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47-530: The production and distribution of bibles are issues that have engaged the attention of Christian leaders for centuries. In an extant letter, dated 331, Emperor Constantine requested Eusebius , bishop of Caesarea , to provide him with fifty copies of the Old and New Testaments for use in the principal churches in Constantinople. In 797, Charlemagne commissioned Alcuin to prepare an emended text of

94-620: A section known as the Apocrypha (though these are not considered canonical) bringing the total to 80 books. This is in contrast with the 73 books of the Catholic Bible , which includes seven deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament. The division between protocanonical and deuterocanonical books is not accepted by all Protestants who simply view books as being canonical or not and therefore classify books found in

141-601: A span where God made no additional canonical revelations to his people. These Old Testament, Apocrypha and New Testament books of the Bible, with their commonly accepted names among the Protestant Churches, are given below. Note that a leading numeral is normally pronounced in the United States as the ordinal number , thus "First Samuel" for "1 Samuel". Most Bible translations into English conform to

188-746: Is Enheduanna , a Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to c. the 24th century BC. Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead , which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC. Middle Bronze Age : 2000 BC to 1601 BC (approximate dates shown) Late Bronze Age : 1600 BC to 1201 BC (approximate dates shown) Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity: 12th to 8th centuries BC Protestant bible A Protestant Bible

235-635: Is a Christian Bible whose translation or revision was produced by Protestant Christians . Typically translated into a vernacular language, such Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Hebrew Bible canon , known especially to non-Protestant Christians as the protocanonical books ) and 27 books of the New Testament , for a total of 66 books. Some Protestants use Bibles which also include 14 additional books in

282-498: Is non-canonical. Protestant Bibles comprise 39 books of the Old Testament (according to the Jewish Hebrew Bible canon , known especially to non-Protestants as the protocanonical books ) and the 27 books of the New Testament for a total of 66 books. Some Protestant Bibles, such as the original King James Version , include 14 additional books known as the Apocrypha , though these are not considered canonical. With

329-719: The Authorized Version , continued with the practice of placing the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. However, there were some exceptions. A surviving quarto edition of the Great Bible , produced some time after 1549, does not contain the Apocrypha although most copies of the Great Bible did. A 1575 quarto edition of the Bishop's Bible also does not contain them. Subsequently, some copies of

376-561: The Biblia del Oso or Bear Bible , the first complete Bible printed in Spanish based on Hebrew and Greek sources. Earlier Spanish translations, such as the 13th-century Alfonsina Bible , translated from Jerome's Vulgate , had been copied by hand. The Bear Bible was first published on 28 September 1569, in Basel, Switzerland. The deuterocanonical books were included within the Old Testament in

423-457: The British and Foreign Bible Society . More recently, English-language Bibles are again including the Apocrypha, and they may be printed as intertestamental books. In contrast, Evangelicals vary among themselves in their attitude to and interest in the Apocrypha but agree in the view that it is non-canonical. The first proto-Protestant Bible translation was Wycliffe's Bible , that appeared in

470-546: The King James Version (1611) included the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament. Although within the same printed bibles, it was usually to be found in a separate section under the heading of Apocrypha and sometimes carrying a statement to the effect that the such books were non-canonical but useful for reading. Protestant translations into Italian were made by Antonio Brucioli in 1530, by Massimo Teofilo in 1552 and by Giovanni Diodati in 1607. Diodati

517-772: The King James Version , followed by 19% for the New International Version , 7% for the New Revised Standard Version (printed in both Protestant and Catholic editions), 6% for the New American Bible (a Catholic Bible translation) and 5% for the Living Bible . Other versions were used by fewer than 10%. A 2015 report by the California-based Barna Group found that 39% of American readers of

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564-669: The National Association of State and Regional Bible Societies . The oldest Bible society in the United States is the Pennsylvania Bible Society , it was founded in 1808. The Bible society movement spread west as far as Chicago where the Chicago Bible Society was founded in 1840, making it only five years younger than the city itself. The United Bible Societies (UBS) is a worldwide association of Bible societies. As of September 2019

