounds and pop dance beat. Originally the rhythm is to summon ancestral spirits and let them join the group. The traditional musical instrument of this dance is a self-made string bass from coconut tree and roots which
2800-410: The docks where they were kept for several days while further demonstrators were caught. About 200 of the original demonstrators were forcibly loaded onto two Indonesian naval vessels and taken to two different locations to be thrown into the ocean. In the following days, bodies washed up on Biak's shores, or were snarled in fishing nets. The TNI explained that the bodies turning up belonged to victims of
2870-528: The elbow. According to Makassar custom, the color of the baju bodo indicates the age or the dignity of the wearer. It is often used for ceremonies such as wedding ceremonies. But now, baju bodo is revitalized through other events such as dance competitions or guest welcome receptions. Makassar cuisine uses a blend of agrarian and maritime ingredients. On west coast cities such as Makassar , Maros , and Pangkep , there are coastal areas directly adjacent to rice fields . Agricultural areas are quite extensive in
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2940-585: The growing up ceremony (Wor Famarmar) and the Wedding ceremony (Wor Yakyaker Farbakbuk). All of these ceremonies are accompanied by singing, dancing and offering to ancestral spirits. The Biak Numfor have a friendship dance called Yosim Pancar which is popular across West Papua and coastal Papua . Its small to mid-size dance group formations could last all-night long. Several "Yosim Pancar" moves that are popular till this day are: Pancar Gas, Gale-Gale, Jef, Pacul Tiga, Seka, and Poco-poco adaptation. This dance
3010-515: The husband. In rural areas, arranged marriage is still widely practiced. Polygamy is accepted by the Makassar people, but, since a separate house must be provided for each wife, it is only practiced among the wealthy people. Siri (respect and honor) is the social code by which the Makassar live. Anyone seriously offending another person's siri carries the risk of being killed, in which case authorities often refuse to intervene. The Makassar often help their neighbors in matters such as working in
3080-456: The imposition of customs duties and licence fees and probably compounded by over fishing. Using Daeng Rangka commanded the last Makassar perahu, which left Arnhem Land in 1907. The main source of income of the Makassar is rice farming; however, they are also famous throughout Indonesia for their skill in trading and as fishermen. This includes the harvesting of sea cucumbers , a practice known in Indonesian as trepanging . Labor division
3150-547: The island on 24 June 1528, when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain . Another sighting was later reported in 1545 by Spanish navigator Íñigo Ortiz de Retes on board of galleon San Juan when also attempting the return to New Spain The archipelago was first mapped in the Portuguese charts of Gaspar Viegas (c. 1537), an anonymous map of 1540, and on the maps of João de Lisboa and of Bartolomeu Velho (c. 1560), and by other Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch maps. In World War II ,
3220-767: The islands, of which 11 to 16 are endemic , that is, restricted to this small island group. These include: black-winged lory ( Eos cyanogenia ); the small tree-climbing Geelvink pygmy parrot ( Micropsitta geelvinkiana ); Biak scrubfowl ( Megapodius geelvinkianus ); Geelvink imperial pigeon ( Ducula geelvinkiana ); Geelvink fruit dove ( Ptilinopus speciosus ); Biak coucal ( Centropus chalybeus ); two tree kingfishers , Biak paradise kingfisher ( Tanysiptera riedelii ) and Numfor paradise kingfisher ( Tanysiptera carolinae ); Biak gerygone ( Gerygone hypoxantha ); Biak monarch ( Monarcha brehmii ); Biak flycatcher ( Myiagra atra ); long-tailed starling ( Aplonis magna ); and Biak white-eye ( Zosterops mysorensis ). As well as
3290-448: The islands. Seafarers from the region used to regularly pay homage to the sultan. The Biak Islands are among the most densely populated parts of Papua province. These small islands have been designated the Biak–Numfoor rain forests . They have the most highly endemic avifauna of any single area in the New Guinea region. The forest consists of similar types of trees to that on mainland New Guinea. There are over 100 bird species on
3360-510: The lush vegetation of mangrove swamps. The recently discovered palm tree Manjekia maturbongsii is endemic to Biak. Biak Islands The Biak Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Biak , also Schouten Islands or Geelvink Islands ) are an island group of Papua province, eastern Indonesia in the Cenderawasih Bay (or Geelvink Bay) 50 km off the north-western coast of the island of New Guinea . The group consists of
3430-521: The main islands of Biak , Supiori and Numfor , and numerous smaller islands, mostly covered in rain forest . The population of the archipelago is about 130,000. The first recorded sighting by Europeans of the Schouten Islands was by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes in 1526. On the voyage from Malacca to Maluku , via northern Borneo, he was further carried eastward by a storm and strong winds. Jorge de Menezes landed at Biak , where he
