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70-559: Bibby Stockholm , an engineless barge , is an accommodation vessel owned by the shipping and marine operations company Bibby Line . The ship was built in 1976 and is flagged in Barbados . It was converted into an accommodation barge in 1992. It was formerly known as Floatel Stockholm and Dino I. From 1994 to 1998, it was used to house the homeless, including some asylum seekers, in Hamburg , Germany. In 2005, it began to be used by

140-468: A bronchoscopy , if the initial urinary antigen test is negative. For the most accurate diagnosis, doctors may take cultures from sputum, fluid from the lungs (called bronchoalveolar lavage ), lung tissue, or other affected areas. These cultures are considered the "gold standard" for confirming Legionella infection. Preventing Legionella infection starts with improving water systems and setting up water-monitoring processes to keep it under control. In

210-407: A British canal boat of traditional long, narrow design, steered with a tiller; spec. one not exceeding 7 feet (approx. 2.1 metres) in width or 72 feet (approx. 21.9 metres) in length The narrowboats were initially also known as barges, and the new canals were constructed with an adjacent towpath along which draft horses walked, towing the barges. These types of canal craft are so specific that on

280-481: A barge has given rise to the saying "I wouldn't touch that [subject/thing] with a barge pole." In the United States a barge was not a sailing vessel by the end of the 19th century. Indeed, barges were often created by cutting down ( razeeing ) sailing vessels. In New York this was an accepted meaning of the term barge. The somewhat smaller scow was built as such, but the scow also had its sailing counterpart

350-447: A barge with 500 people as desired by the government, when it had been retrofitted for 222 only. The Home Office said the barge would "adhere to all relevant health and safety standards." On 7 August 2023, it was reported that the first group of 15 asylum-seekers had boarded the vessel, but a group of about 20 had refused to board. On the same day, Dorset Council told the barge's operators that Legionella bacteria had been confirmed on

420-631: A charge of threatening or abusive behaviour and was sentenced to a six-month tagging order. The barge was finally towed away from Lerwick by the Cypriot tug Mustang on 31 May 2017, although it had been unused for over a year. It was subsequently towed to the Danish island of Bornholm . In August 2017, there was discussion by a property management company about leasing the barge to provide university accommodation to 400 students in Galway , Ireland, along with

490-447: A dumb barge. In Europe, a Dumb barge is: An inland waterway transport freight vessel designed to be towed which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion . In America, a barge is generally pushed. Barges are used today for transporting low-value bulk items, as the cost of hauling goods that way is very low and for larger project cargo, such as offshore wind turbine blades. Barges are also used for very heavy or bulky items;

560-666: A genetically diverse species with 7-11% of genes being strain-specific. The molecular function of some of the proven virulence factors of Legionella have been discovered. Legionella pneumonia , often called "atypical pneumonia," is the most common form of legionellosis. The early symptoms are general, including fever, muscle pain, headache, shortness of breath, and a dry or productive cough. Patients with pneumonia who also have neurological or gastrointestinal symptoms like loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting may be more likely to have legionellosis. A physical exam may reveal abnormal lungs sounds such as rales or rhonchi , and if consolidation

630-406: A higher risk of infection. Men are about three times more likely than women to get infected, while children are less likely to develop severe cases. Smoking, including cannabis smoking , is strongly linked to increased risk due to damage to the airway lining. Hospitals and nursing homes are especially concerned about water system safety because vulnerable patients are at a higher risk. For example,

700-482: A longer treatment course of three weeks is recommended to ensure effective recovery. Even with the right treatment, Legionella pneumonia can lead to serious health problems and can be life-threatening. The case fatality rate for this type of pneumonia is about 10%, and patients who are admitted to the ICU or have other major health issues are more likely to die from it. If there is a delay in starting antibiotic treatment,

