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41-458: The Biblioteca Colombina is situated on the east side of the Patio de los Naranjos. It was enriched by a bequest from Fernando Colón . The library contains incunabula and rare works on the discovery of America. It contains manuscripts written by Christopher Columbus himself. As an adult, Fernando was known as a scholar. He had a generous income from his father's New World demesne , and used

82-512: A couple months and then returned to Spain to continue the lawsuits on behalf of the family. As an adult, Columbus was known as a scholar. He had a generous income from his father's New World demesne and used a sizeable fraction of it to buy books. Columbus travelled extensively around Europe to gather books, eventually amassing a personal library of over 15,000 volumes. This library was patronized by educated people in Spain and elsewhere, including

123-522: A fourth voyage and redeem his reputation, he worked with Fernando and the Carthusian monk Gaspar Goricio to assemble a manuscript called the Book of Prophecies ( Libro de las profecias ). It was an eclectic collection of biblical texts, quotes from ancient authorities and commentaries designed to show that Columbus's work was part of God's design to spread Christianity and recapture Jerusalem. Fernando had

164-533: A great influence for more than a century, both in Spain and in the expanding Spanish Empire. Nebrija was baptized Antonio Martínez de Cala . In typical Renaissance humanist fashion, he Latinized his name as Aelius Antonius Nebrissensis (or Elio Antonio de Nebrija in Spanish) by taking Aelius from the Roman inscriptions of his native Lebrija, known in Roman times as Nebrissa Veneria . He

205-528: A hand in development of the text, but the extent of his contributions has been widely debated. By 1502, Columbus won approval from the Crown for a fourth voyage with the goal of finding a western route to the Indian Ocean. Fernando, at age thirteen, accompanied his father when the small fleet of four ships left Cadiz on 9 May 1502. Fernando's role on this voyage is not known, but he retained his position as

246-560: A royal page and received a daily allowance of 164 maravedís —an extravagant sum for a nine-year-old page. This fourth and final voyage turned out to be the most dangerous and difficult. While exploring the Central American coast from Honduras to Panama, they were beset by storms, disease, mutiny, and battles with hostile natives. After losing one ship, they attempted to return to Hispaniola for much needed repairs but another storm marooned them on Jamaica where they waited for nearly

287-533: A sign of their father's standing at court. Even though Ferdinand had only a minor role in a retinue of more than 200 persons, he did benefit from the education that was provided for the prince and his court. He received training in theology, Latin and Spanish grammar, history, philosophy, and music. Instruction was provided by notable humanists and theologians including Antonio de Nebrija and Peter Martyr d'Anghiera . Ferdinand excelled in his studies and may have become something like an apprentice to Peter Martyr. After

328-451: A sizable fraction of it to buy books, eventually amassing a personal library of over 15,000 volumes. This library was patronized by educated people in Spain and elsewhere, including the Dutch philosopher Erasmus . Apart from its size, the library was unique in several ways. First, Fernando personally noted each and every book that he or his associates acquired by listing the date of purchase,

369-670: A year before being rescued and brought to Hispaniola in August 1504. Fernando and his father embarked for Spain in September 1504. When they reached Seville in November 1504, Fernando remained to care for his father who was very ill. The expedition had been a failure, and later that month they received word that Isabella had died. It was a blow for both father and son because the queen had been their most important patron. In May 1505, Columbus died. Contrary to popular legend, Fernando's father

410-548: Is accessible for consultation by scholars, students, and bibliophiles alike. The Libro de los Epítomes or book of summaries of Columbus' collection was found and identified in the Arnamagnæan Collection at the University of Copenhagen in 2013. In 2019, a 500 year old catalog belonging to Ferdinand Columbus was discovered by Guy Lazure, Professor of History at the University of Windsor. Columbus held