3500-492: The mid-1600s. Contact has even been proposed from as early as the 1500s. At the height of the trepang industry, Makassans ranged thousands of kilometres along Australia's northern coasts, arriving with the north-west monsoon each December. Makassan perahu or praus could carry a crew of thirty members, and Macknight estimated the total number of trepangers arriving each year as about one thousand. The Makassan crews established themselves at various semi-permanent locations on
3570-432: The new Biak Spaceport . The Biak Numfor culture revolves around their ancient animist religion, although today they are Christian as well. Their beliefs revolve around a ritual ceremony called Wor, where they will be plagued by all kinds of bad luck and sickness. The Wor is in all aspect of their life and some of their traditional ceremonies are still being held now. They include the first hair cut ceremony (Wor Kapapnik),
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#17327662269913640-514: The next day. Around 40 rebels would be captured and brought to Cipinang prison in Jakarta and released in the 1950s. Petero Jandi would receive capital punishment in Hollandia while others holdouts in jungle, like Petrus Korwa and Hanoch Rumbrar were sent to Digul . PIM activities would resume after the arrival of Corinus Krey from Hollandia on 7 August 1949. On 1 October 1949, there would be
3710-475: The northern coast of Western Australia in the same year. Ganter states that the British settlements of Fort Dundas and Fort Wellington were established as a result of Phillip Parker King's contact with Makassan trepangers in 1821. Using Daeng Rangka , the last Makassan trepanger to visit Australia, lived well into the 20th century and the history of his voyages are therefore well documented. He first made
3780-525: The purpose of harvesting and processing sea cucumber . Makassar sailors also engaged in trade and exploration throughout Southeast Asia . They established trade networks, especially in the Malay Peninsula , the Philippines , and Borneo . The Makassan influence can still be seen in the cultural practices and traditions of some of these regions. The Makassar are an ethnic group originally from
3850-496: The rice fields and building houses. The Makassarese language, also referred to as Basa Mangkasara (ISO code: mak ), is the language spoken by the Makassar people. This language is classified as part of Makassaric branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup which in turn is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family . Commonly known as " Logat Makassar " (Makassar Dialect; ISO code: mfp )
3920-635: The southern coast of the island of Sulawesi. Their exploratory spirits have led to successful overseas explorations. This is exemplified by the Kingdom of Gowa (14-17th century), which succeeded in forming a vast Islamic empire with a large and strong naval force. Its territory included almost the entire island of Sulawesi , eastern Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, part of West Nusa Tenggara , part of Maluku and some small surrounding islands. The Makassar people made treaties with Bali and cooperated with Malacca and Banten , as well as some other kingdoms within
3990-630: The southern part of the South Peninsula, Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) in Indonesia . They live around Makassar , the capital city of the province of South Sulawesi , as well as the Konjo highlands, the coastal areas, and the Selayar and Spermonde islands . They speak Makassarese , which is closely related to Buginese , and also a Malay creole called Makassar Malay . Makassar people have
4060-455: The strings made from Pandan leaves. As well as Kalabasa, a dried Calabash, which was then filled with beads. In Yosim dance, the women are dressed with weavings to cover the chest, and headress made from bird feathers. While the men are bare-chested and wearing the same headress. The dance movement are more energetic though simple. In Pancar dance, the music are from Tifa drums which is the universal instruments for coastal Papuans. The drum skin
4130-949: The text Lontarak Patturiolonga, under the rule of 11th Gowa king, Tunipalangga, these traders were allowed to practice Islam and had special privileges. These communities requested Sultan Muda Alauddin Riayat Shah of Aceh to provide ulama for South Sulawesi, as he is known for sending ulama outside of Aceh. Three Minangkabau ulama , Dato Ri Bandang, Dato Ri Tiro, and Dato Ri Patimang were sent to spread Islam in South Sulawesi. They visited Riau and Johor to learn about South Sulawesi culture from Bugis-Makassar sailors there. Facilitated by Sultan of Johor, they learned from Wali Songo of Java before eventually arriving in Somba Opu harbour in early 17th century. There are similarities of Islam with native practice of Dewata Sewwae in Luwu Kingdom, which
4200-466: The voyage to northern Australia as a young man. He suffered dismasting and several shipwrecks, generally positive but occasionally conflicting relationships with Indigenous Australians, and was the first trepanger to pay the South Australian government trepanging licence in 1883, an impost that made the trade less viable. The trade continued to dwindle toward the end of the 19th century, due to
4270-774: The war they reopened schools and re-employed graduates from teacher schools in Miei. Some Biak islanders including Frans Kaisieppo, Eduard Rumbrar, Markus Kaisiepo, Marttinus Rumayau, and Lukas Rumkorem were educated in Bestuur schools. By September 1945, Lukas Rumkorem founded Perserikatan Indonesia Merdeka (PIM), the first political party in Biak which held meetings during September and November in Nusi and from January 1946 in Bosnek. Although Rumkorem's activity would be found out by Hoofd Plaatselik Bestuur (HPB), no further action would be taken as