770-405: A process called phagocytosis . Inside the body, the bacteria can grow and multiple in lung cells, specifically alveolar macrophages and monocytes . Legionella has several ways to avoid the immune system, increasing the chance that a person develops symptoms of infection. It creates special vacuoles , or protective bubbles, inside immune cells to hide from the body's defenses. It also reduces

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840-431: A single mast with sails. Barge and lighter were used indiscriminately. A local distinction was that any flat that was not propelled by steam was a barge, although it might be a sailing flat. The term Dumb barge was probably taken into use to end the confusion. The term Dumb barge surfaced in the early nineteenth century. It first denoted the use of a barge as a mooring platform in a fixed place. As it went up and down with

910-468: A study in Minnesota, USA, using outbreak information from 2011 to 2018 showed precipitation as having the greatest effect of increasing risk of Legionella exposure when taking into account other environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, land use and age of infected person). Weather patterns heavily relate to the established infrastructure and water sources, especially in urban settings . In

980-454: A typical American barge measures 195 by 35 feet (59.4 m × 10.7 m), and can carry up to about 1,500 short tons (1,400 t) of cargo. The most common European barges measure 251 by 37 feet (76.5 m × 11.4 m) and can carry up to about 2,450 tonnes (2,700 short tons). As an example, on June 26, 2006, in the US a 565-short-ton (513 t) catalytic cracking unit reactor

1050-399: Is chlorine . For systems with marginal issues, chlorine provides effective results at >0.5 ppm residual in the hot water system. For systems with significant Legionella problems, temporary shock chlorination—where levels are raised to higher than 2 ppm for a period of 24 hours or more and then returned to 0.5 ppm—may be effective. Hyperchlorination can also be used where the water system

1120-531: Is also important to note the following are not sources of infection: home/car/window (as seen in some hotels) air-conditioning units that do not use water to cool air. The bacteria can spread through tiny droplets of water that get into the air. People can breathe in these droplets, which then infect cells in our airways, resulting in illness. This is the most common way Legionella spreads. As outlined above, cooling towers are well established as sources of Legionella that may have an effect on community exposure to

1190-427: Is an effective process to control Legionella in potable water distribution systems found in health facilities, hotels, nursing homes, and most large buildings. However, it is not intended for cooling towers because of pH levels greater than 8.6, that cause ionic copper to precipitate. Furthermore, tolyltriazole , a common additive in cooling water treatment, could bind the copper making it ineffective. Ionization became

1260-527: Is available for legionellosis. Vaccination studies using heat-killed or acetone-killed cells have been carried out in guinea pigs, which were then given Legionella intraperitoneally or by aerosol. Both vaccines were shown to give moderately high levels of protection. Protection was dose-dependent and correlated with antibody levels as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to an outer membrane antigen and by indirect immunofluorescence to heat-killed cells. Legionella has been discovered to be

1330-417: Is effective across a wider pH range. Testing has demonstrated that low levels of chlorine dioxide reduced Legionella bacteria to undetectable levels in 6 days; however, its effectiveness can be reduced when amoebae are present. It is also not widely distributed in water systems due to concerns regarding its toxicity, unpleasant odors, and harmful byproducts, as stated above, that it can create. Monochloramine

1400-439: Is first concentrated, then inoculated into charcoal yeast extract agar containing selective agents that prevent the growth of other organisms. Heat or acid treatments are sometimes used to eliminate other microbes in a sample. After incubation for up to 10 days, the presence of Legionella can be confirmed if colonies grow agar with cysteine but not on agar without it. Immunological techniques are then commonly used to determine

1470-399: Is higher in adults, especially those over 40 years old. People with certain health conditions, like kidney or liver disease, chronic lung disease, or heart disease, are at a greater risk. Those with weakened immune systems, such as cancer patients or organ transplant recipients, are at risk as well. People with chronic illnesses, like autoimmune disease treated with TNF inhibitors , also face

