141-561: Bidar ( Kannada: [biːd̪əɾ] ) is a city and headquarters of the Bidar district in Karnataka state of India. Bidar is a prominent place on the archaeological map of India, it is well known for architectural, historical religious and rich heritage sites. Picturesquely perched on the Deccan plateau , the Bidar fort is more than 500 years old and still standing strong. According to
282-629: A Jat lady of the Punjab. However this lacks confirmation by contemporary authorities. Peter Jackson suggested that Tughlaq was of Mongol stock and a follower of the Mongol chief Alaghu. The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta states with reference to the Sufi saint Rukn-e-Alam that Tughluq belonged to the " Qarauna " [Neguderi] tribe of Turks, who lived in the hilly region between Turkestan and Sindh , and were in fact Mongols. The Khalji dynasty ruled
423-501: A library of around 3,000 valuable manuscripts, was severely damaged when gunpowder stored inside the rooms went off during a 27-day siege of the city by Mughal king Aurangazeb in 1656. The Mahmud Gawan Madrasa is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India . Bidar Fort is considered one of the most formidable forts of the country. Bidar city was distinctly planned and built. The main citadel complex housed
564-616: A rift is produced. The rift gradually dilates into a ravine , and the ravine expands into a vale . The Karez System is built along a geological fracture . Such fractures are formed at the intersection of laterite and basalt rocks and form lineaments or springs that yield water. Bidar soils are deep (>100 cm), well-drained gravelly red clayey soils developed on plateaus of laterites. They are slightly acid to neutral ( pH 6.6) in reaction with low cation exchange capacity . They are highly gravelly soils with gravel content (60 to 10%) that decrease with depth. The winter season
705-510: A 20:80 ratio. (Firuz Shah changed this to 80:20 ratio.) The na'ib had the right to keep soldiers and officials to help extract taxes. After contracting with Sultan, the na'ib would enter into subcontracts with Muslim amirs and army commanders, each granted the right over certain villages to force collect or seize produce and property from dhimmis . This system of tax extraction from peasants and sharing among Muslim nobility led to rampant corruption, arrests, execution and rebellion. For example, in
846-466: A bed of trap, which is of much harder texture and less pervious to water. The volume of water filtered during the monsoons through the laterite stratum is arrested by the trappean bed, and a nursery of springs is formed whose natural level of effluence is the line of contact of the two strata along the base of the cliffs of the plateau. The water in course of time frets out for itself an orifice and macerates and loosens portions of its rocky channel till
987-411: A cavalry of over 300,000 horses were gathered near Delhi, for a year at state treasury's expense, while spies claiming to be from Khurasan collected rewards for information on how to attack and subdue these lands. However, before he could begin the attack on Persian lands in the second year of preparations, the plunder he had collected from Indian subcontinent had emptied, provinces were too poor to support
1128-474: A city facing water scarcity . Additionally, in 2016, during a sewage line excavation, a seventh line of the system was uncovered. Bidar is located at 17°54′N 77°30′E / 17.9°N 77.5°E / 17.9; 77.5 , lies at a central position in Deccan, a plateau at an elevation of 2300 ft from the sea level. It has common boundaries with Maharashtra and Telangana which is, with
1269-472: A collapsed economy, and nearly a decade long famine followed that killed numerous people in the countryside. The historian Walford chronicled Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule, in the years after the base metal coin experiment. Tughlaq introduced token coinage of brass and copper to augment the silver coinage which only led to increasing ease of forgery and loss to
1410-587: A decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses. Ziauddin Barni, a historian in Muhammad bin Tughlaq's court, wrote that the houses of Hindus became a coin mint and people in Hindustan provinces produced fake copper coins worth crores to pay the tribute, taxes and jizya imposed on them. The economic experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq resulted in
1551-715: A direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate. The Vijayanagara Empire liberated southern India from the Delhi Sultanate. In 1336 Kapaya Nayak of the Musunuri Nayak defeated the Tughlaq army and reconquered Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate. In 1338 his own nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught and flayed alive. By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have
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#17327657394691692-563: A robust and sustainable tourist industry.″ This grandiose madrasa was built by the prime-minister of the Bahmani empire, Mahmud Gawan in the late 15th century. Its only the most imposing building of the Bahmani period, but in its plan and in the general style of its architecture it is a unique monument of its kind in India. The Madrasa, a multi-disciplinary university he set up, which had