451-638: The Diccionario latino-español ( Latin-Spanish Dictionary ). It was not the first Latin-Spanish dictionary ( Alfonso de Palencia published one in 1490) but it would become hugely influential, in part because a few years later he reversed the order and published his Vocabulario español-latino ( Spanish-Latin Vocabulary ) in 1495. For the next century, the Spanish-Latin vocabulary continued to evolve with new words and translations. It also served as

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492-724: The Royal College of Spain in Bologna . Little is known about his studies in Italy except that he was inspired by the works of the Italian humanists, especially Lorenzo Valla . After ten years in Italy Nebrija returned to Spain armed with the new concepts of Renaissance humanism. Once back in Spain, Nebrija served Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa , archbishop of Seville, for three years. When Fonseca died in 1473, Nebrija returned to

533-610: The Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand ). In the first paragraph of page 3 of Keen's translation, Columbus dismissed the fanciful story that his father descended from the Colonus mentioned by Tacitus . However, he refers to "those two illustrious Coloni, his relatives". According to Note 1, on page 287, the two "were corsairs not related to each other or to Christopher Columbus, one being Guillame de Casenove, nicknamed Colombo, Admiral of France in

574-633: The Atlantic to the Indies. Meanwhile, Fernando and his brother Diego were raised by Beatriz and her family in Cordoba for the next few years. When Columbus returned from his first voyage in 1493, he instantly won fame and honors. In March 1494, Ferdinand and his brother were presented at court in Valladolid where they were appointed to serve as pages in the retinue of Prince Juan , a significant honor and

615-487: The Dutch philosopher Erasmus . The impressively large library was unique in several ways. Ferdinand Columbus inherited his father's personal library. What remains of these volumes contains much valuable information on Christopher Columbus, his interests, and his explorations. Provisions were made in Ferdinand Columbus's will to ensure that the library would be maintained after his death, specifically that

656-459: The Genoese origin of his father. Columbus's manuscript was eventually inherited by his playboy nephew, Luis , who was always short of money and sold the manuscript to Baliano de Fornari, "a wealthy and public-spirited Genoese physician". On page xv, Keen wrote, "In the depth of winter the aged Fornari set out for Venice, the publishing center of Italy, to supervise the translation and publication of

697-600: The Inquisition as well as poor storage conditions. During this time of disputed ownership, the library's size was reduced to about 7,000 titles. This gradually was reduced to fewer than 4,000 books, around a quarter of the initial library. However, what remains of Ferdinand Columbus's library continues to be maintained at the Seville Cathedral. Today, a part of the Biblioteca Colombina , it

738-509: The University of Salamanca as a lecturer. In 1476 he was appointed First Chair of Grammar and in 1481 he published his first work, the Introductiones latinae ( Introduction to Latin ), a textbook on Latin grammar and literature. The first printing of 1,000 copies quickly sold out and was reprinted dozens of times in his lifetime. He married Isabel Montesino de Solís in 1487 and eventually fathered seven children. When Juan de Zúñiga ,

779-520: The agreements with the crown that granted to Columbus and his descendants extensive rights and privileges in the New World. Diego would be the primary beneficiary, but Fernando felt it was a matter of family honor and loyalty. The first series of lawsuits and petitions (known as the pleitos colombinos began in 1508 and lasted until 1536. In July 1509 Fernando accompanied Diego to Hispaniola when his brother had been named governor. Fernando remained only

820-488: The basis for other authors developing non-Latin translating dictionaries including Spanish-Arabic (1505), Spanish- Nahuatl (1547) and Spanish- Tagalog (1613). After publishing his dictionaries Nebrija turned his attention to biblical scholarship. He wanted to improve the text and interpretation of the Bible by using the same critical analysis that Italian humanists had applied to classical literature. Around 1504 he fell under

861-406: The book". On page xxiv, the 25 April 1571 dedication by Giuseppe Moleto states: Your Lordship [Fornari], then, being an honorable and generous gentleman, desiring to make immortal the memory of this great man, heedless of your Lordship's seventy years, of the season of the year, and of the length of the journey, came from Genoa to Venice with the aim of publishing the aforementioned book ... that