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1540-937: Is milder than Legionella pneumonia and typically resolves on its own. In some cases, Legionella can cause infections outside the lungs, including skin and soft tissue infections similar to cellulitis. This is especially a concern if contaminated water comes into contact with surgical wounds. It can also lead to heart infections, such as prosthetic valve endocarditis (without positive blood cultures), myocarditis, and pericarditis. In rare cases, Legionella species have been linked to joint infections (example: septic arthritis) and sinusitis. In nature, Legionella bacteria live inside tiny organisms, like amoebae (examples: Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp., Vermamoeba spp., or other protozoa such as Tetrahymena pyriformis ). These amoebae are found in water and soil. They are found in low amounts in natural water sources like lakes and streams, but can grow quickly in man-made water systems under

1610-443: Is present, there may be signs like egophony or dullness to percussion. Lab tests might show either a high or low white blood cell count, low platelets, elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST), low sodium levels, and possibly decreased kidney function. Another form of legionellosis is Pontiac fever , which resembles the flu and includes symptoms like fever, headache, muscle pain, chills, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This form

1680-627: Is recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and WHO for Legionella control and prevention. It is a popular method used in building water systems to control Legionella bacteria, mainly because it is affordable and does not require much maintenance. In this method, the copper ions weaken the bacteria's cell wall, allowing silver ions to then disrupt the bacteria's DNA and proteins, preventing further proliferation. Copper and silver ion concentrations must be maintained at optimal levels, taking into account both water flow and overall water usage, to control Legionella . Copper-silver ionization

1750-528: Is taken out of service and the chlorine residual is raised to 50 ppm or higher at all distal points for 24 hours or more. The system is then flushed and returned to 0.5 ppm chlorine prior to being placed back into service. These high levels of chlorine penetrate biofilm, killing both the Legionella bacteria and the host organisms. Annual hyperchlorination can be an effective part of a comprehensive Legionella preventive action plan. Copper-silver ionization

1820-689: Is the Bibby Stockholm . Legionella Legionella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can be seen using a silver stain or grown in a special media that contains cysteine , an amino acid. It is known to cause legionellosis (all illnesses caused by Legionella ) including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' disease and a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever . These bacteria are common in many places, like soil and water. There are over 50 species and 70 types ( serogroups ) identified. Legionella does not spread from person-to-person. Most individuals who are exposed to

1890-399: Is the causative agent are macrolides and fluoroquinolones . Azithromycin , a type of macrolide, is the preferred choice. For patients with mild illness, the treatment course usually lasts about 10-14 days, although most symptoms tend to improve within the first 3-5 days of starting the antibiotics; however, for patients who are immunosuppressed or have severe cases of Legionella pneumonia,

1960-620: The Bibby Bergen . However, the plan was generally not workable; the existing docks were not suitable, and the Supreme Court of Ireland had ruled that such a use would require planning permission. In June 2018, the barge was moved to Piteå , Sweden, to assist in the construction of Markbygden Wind Farm . It stayed there until at least 2019. In April 2023, the Barbados Maritime Ship Registry revealed

2030-636: The Equality Act that might allow such discrimination. On 2 May 2024, forty-five protesters were arrested after obstructing a coach moving asylum seekers in Peckham , London on the way to the barge. The Bibby Stockholm's contract to hold asylum seekers is set to expire in January 2025, after which it will not be renewed according to the Home Office. The final eight asylum seekers left the barge at

2100-701: The Government of the United Kingdom intended to use the Bibby Stockholm to house asylum seekers. The Government later confirmed it intended to bring the barge to Portland Port in Dorset , stating it would "offer better value for money for taxpayers than hotels", referring to the £5.6 million daily bill for accommodating asylum seekers in hotels. However, The Guardian reported in July 2023 that

2170-586: The Legionella . These markers can help distinguish Legionella from other types of bacteria, improving diagnosis. Documented sources include cooling towers, swimming pools (especially in Scandinavian countries), domestic water systems and showers, ice-making machines, refrigerated cabinets, whirlpool spas, hot springs, fountains, dental equipment, soil, automobile windshield washer fluid (especially if filled with water instead of wiper fluid), industrial coolant, and waste water treatment plants. It