1833-540: A second Sultan, Nasir-al-din Nusrat Shah in Firozabad , few kilometers from the first Sultan seat of power in late 1394. The two Sultans claimed to be rightful ruler of South Asia, each with a small army, controlled by a coterie of Muslim nobility. Battles occurred every month, duplicity and switching of sides by amirs became commonplace, and the civil war between the two Sultan factions continued through 1398, till
1974-581: A series of palace arrests and assassinations followed, with Khusro Khan coming to power in June 1320, after killing the licentious son of Alauddin Khalji, Mubarak Khalji, initiating a massacre of all members of the Khalji family and reverting from Islam. However, he lacked the support of the Muslim nobles and aristocrats of the Delhi Sultanate. Delhi's aristocracy invited Ghazi Malik, then the governor in Punjab under
2115-544: A significant role in social reformation based on equality. Bidar district is well known for its different religions, castes and cultures due to its historical developments through the ages. The first Rashtrakuta capital was Mayurkhandi (Morkhandi) in the present day Bidar district. The regal capital was later moved to Manyakheta (Malkhed) in the present day Kalaburagi district by Amoghavarsha I . Kalyani (today called Basavakalyan , after Basaveshwara ) in Bidar district
2256-640: A small and strong fort is also traced to prince Ulugh Khan in 1322, whereafter it came under the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty . With the establishment of the Bahmanid dynasty (1347), Bidar was occupied by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah Bahmani. During the rule of Ahmad Shah I (1422–1486), Bidar was made the capital city of Bahmani Kingdom . The old fort was rebuilt and madrasas , mosques , palaces, and gardens were raised. Mahmud Gawan , who became
2397-552: A welcoming gift of 2,000 silver dinars, a furnished house and the job of a judge with an annual salary of 5,000 silver dinars that Ibn Battuta had the right to keep by collecting taxes from two and a half Hindu villages near Delhi. In his memoirs about the Tughlaq dynasty, Ibn Batutta recorded the history of Qutb complex which included Quwat al-Islam Mosque and the Qutb Minar . He noted the seven-year famine from 1335, which killed thousands upon thousands of people near Delhi, while
2538-432: A wooden structure ( kushk ) built without foundation and designed to collapse, making it appear as an accident. Historic documents state that the Sufi preacher and Jauna Khan had learnt through messengers that Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq had resolved to remove them from Delhi upon his return. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, along with Mahmud Khan, died inside the collapsed kushk in 1325, while his eldest son watched. One official historian of
2679-455: Is a military airbase cum Domestic Airport in Bidar, Karnataka , India . The city is home to an air force station . Star Air operates 3 days a week flight between Bidar (IXX) and Bangalore (BLR). Frequent KSRTC buses to Kalaburgi (Gulbarga), Hyderabad, Latur, Udgir, Nanded, Solapur. Also Volvo services to Bengaluru, Hubli, Belgavi, Davangere, Mumbai, Mangalore and Pune. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which
2820-698: Is a part of Saidapur Reserve forest. Situated at an altitude of 600–700 meters, the MPCA is spread over about 150 hectares (370 acres). The terrain is undulating and the vegetation is the dry deciduous scrub type. It is the northernmost member of the Medicinal Plants Conservation Network established by the Karnataka forest department and the Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT) jointly. The uniqueness of
2961-399: Is an underground network of aqueducts for water supply. The Bidar Karez, built in the 15th century, is more than 3 km (1.9 mi) long with 21 air vents. Underground canals, built to connect underground water streams, were meant to provide drinking water to civilian settlements and the garrison inside the Bidar fort. This was necessary in a city where the soil was rocky and drilling wells
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#17327657394693102-408: Is credited with patronizing Indo-Islamic architecture, including the installation of lats (ancient Hindu and Buddhist pillars) near mosques. The irrigation canals continued to be in use through the 19th century. After Feroz died in 1388, the Tughlaq dynasty's power continued to fade, and no more able leaders came to the throne. Firoz Shah Tughlaq's death created anarchy and disintegration of kingdom. In
3243-451: Is flat, gently sloping forming broad valleys and flat topped hills. Flat topped hills with step-like sides exhibit the terraced landscape. The southern half of the district is a high plateau about 715 m (2,346 ft) above mean sea level and are well drained. Laterite is a peculiar type of residual porous clayey rock, full of worm-like tubes mainly made up of hydrated oxides of iron and alumina , formed as end product of weathering of
3384-469: Is found in the plains of Bidar District. The existing natural water holes have to be developed by desilting. Herds of spotted deer and peafowl are found in Kamathana, Chitta, Shahapur and Godepalli forest areas. Poaching of deer in these areas is common. Hence, protection needs to be ensured. Creation of a wildlife sanctuary may be contemplated in the future when the number of wildlife increases. Some of