611-771: The Protestant Reformation , there was a marked increase in interest in the scriptures . Notwithstanding the oppositional attitude adopted by the Roman Catholic Church at and after the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the translation and circulation of the Bible were undertaken with greater zeal, and in a more systematic fashion. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England

658-554: The Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox churches differs among themselves as well), most early Protestant Bibles published the Apocrypha along with the Old Testament and New Testament. The German -language Luther Bible of 1534 did include the Apocrypha . However, unlike in previous Catholic Bibles which interspersed the deuterocanonical books throughout the Old Testament, Martin Luther placed

705-546: The Trinitarian Bible Society was founded in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI in his 1844 encyclical letter Inter praecipuas condemned both Bible societies and "the publication, dissemination, reading, and possession of vernacular translations of Sacred Scriptures" which did not abide by the general rules and decrees of the Catholic Church, and subsequently Catholics did not officially participate in

752-786: The Vulgate ; multiple copies of this text were created, not always accurately, in the famous writing schools at Tours . The first book printed in Europe was the Latin Bible, and Copinger estimates that 124 editions of the Vulgate had been issued by the end of the 15th century. The Italian Bible was printed a dozen times before 1500, and eighteen editions of the German Bible had already been published before Martin Luther 's version appeared. From medieval time and then again accompanying

799-643: The 1534 edition of his Bible translation into German. In the English language , the incomplete Tyndale Bible published in 1525, 1534, and 1536, contained the entire New Testament. Of the Old Testament, although William Tyndale translated around half of its books, only the Pentateuch and the Book of Jonah were published. Viewing the canon as comprising the Old and New Testaments only, Tyndale did not translate any of

846-582: The 1569 edition. In 1602 Cipriano de Valera , a student of de Reina, published a revision of the Bear Bible which was printed in Amsterdam in which the deuterocanonical books were placed in a section between the Old and New Testaments called the Apocrypha. This translation, subsequently revised, came to be known as the Reina-Valera Bible. The first Protestant translations of portions of

893-621: The 1599 and 1640 editions of the Geneva Bible were also printed without them. The Anglican King James VI and I , the sponsor of the Authorized King James Version (1611), threatened to fine and imprison anyone who omitted the Apocrypha. The Souldiers Pocket Bible , of 1643, draws verses largely from the Geneva Bible but only from either the Old or New Testaments. In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade

940-478: The Apocrypha are becoming more popular than they were and they may be printed as intertestamental books. Evangelicals vary among themselves in their attitude to and interest in the Apocrypha. Some view it as a useful historical and theological background to the events of the New Testament while others either have little interest in the Apocrypha or view it with hostility. However, all agree in the view that it

987-539: The Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament, setting a precedent for the placement of these books in Protestant Bibles. The books of the Apocrypha were not listed in the table of contents of Luther's 1532 Old Testament and, in accordance with Luther's view of the canon , they were given the title "Apocrypha: These Books Are Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read" in

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1034-537: The Apocrypha, resulting in a decision that no BFBS funds were to pay for printing any Apocryphal books anywhere. They reasoned that by not printing the secondary material of Apocrypha within the Bible, the scriptures would prove to be less costly to produce. The precise form of the resolution was: That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture, to

1081-540: The Apocrypha. However, the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible, the Coverdale Bible of 1535, did include the Apocrypha . Like Luther, Miles Coverdale placed the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. Other early Protestant Bibles such as the Matthew's Bible (1537), Great Bible (1539), Geneva Bible (published by Sir Rowland Hill in 1560), Bishop's Bible (1568), and

1128-564: The Bible into Welsh were made in the 16th century with the Gospels and Epistles being published in 1551. In 1567, the entirety of the New Testament along with the Psalms were published in Welsh, while William Morgan translated the first version of the whole Bible into Welsh from Greek and Hebrew in 1588. For the following three centuries, most English language Protestant Bibles, including