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#17327662269914340-676: The waters off Biak is a popular activity for tourists. The islands have two marine protected areas . The Biak Numfor Locally Managed Marine Area, established in 2015, protects Numfor's eastern coast and the southern coast of Biak. Padaido Marine Recreation Park, established in 2009, protects the waters around the Padaido Archipelago , a group of small islands lying south and southeast of Biak. 1°00′S 136°00′E / 1.000°S 136.000°E / -1.000; 136.000 Makassarese people The Makassar people or Makassarese are an ethnic group that inhabits
4410-436: The year. The average annual temperature in the city is 26 °C (79 °F), which is also generally the average temperature of each day in Biak. The city sees a good amount of precipitation in every month throughout the course of the year, averaging roughly 2,816 millimetres (110.9 in) of precipitation per year. Its driest months November, average a little under 200 millimetres (7.9 in) of rain per month. The island
4480-984: Was captured and exiled to Biak. When Solait the bestuurassistent was on holiday in Ambon , Stefanus was chosen as bestuurassistent . During this time they supported two prisoners, Hermanus Rumere and Ambonese named Watti which led an attack on ammunition depot and Biak prison on 14 March 1948. Another important figure in this rebellion was Hanoch Rumbrar a clerk in HPB office, which became the intermediary between civilians and Petero Jandi's movement in garnering support and campaign from January to 10 March to become part of 'Sukarno's Republic'. They gained some support however some rejected not because they were pro-Dutch but afraid of similar retaliation during Manseren incident (1942-1943). This movement also tried to coordinate with Silas Papare's PKII particularly with Saleh, Ratulangi 's exiled assistant in Serui. A week before this rebellion de Bruijn
4550-600: Was considered the spiritual center in South Sulawesi. Hence, when the rulers of Luwu converted first, they pushed for conversion in Gowa-Tallo, since they had the power and authority for pushing conversion in South Sulawesi which Luwu lacked. Conversion began slowly and peacefully and adapted with native Ammatoa practitioners centered in Bulukumba. By 1611, most of the Makasar and Bugis kingdoms had converted. Presently,
4620-656: Was forced to winter. Inspired by Malay, Moluccan or local Papuan names, he named the archipelago, and eventually the coasts of western Papua "Islands of Papuas". Biak was thenceforth called in Portuguese maps Ilha de Dom Jorge or Ilha onde invernou Dom Jorge , and Ilha de S. Jorge . The archipelago was also sighted by Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra who landed on Yapen on June 24, 1528, when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain . The islands were named Islas de Oro (Golden Islands in Spanish). In 1545 they were visited by Íñigo Órtiz de Retes on board
4690-542: Was made a separate regency in 2004. Biak was first sighted by Europeans by the Portuguese navigator Jorge de Menezes in 1526. In his voyage from Malacca to Maluku via northern Borneo, Jorge de Menezes landed at Biak Islands, at the entrance of the Gulf, where he was forced to winter; the island is thenceforth called in Portuguese maps Ilha de Dom Jorge or Ilha onde invernou Dom Jorge , to become, finally, Ilha de S. Jorge . The Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra sighted
4760-570: Was on official travel. The plan was to attack KNIL garrison in Sorido followed with attack to central radio station and KNIL military post in Boruku field and Mokmer to gain weapons and free prisoners in Serui before invading Manokwari and Sorong. The rebellion did not go to plan and led to shootouts as one of local Biak youth, Terrianus shot Dutch Sergeant Schipper. By Monday, Stefanus Yoseph was captured, followed by Petero Jandi, Hanoch Rumbrar, and others
4830-649: Was planned to guide Indonesia infiltration forces. TTT also made contacts with Indonesia Consulate General in Singapore to utilise Chinese-Indonesian as they move more freely with KPM ships other activities include surveillance of potential important locations in Biak by J. Tarumaselly and T. Rumngeur which was sent to Indonesian representatives in Singapore, Ambon, Hollandia , and Serui. TTT activities would be stopped after Dutch authorities found out and captured David Woisiri, Rafael Maselkosu, J. Tarumaselly, Jonathan Saroy, and Frits Werluken member of TTT branch of Serui. It
4900-684: Was transferred from Dutch rule, along with half of New Guinea, to Indonesia in the 1960s. On 15 August 1962, New York Agreement was signed, which contained provision for Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat . From 29 September to 19 October 1962, there was a papuan delegations consisting of 19 members to visit Indonesian regions and meet with Sukarno in Jakarta. Another delegations from papuan regions consisted of 34 people declare their oaths for Indonesia, among these Biak sent 2 delegates, Ds. F.J.S. Rumainum and Frans Kaisiepo . Another declaration from education employees delegates consisted of 16 people with Biak represented by L. Manidbodibo and N. Urbinas. On 1 July 1998,
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