3525-461: Is from November to middle of February. Bidar is one of the coldest cities (by southern standards) in Karnataka as the minimum temperature during winter nights regularly hovers around 11-12 during December, which is the coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 27.3 C and mean daily minimum of 13.4 C. From the middle of the February, both day and night temperatures begin to rise rapidly. May
3666-445: Is home for the second biggest Indian Air Force training centre in the country. The IAF Station Bidar is used for advanced jet training of prospective fighter pilots on BAe Hawk aircraft. Bidar city is known for its Bidri handicraft products, and its rich history. Bidar is also considered one of the holiest place for Sikh pilgrimage. Unlike other places in the region, Bidar is the coldest and wettest place in north Karnataka. For
3807-477: Is in a state of decline. Increasing prices of materials, especially silver, and declining sales have meant that many of the hereditary artisans are no longer employed in the production of such ware. Bidar city has a large industrial area known as Kolhar industrial area. Bidar is symbolically described as City of Whispering Monuments . The mountaintop city that served as the capital of medieval Deccan, has 98 monuments of which four national monuments are protected by
3948-541: Is in the public domain . Bidar district Bidar district is the northernmost part of the Karnataka state in India . The administrative headquarters of district is Bidar city . Geographically, it resembles the "Crown of the State", occupying its northeastern end. It is bounded by Kamareddy and Sangareddy districts of Telangana state on the eastern side, Latur and Osmanabad districts of Maharashtra state on
4089-701: Is normally found along the banks of the Manjra river and its main tributaries. The district is entirely covered by the Deccan trap flows of the tertiary period. The Deccan trap is composed of horizontal flows of basaltic lava . They generally form flat-topped hillocks and terrace-like features. The physical characteristics of individual flows show considerable variations. Some flows are hard and massive while others are weathered, soft and friable. This character has resulted in terraced landscape, suddenly ending in escarpments . The traps are seen generally 618 metres (2,028 ft) above mean sea level. These are jointed and show
4230-412: Is not essential. The laterite must everywhere be pierced nearly to the subjacent trap to reach the perennial springs, so that the wells in the vicinity of the edges of the tableland ( maidan ) are of extraordinary depth. The stream-fed valleys and the tracts of mixed soil in the lowlands bear prodigally fruits and grains, sugarcanes and vines, and every variety of vegetable produce. The minerals found in
4371-615: Is official and the most spoken language in the district. Marathi is spoken in villages and towns bordered with Maharashtra . Urdu and Hindi are spoken mainly in urban areas. Telugu is spoken by Telugu people who live in the areas of the district bordering Telangana . Lambadi is spoken by Banjara people. A locally less-known but globally renowned sandalwood carving at Bakchawadi village in the district produces woodworks of Buddha heads, handicraft items and prayer beads carved in red sandalwood to many countries in Europe and Asia. In 2006
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4512-480: Is perennial river flows over a distance of 155 km (96 mi) in the central part of the district and flows in eastern direction with a meandering course. The Karanja river flows in northwestern direction for 74 km (46 mi) with Karanja reservoir being major water source. The river Mullamari takes its origin near Matala village of Basavakalyan taluk flows from west to east for a length of 38 km (24 mi) and then flows into Kalaburgi district and joins
4653-452: Is preset there having old armor, old sculptures. including many of the ancient stones, Apart from the fort Bidar houses several historical structures consisting of a couple of tomb complexes, a madrasa, a tower and a few gateways along with the fortification wall topped with battlements. Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Saheb is known to be one of Holiest Place For Sikh Devotees in India and is believed that first Sikh Guru Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji visited
4794-626: Is subjected. Ground cover is scanty and seedlings regeneration is practically absent. Grazing incidence is heavy. This type of forest is found in Changlair, Karpakpalli and Karakanalli forests. Acacia catechu , Acacia leucophloea , Wrightia tinctoria , Zizyphus xylopyrus , Cassia fistula , Annona species, Azadirachta indica , Butea monosperma , Chloroxylon switenia , Albizzia amara , etc. are widely seen in Ladwanthi, Kohinoor, Algood and Manhalli forests Basavakalyan range. Out of
4935-646: Is the Union government's choice for souvenirs at the World Economic Forum in Davos . The Kingfisher company owner Vijay Mallya has a bidri dining table with floral designs made of nearly 3.5 kg silver. Bidar has connectivity with Bangalore , Hyderabad , Sainagar Shirdi , Parbhani Jn, Aurangabad , Latur , Nanded , Manmad , Mumbai , Visakhapatnam , Machilipatnam , Vijayawada and Renigunta (according to railway budget 2014–15) Construction of