1175-531: The Clementine Vulgate commonly omit the Apocrypha section . Many re-printings of older versions of the Bible now omit the apocrypha and many newer translations and revisions have never included them at all. Sometimes the term "Protestant Bible" is used as a shorthand for a bible which only contains the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments. Although bibles with an Apocrypha section remain rare in protestant churches, more generally English Bibles with

1222-527: The Deuterocanon, along with other books, as part of the Apocrypha. Sometimes the term "Protestant Bible" is simply used as a shorthand for a bible which contains only the 66 books of the Old and New Testaments. It was in Luther's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section . Early modern English bibles also generally contained an Apocrypha section but in

1269-530: The Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament, the total number of books in the Protestant Bible becomes 80. Many modern Protestant Bibles print only the Old Testament and New Testament; there is a 400-year intertestamental period in the chronology of the Christian scriptures between the Old and New Testaments. This period is also known as the "400 Silent Years" because it is believed to have been

1316-423: The Protestant Bible canon was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Following the Protestant Reformation , Protestants Confessions have usually excluded the books which other Christian traditions consider to be deuterocanonical books from the biblical canon (the canon of

1363-632: The Protestant canon and ordering while some offer multiple versions (Protestant, Catholic , Eastern Orthodox) with different canon and ordering. For example, the version of the English Standard Version (ESV) with Apocrypha has been approved as a Catholic bible. Most Reformation-era translations of the New Testament are based on the Textus Receptus while many translations of the New Testament produced since 1900 rely upon

1410-545: The Society. The British and Foreign Bible Society extended its work to England, India, Europe and beyond. Auxiliary branches were set up all over the world which later became Bible societies in their own right. Today the United Bible Societies co-ordinates the work of these separate Bible societies. Each Bible society is a non-denominational Christian network which works to translate, revise, print, and distribute affordable Bibles in their own land, according to

1457-480: The UBS has 148 member or associated Bible societies, working in more than 200 countries and territories. They include: Attribution: Extant literature Ancient literature comprises religious and scientific documents, tales, poetry and plays, royal edicts and declarations, and other forms of writing that were recorded on a variety of media, including stone, clay tablets, papyri, palm leaves, and metal. Before

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1504-478: The demands of all the churches in that land. Nowadays Bible societies print Bibles according to the canons of the countries they are in e.g. Protestant , Catholic or Orthodox , and inter-confessional versions. Bible societies work with other Christian agencies and Bible translations are done on an ecumenical basis, through the Forum of Bible Agencies International. In the United States, Bible societies flourished in

1551-503: The eclectic and critical Alexandrian text-type . Notable English translations include: NT : United Bible Societies' The Greek New Testament (3rd ed. corrected). 81% correspondence to Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece 27th edition. A 2014 study into the Bible in American Life found that of those survey respondents who read the Bible, there was an overwhelming favouring of Protestant translations. 55% reported using

1598-543: The exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal Similarly, in 1827, the American Bible Society determined that no bibles issued from their depository should contain the Apocrypha. Since the 19th century changes, many modern editions of the Bible and re-printings of the King James Version of the Bible that are used especially by non-Anglican Protestants omit the Apocrypha section. Additionally, modern non-Catholic re-printings of

1645-577: The first half of the 19th century. In addition to the American Bible Society and the International Bible Society (now "Biblica"), a number of state and regional Bible societies were established prior to the American Civil War and to this day, they have remained active, they distribute Bibles and other works of religious literature to prisons, hospitals and shelters. Most of these regional societies are affiliated with

1692-718: The first versions of the Bible in Tamil and Telugu, made by the Danish Lutheran missionaries whom it then supported in south India. The earliest New Testament published in 1767, and Old Testament 1801 in Scots Gaelic were published by the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge (SSPCK) founded in 1709. In 1710, the Canstein Bible Institute for the mass production of affordable Bibles