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2240-668: The Marine Management Organisation as a co-defendant and informed Dorset Council that their continued failure to enforce planning rules over the barge would result in their also being named as co-defendants. On 27 August 2023, it was announced that the Fire Brigades Union had sent a pre-action protocol letter to the Home Office, warning of a legal challenge. According to the Guardian , the Home Office had failed to arrange fire drills for residents of

2310-500: The narrowboat , which usually had a beam a couple of inches less to allow for clearance e.g. 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) . It was soon realized that the narrow locks were too limiting, and later locks were therefore doubled in width to 14 feet (4.3 m). This led to the development of the widebeam canal boat. The narrowboat (one word) definition in the Oxford English Dictionary is: Narrowboat:

2380-509: The 17th century, and often takes the French spelling for disambiguation. Both are probably derived from the Latin barica , from Greek baris "Egyptian boat", from Coptic bari "small boat", hieroglyphic Egyptian and similar ba-y-r for "basket-shaped boat". By extension, the term "embark" literally means to board the kind of boat called a "barque". In Great Britain a merchant barge

2450-576: The 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence , which led to it being highly publicized and caused great concern in the U.S. On January 18, 1977, the causative agent was identified as a previously unknown bacterium subsequently named Legionella . The detection of Legionella typically requires growing them on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar . As Legionella growth requires cysteine and iron , it cannot grow on other common lab media. To detect Legionella in water, it

2520-469: The British canal system the term 'barge' is no longer used to describe narrowboats and widebeams . Narrowboats and widebeams are still seen on canals, mostly for leisure cruising, and now engine-powered. The people who moved barges were known as lightermen . Poles are used on barges to fend off other nearby vessels or a wharf. These are often called 'pike poles'. The long pole used to maneuver or propel

2590-694: The British river system and larger waterways, the Thames sailing barge , and Dutch barge and unspecified other styles of barge, are still known as barges. The term Dutch barge is nowadays often used to refer to an accommodation ship, but originally refers to the slightly larger Dutch version of the Thames sailing barge. During the Industrial Revolution , a substantial network of canals was developed in Great Britain from 1750 onward. Whilst

2660-613: The Netherlands to detain asylum seekers in Rotterdam . In 2013, the barge was used by Petrofac as accommodation for construction workers at the Shetland Gas Plant . During this time, it was berthed at Lerwick , Scotland. In 2015, a man from Saltcoats , Ayrshire called Her Majesty's Coastguard to report that two bombs had been planted on barges: the accommodation ship Gemini , and the Bibby Stockholm . He admitted

2730-493: The Texas Department of State Health Services, has guidelines for hospitals to stop the spread of Legionella . In the United States, Legionella infects about 8,000 to 18,000 people each year. Preventing exposure to contaminated water droplets remains key to reducing spread. After inhaling or accidentally swallowing small aerosol particles, Legionella bacteria attach to immune cells and are taken up by them through

2800-681: The U.S., prevention efforts focus mainly on health care settings, especially hospitals, where water-based exposures are more likely to be fatal. Federal guidelines to reduce Legionella risks were first introduced in June 2017, requiring all medical centers to monitor water quality and have systems in place to prevent hospital-acquired Legionella pneumonia. Facilities with water features, like therapy pools, ice machines, and decorative fountains, must have cleaning and disinfection policies. To remove Legionella from water systems, chemical disinfectants are often added. Water filtration can also be used, either at

2870-421: The US, most cases of Legionella infection have occurred in the summertime, though they were likely more associated with rainfall and humidity than summer temperatures. Severe rain patterns can increase risk of water source contamination through flooding and unseasonable rains; therefore, natural disasters, especially those associated with climate change, may increase risk of exposure to Legionella . No vaccine