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902-614: The collection itself has long gone, presumably dispersed at an early date. This manuscript catalogue was published by Mark P. McDonald in 2004, with a single volume monograph the next year (see References). Columbus wrote a biography of his father in Spanish that was translated into Italian , Historie del S. D. Fernando Colombo; nelle quali s'ha particolare, & vera relatione della vita, & de fatti dell'Ammiraglio D. Cristoforo Colombo, suo padre: Et dello scoprimento ch'egli fece dell'Indie Occidentali, dette Mondo Nuovo ( The life of

943-546: The collection would not be sold and that more books would be purchased. However, his nephew who inherited the collection took no interest in it and left it abandoned for five years in Maria de Toledo. Even once the collection was transferred from Maria de Toledo, first to San Pablo and then to the Seville Cathedral (Ferdinand's second choice for inheritance of the books), the collection fell victim to destruction during

984-747: The editorial committee assembled by Jiménez to prepare the Complutensian Polyglot Bible . He clashed with the more conservative editors, who resisted his humanist approach to translating the Bible. Jiménez supported the conservative viewpoint and Nebrija's input was largely ignored when the finished work was published in 1517. Nebrija wrote or translated a large number of other works on a variety of subjects, including theology, law, archaeology, pedagogy, and commentaries on Sedulius and Persius . Nebrija died on 5 July 1522 in Alcalá de Henares , Spain. His possible grandson Antonio de Lebrija

1025-481: The exploits of this eminent man, the true glory of Italy and especially of your Lordship's native city, might be made known. Fernando Colón died at Seville on 12 July 1539 and is buried in the Cathedral of Seville . Antonio de Nebrija Antonio de Nebrija (1444 – 5 July 1522) was the most influential Spanish humanist of his era. He wrote poetry, commented on literary works, and encouraged

1066-472: The largest collection in sixteenth-century Europe, and the 2,000-page bibliography has no title page or identifying information, marking it virtually impossible to identify. Ferdinand Columbus was also a large-scale collector of old master prints and popular prints . More remarkable than the size of his collection, though at some 3,200 prints it is large, is the catalogue with meticulous descriptions that he had his secretaries make. This survives, although

1107-427: The location and how much was paid. Secondly, he sought to take advantage of a recent technological development by devoting the bulk of his purchases to printed books instead of manuscripts. As a result, the library acquired a sizable number (currently 1,194 titles) of incunabula , books printed between 1453 and 1500. Third, he employed full-time librarians who, as the scholar Klaus Wagner noted, were required to live on

1148-643: The master of the Order of Alcántara , offered him patronage, Nebrija quit the university in Salamanca and moved to Badajoz , where he lived for the next twelve years. After the success of his Latin textbook, Nebrija's literary scholarship turned to focus on Castilian rather than classical languages. In 1492 he published Gramática de la lengua castellana ( Grammar of the Castilian Language ), which he dedicated to Queen Isabella I of Castile . His book

1189-653: The ownership of the library was contested for several decades after Fernando's death until it passed into the hands of the Cathedral in Seville , Spain. During this time of disputed ownership, the size of the library was reduced to about 7,000 titles. However the library, renamed the Biblioteca Colombina, has been well maintained by the Cathedral and today it is accessible for consultation by scholars, students and bibliophiles alike. The Biblioteca Capitular

1230-490: The premise in order to ensure that their top priority would be the library itself. After his father's death, Fernando inherited Columbus' personal library, and what remains of these volumes contains much valuable information on Columbus, his interests, and his explorations. Provisions were made in his will to ensure that the library would be maintained after his death, specifically that the collection would not be sold and that more books would be purchased. Despite this precaution,