1739-484: The foundation of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1804 when a group of Christians sought to address the problem of a lack of affordable Bibles in Welsh for Welsh-speaking Christians. Although perceived as Protestant, from the early days the British and Foreign Bible Society was officially ecumenical, and allowed inclusion of the Apocrypha . As a reaction to the occasional inclusion of these books and other issues,

1786-631: The late 14th century in the vernacular Middle English . Wycliffe's writings greatly influenced the philosophy and teaching of the Czech proto-Reformer Jan Hus ( c. 1369–1415). The Hussite Bible was translated into Hungarian by two Hussite priests, Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki , who studied in Prague and were influenced by Jan Hus. They started writing the Hussite Bible after they returned to Hungary and finalized it around 1416. However,

1833-629: The reading of the Apocrypha in churches and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound. Similarly, in 1782–83 when the first English Bible was printed in America, it did not contain the Apocrypha and, more generally, English Bibles came increasingly to omit the Apocrypha. In 1826, the National Bible Society of Scotland petitioned the British and Foreign Bible Society not to print

1880-436: The spread of writing, oral literature did not always survive well, but some texts and fragments have persisted. One can conclude that an unknown number of written works too have likely not survived the ravages of time and are therefore lost. Early Bronze Age : 3rd millennium BC (approximate dates shown). The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC (classical Sumerian ). The earliest literary author known by name

1927-592: The translation was suppressed by the Catholic Inquisition . It was not until the 16th century that translated Bibles became widely available. The full New Testament was translated into Hungarian by János Sylvester in 1541. In 1590 a Calvinist minister, Gáspár Károli , produced the first printed complete Bible in Hungarian , the Vizsoly Bible . One of the central events in the development of

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1974-474: The years following the first publication of the King James Bible in 1611, printed English bibles increasingly omitted the Apocrypha. However, Lutheran and Anglican churches have still included the Apocrypha in their lectionaries . The practice of including only the Old and New Testament books within printed bibles was standardized among many English-speaking Protestants following a 1825 decision by

2021-417: Was a Calvinist theologian and he was the first translator of the Bible into Italian from Hebrew and Greek sources. Diodati's version is the reference version for Italian Protestantism. This edition was revised in 1641, 1712, 1744, 1819 and 1821. A revised edition in modern Italian, Nuova Diodati , was published in 1991. Several translations of Luther's Bible were made into Dutch. The first complete Dutch Bible

2068-548: Was completed in 1635 and authorized by the States-General in 1637. From that year until 1657, a half-million copies were printed. It remained authoritative in Dutch Protestant churches well into the 20th century. Protestant translations into Spanish began with the work of Casiodoro de Reina , a former Catholic monk, who became a Lutheran theologian. With the help of several collaborators, de Reina produced

2115-475: Was founded in Halle , Brandenburg-Prussia , by Karl Hildebrand, Count of Canstein . The first organisation called "The Bible Society" was formed in 1779 to distribute Bibles to soldiers and seamen, which became the Naval and Military Bible Society in 1804. The French Bible Society, instituted in 1792, came to an end in 1803, owing to the Napoleonic Revolution. Leftover funds were given to Bible production in Welsh. The modern Bible society movement dates back to

2162-411: Was incorporated by an ordinance of parliament in 1649, and reincorporated in 1661, after the Restoration . The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) was founded 1698. It published the King James Version of the English Bible, and translated and published editions of the Bible in other British languages such as Welsh and Manx. Early in the 18th century it printed editions in Arabic, and promoted

2209-451: Was printed in Antwerp in 1526 by Jacob van Liesvelt . However, the translations of Luther's Bible had Lutheran influences in their interpretation. At the Calvinistic Synod of Dort in 1618/19, it was therefore deemed necessary to have a new translation accurately based on the original languages. The synod requested the States-General of the Netherlands to commission it. The result was the Statenvertaling or States Translation which

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