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2940-439: The activity of cytokine receptors (which play a role in immune response), blocks the production of certain proteins needed by the host, and avoids being broken down by lysosomes , which are cell structures meant to digest harmful particles. Legionella is usually diagnosed using a urinary antigen test. Some patients, especially those in the ICU or those who cannot provide a sputum sample, may need an invasive procedure, such as

3010-639: The bacteria do not get sick. Most outbreaks result from poorly maintained cooling towers . The cell wall of the Legionella bacteria has parts that determine its specific type. The structural arrangement and building blocks (sugars) in the cell wall help classify the bacteria. Legionella was named after a 1976 outbreak of a then-unknown "mystery disease" at a convention of the American Legion , an association of U.S. military veterans , in Philadelphia . This outbreak happened within days of

3080-697: The bacterium and Legionnaires' disease epidemics. In addition to cooling towers, use of swimming pools, spa pools, and other recreational water bodies has also been shown to increase risk of exposure to Legionella , though this differs by species of Legionella . In a review of disease caused by recreational exposure to Legionella , most exposures occurred in spas or pools used by the public (hotels or recreational centers) or in natural settings ( hot springs or thermal water). Hotels and other tourist destinations have contributed to Legionella exposure. Relative danger at commonly used facilities with heating and cooling water systems depends on several factors, such as

3150-434: The barge may only make a small cost saving. The plan is for the three-storey barge to stay in the port for at least 18 months, containing 506 asylum applicants waiting for the outcome of Home Office decisions on their cases. The barge also contains healthcare provision, catering facilities, a multi-faith prayer room, a gym and 24-hour security. The plans met with widespread opposition from various humanitarian organisations,

3220-479: The barge or adequate risk assessments of the vessel. On 19 October, three Just Stop Oil protesters were arrested after obstructing a coach moving migrants back on to the barge. On 12 December, it was reported that an asylum seeker housed in the barge by the Home Office had committed suicide. On 27 December 2023 a report was published in error describing the use of the Bibby Stockholm as discriminatory on age and sex, although it noted that there were provisions in

3290-652: The barge's owner, Bibby Marine, to acknowledge its founder John Bibby 's links to the Atlantic slave trade and to end the practice of containing asylum seekers on its vessels. Later that month, a Financial Times investigation found the barge lacked fire exits and a Guardian report highlighted safety concerns, including potential overcrowding along with narrow corridors and a lack of lifejackets on board. The Times also reported there were concerns about fire safety. The Fire Brigades Union questioned how firefighters would be able to cross narrow corridors and put out fires on

3360-604: The barge. The asylum-seekers were evacuated a few days later, on 11 August. On the same morning that the first asylum-seekers boarded the barge, Carralyn Parkes (the Mayor of Portland, but acting in a private capacity) wrote to the Home Secretary Suella Braverman to announce that she was seeking a judicial review to challenge the failure to obtain necessary planning permission to use the Bibby Stockholm barge at Portland Port. On 21 August, Parkes added

3430-511: The end of November 2024. 50°34′08″N 2°26′07″W  /  50.5688°N 2.4353°W  / 50.5688; -2.4353 Barge "Barge" is attested from 1300, from Old French barge , from Vulgar Latin barga . The word originally could refer to any small boat; the modern meaning arose around 1480. Bark "small ship" is attested from 1420, from Old French barque , from Vulgar Latin barca (400 AD). The more precise meaning of Barque as "three-masted sailing vessel" arose in

3500-502: The final port to the refinery. The Transportation Institute at Texas A&M found that inland barge transportation in the US produces far fewer emissions of carbon dioxide for each ton of cargo moved compared to transport by truck or rail. According to the study, transporting cargo by barge produces 43% less greenhouse gas emissions than rail and more than 800% less than trucks. Environmentalists claim that in areas where barges, tugboats and towboats idle may produce more emissions like in