1271-481: The reign of Louis XI ". At the top of page 4, Columbus listed Nervi, Cugureo, Bugiasco, Savona, Genoa and Piacenza (all inside the former Republic of Genoa ) as possible places of origin. He also stated: Colombo... was really the name of his ancestors. But he changed it in order to make it conform to the language of the country in which he came to reside and raise a new estate. The publication of Historie has been used by historians as providing indirect evidence about

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1312-509: The second son of Christopher Columbus . His mother was Beatriz Enriquez de Arana , whom his father never married. Ferdinand Columbus was born in Córdoba, Spain on 15 August 1488, the son of Christopher Columbus and Beatriz Enríquez de Arana . He had one brother, Diego Columbus , from his father's earlier marriage. Ferdinand's parents never married, possibly because the Arana family lacked

1353-482: The social standing that was important to Columbus's ambitions. Fernando's illegitimacy was never an impediment to his advancement. His father legally recognized him and contemporary social norms were tolerant of children born out of wedlock. When Ferdinand was born, Columbus was not yet the famous explorer, spending much of his time at the royal court of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile where he hoped to gain their support for his proposed voyage across

1394-598: The study of classical languages and literature, but his most important contributions were in the fields of grammar and lexicography . Nebrija was the author of the Spanish Grammar ( Gramática de la lengua castellana , 1492) and the first dictionary of the Spanish language (1495). His grammar is the first published grammar study of any modern European language . His chief works were published and republished many times during and after his life and his scholarship had

1435-489: The suspicion of Diego de Deza , the Grand Inquisitor of Spain, who confiscated and destroyed his work. In 1507 Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros succeeded Deza as inquisitor general. Cisneros allowed Nebrija to resume his biblical studies and he eventually published a series of works that used the techniques of humanist scholarship to address problems of biblical translation and interpretation. Nebrija served briefly on

1476-546: The year before the Battle of Olmedo in 1445, putting his birthday in 1444 but elsewhere he makes other references that would contradict this date. Traditionally, 1444 has been accepted as his year of birth. At age fourteen, Nebrija enrolled at the University of Salamanca , where he studied mathematics, philosophy, law and theology. These latter topics earned him a scholarship from the bishopric of Seville to study theology at

1517-408: The young prince died unexpectedly in 1497, Ferdinand became a page for Queen Isabella, enabling him to continue with his education. In 1500, Fernando's father returned from his third voyage, under arrest for mismanagement of the colony at Hispaniola. The Crown called it a misunderstanding and ordered his immediate release but it was clear that his standing at court was at a low point. Anxious to lead

1558-454: Was also known as Antonio de Lebrija , Antonius Nebrissensis , and Antonio de Lebrixa . Nebrija was born into an hidalgo family in Nebrixa, a town now called Lebrija in the province of Seville. His parents were Juan Martínez de Cala and Catalina de Xarana. He was the second of five children. There is some uncertainty about his date of birth. Nebrija wrote that he was born

1599-428: Was founded after Seville was conquered in 1248 by Fernando III of Castile . Alfonso donated part of his personal library to the cathedral; this was the start of this library. Fernando Col%C3%B3n Ferdinand Columbus ( Spanish : Fernando or Hernando Colón ; Portuguese : Fernando Colombo ; Italian : Fernando Colombo ; 15 August 1488 – 12 July 1539) was a Spanish bibliographer and cosmographer,

1640-401: Was not a pauper when he died but a wealthy man. The brothers inherited a sizable estate and Diego, as the first-born son, received his father's titles and privileges. However, the extent and value of these honors was very much in doubt and would require years of litigation. Ferdinand did not return to court after his father's death. Instead he focused his efforts on the legal battles to enforce

1681-526: Was one of the first to codify a European vernacular language, and it ultimately had considerable political and scholarly influence. Nebrija recognized that language played a crucial role in governance of the state. In his dedication he wrote to Isabella that language was "the instrument of empire" and suggested that his grammar would prove useful as the Catholic monarchs conquered peoples who spoke languages other than Castilian. In 1492 Nebrija also published

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