3570-519: The first such hospital disinfection process to have fulfilled a proposed four-step modality evaluation; by then, it had been adopted by over 100 hospitals. Copper-silver ionization works slower than other disinfectants and is affected by the water's chemical makeup. Chlorine dioxide has been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a primary disinfectant of potable water since 1945. Chlorine dioxide does not produce any carcinogenic byproducts like some other chlorine sources when used in

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3640-414: The largest of these could accommodate ocean-going vessels e.g the later Manchester Ship Canal , a complex network of smaller canals was also developed. These smaller canals had locks, bridges and tunnels that were at minimum only 7 feet (2.1 m) wide at the waterline . On wider sections, standard barges and other vessels could trade, but full access to the network necessitated the parallel development of

3710-540: The local South Dorset MP Richard Drax and local authorities. Dorset Council explored legal action to prevent the barge from arriving. Nevertheless, the barge left dry dock in Falmouth on the morning of 17 July 2023 after several weeks' delay, and arrived at Portland Port the following morning. In July 2023, an open letter signed by over fifty NGOs and campaigners, including the Refugee Council , called on

3780-586: The locks and dams of the Mississippi River. Self-propelled barges may be used for traveling downstream or upstream in placid waters; they are operated as an unpowered barge, with the assistance of a tugboat, when traveling upstream in faster waters. Canal barges are usually made for the particular canal in which they will operate. Unpowered vessels—barges—may be used for other purposes, such as large accommodation vessels , towed to where they are needed and stationed there as long as necessary. An example

3850-441: The other hand, recover from Pontiac fever usually occurs within 3-5 days, and serious complications or death related to Pontiac fever are very rare. Legionella is a significant health concern. It is responsible for more than 50% of all waterborne outbreaks and over 10% of diseases related to drinking water in the U.S. The incidence of legionellosis, or Legionella infection, is about 2 to 3 cases for every 100,000 people; however,

3920-517: The plumbing level or at specific points of use, as a primary or combined prevention method. Using disinfectants requires regular maintenance and monitoring of chemical levels to ensure they're effective in preventing Legionella growth. See section on this page " Legionella Control and Biomonitoring" below for more detailed information. Antibiotics are usually the first choice when treating community-acquired pneumonia, which may or may not be caused by Legionella . The first-line options when Legionella

3990-459: The proportion of water-related Legionella outbreaks, particularly in healthcare settings. Genomic analyses of Legionella has resulted in the identification of 24 conserved signature indels (CSIs) in diverse proteins including 30S ribosomal protein S8, periplasmic serine endoprotease DegP precursor, DNA polymerase I, and ABC transporter permease, that are specifically present in different species of

4060-420: The purification of drinking water that contains natural organic compounds such as humic and fulvic acids; trihalomethanes may be formed. Drinking water containing such molecules has been shown to increase the risk of cancer. Since chlorine dioxide stays as a gas, it is easier for it to enter microorganisms to disrupt their internal functions. It works better than chlorine when it comes to disrupting biofilms and

4130-677: The right conditions. Legionella is spread through inhaling contaminated water droplets, which can come from mists, sprays, or other sources that release tiny droplets into the air. In homes, the most common sources of exposure are shower heads and sinks. The incubation period, or the time it takes for symptoms to appear, is usually 2-10 days for Legionella pneumonia and 24-72 hours for Pontiac fever . In rare cases, infection can also happen if people accidentally breathe in drinking water. Person-to-person spread has not been proven, but could be possible in rare situations. Most healthy people don't get severely sick. The risk of Legionella infection

4200-545: The risk of death can be about three times higher compared to those who receive treatment promptly. Among patients who develop pneumonia in the hospital, especially cases caused by Legionella , the death rate is around 25%. For those who are immunocompromised, the mortality rate can be as high as 30-50%. After surviving Legionella pneumonia, many patients experience long-term complications, with more than 25% facing ongoing issues such as recurrent hospitalizations, acute kidney failure , lung problems, and recurring pneumonia. On

4270-525: The sailing scow. The innovation that led to the modern barge was the use of iron barges towed by a steam tugboat. These were first used to transport grain and other bulk products. From about 1840 to 1870 the towed iron barge was quickly introduced on the Rhine, Danube, Don, Dniester , and rivers in Egypt, India and Australia. Many of these barges were built in Great Britain. Nowadays 'barge' generally refers to

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4340-633: The species and/or serogroups of bacteria present in the sample. Some hospitals use the Legionella urinary antigen test when Legionella pneumonia is suspected. This test is faster and uses a urine instead of a sputum sample, giving results in hours compared to days. However, it only detects one type of Legionella : Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (LP1). Non-LP1 strains require can only be detected through culturing. New methods, like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid immunological tests , can detect Legionella in water much faster. Government health surveillance reports have shown an increase in

4410-501: The survival of Legionella as follows: Other temperature sensitivity: Water temperature can be monitored in real-time with electronic devices. Potable water refers to hot or cold water that is intended for drinking. The CDC recommends that hot water is kept between 140 °F (60 °C) and 120 °F (49 °C) and that cold water is stored below 68 °F (20 °C). It is also recommended to flush infrequently used fixtures regularly. A very effective chemical treatment

4480-578: The tides, it made a very convenient mooring place for steam vessels. Within a few decades, the term dumb barge evolved, and came to mean: 'a vessel propelled by oars only'. By the 1890s Dumb barge was still used only on the Thames. By 1880 barges on British rivers and canals were often towed by steam tugboats. On the Thames, many dumb barges still relied on their poles, oars and the tide. Others dumb barges made use of about 50 tugboats to tow them to their destinations. While many coal barges were towed, many dumb barges that handled single parcels were not. On

4550-509: The true number of cases is likely higher than reported. This is because many studies on community-acquired pneumonia do not routinely test for Legionella , meaning some cases may go undetected. Examples of Common-Source Outbreaks: Control of Legionella growth can occur through chemical, thermal or ultraviolet treatment methods. One option is temperature control—i.e., keeping all cold water below 25 °C (77 °F) and all hot water above 51 °C (124 °F). Temperature affects

4620-469: The water source, how much Legionella is present (if there is any), if and how the water system is treated, how people are interacting with this water, and other factors that make the water systems so dynamic. In addition to tourists and other recreators , gardeners may be at increased risk for exposure to Legionella . In some countries (like Australia), Legionella lives in soil and compost. Warmer temperatures and increased rainfall in some regions of

4690-429: The world due to climate change may impact Legionella in soil, gardeners' seasonal exposure to contaminated soil, and complex water systems used by the public. Not only are Legionella spp. present in man-made water systems and infrastructure, but also this bacteria lives in natural bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers. Weather patterns and other environmental factors may increase risk of Legionella outbreaks;

4760-537: Was originally a flat bottomed merchant vessel for use on navigable rivers. Most of these barges had sails. For traffic on the River Severn the barge was described thus: "The lesser sort are called barges and frigates, being from forty to sixty feet in length, having a single mast and square sail, and carrying from twenty to forty tons burthen." The larger vessels were called trows. On the River Irwell there

4830-523: Was reference to barges passing below Barton Aqueduct with their mast and sails standing. Early barges on the Thames were called west country barges. In the United Kingdom the word barge had many meanings by the 1890s, and these varied locally. On the Mersey a barge was called a 'Flat', on the Thames a Lighter or barge, and on the Humber a 'Keel'. A Lighter had neither mast nor rigging. A keel did have

4900-671: Was shipped by barge from the Tulsa Port of Catoosa in Oklahoma to a refinery in Pascagoula, Mississippi . Extremely large objects are normally shipped in sections and assembled after delivery, but shipping an assembled unit reduces costs and avoids reliance on construction labor at the delivery site, which in the case of the reactor was still recovering from Hurricane Katrina . Of the reactor's 700-mile (1,100 km) journey, only about 40 miles (64 km) were traveled overland, from

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