5076-436: Is the coldest with average daily minimum of 16.4 °C, The highest temperature recorded at Bidar was 43.3 °C on 8 May 1931, and the lowest 3.9 °C on 5 January 1901. The average annual precipitation at Bidar is 847 mm (33.3 in), with most of the rainfall received during the monsoon season. The variation in rainfall from year to year is large and the district is prone to drought. The important rivers in
5217-414: Is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 38.8 C and mean daily minimum of 25.9 C. With the withdrawal of southwest monsoon in the first week of October, there is slight increase in day temperature but night temperature decreases steadily. After October, both day and night temperatures decreases progressively. The highest maximum temperature recorded at Bidar was on 8-5-1931(43.3-degree C) and
5358-461: Is usually considered to be of Turko-Mongol or Turkic origins. Tughlaq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a royal Sassanian genealogy for the dynasty from the line of Bahram Gur , which seems to be the official position of the genealogy of the Sultan, although this can be dismissed as flattery. Ferishta states that Tughluq's father was a Turco-Mongol slave of Balban and his mother
5499-516: The 2011 census Bidar district has a population of 1,703,300, roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia or the US state of Nebraska . This gives it a ranking of 287th in India (out of a total of 640 ). Bidar district accounts for 2.84% of total area of the state and it is the home of 2.78% of the total population in the state. The district has a population density of 312 inhabitants per square kilometre (810/sq mi). Its population growth rate over
5640-635: The Archaeological Survey of India and 14 by the State Archaeology Department, Karnataka. Bidar earned a place on the World Monument Watchlist 2014. Of the 741 proposals received from 166 countries, 67 sites from 41 countries were finally selected which were announced by WMF president Bonnie Burnham in New York on 8 October 2013. Along with "the historic city of Bidar", two other sites in India to figure in
5781-461: The Deccan Traps ( Cretaceous Eocene ). The most remarkable character of these traps is their perfectly horizontal disposition. The traps weather with a characteristic spheroidal weathering and the trap area is strewn with numerous dark-coloured boulders of all shapes and sizes. The soils covering this region are black to deep brown in colour which are rich in humus and form some of
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5922-608: The Harivamsa , Bhagavata , and a few other Puranas . Its association can be seen apparently on account of the similarity in names Bidar and Vidarbha . This has been mentioned in Firishta's writings. The traditional tales reveal that Vidura lived here; hence the place was earlier called Viduranagara and also as the place where Nala and Damayanti (Daughter of Raja Bhima , the King of Vidharba) were meeting. Bidar under
6063-1060: The Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of Telangana ). His first attempt was a failure. Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again. This time Jauna Khan succeeded. Arangal fell, was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to Delhi Sultanate. The Muslim aristocracy in Lakhnauti (Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking Shamsuddin Firoz Shah , which he did over 1324–1325, after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign. As he and his favourite son Mahmud Khan were returning from Lukhnauti to Delhi, Jauna Khan schemed to kill him inside
6204-521: The Indian subcontinent for this brief period. The etymology of the word Tughlaq is not certain. The 16th-century writer Firishta claims that it is an Indian corruption of the Turkic term Qutlugh , but this is doubtful. Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughlaq was not an ancestral designation, but the personal name of the dynasty's founder Ghazi Malik . Historians use
6345-648: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Bidar one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 ). It is one of the five districts in Karnataka currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme . Agriculture is the main occupation in rural parts of the district. Greengram, bengalgram, blackgram, paddy, groundnut, wheat, redgram, sugarcane and chillies are other agricultural crops. Tughlaq dynasty The Tughlaq dynasty (also known as
6486-876: The Swayambhu Shiva Temple and the Thousand Pillar Temple . Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk particularly after 1335. The Indian Muslim soldier Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a native of Kaithal in North India, founded the Madurai Sultanate in South India. The Vijayanagara Empire originated in southern India as
6627-771: The prime minister in 1466, was a notable figure in the history of Bidar. Bidar remained under the Barid Shahi dynasty until conquest by the Bijapur Sultanate in 1619. Aurangzeb came to Bidar after his father, Padshah (emperor) Shah Jahan , appointed him the Prince of Deccan. He wrested the Bidar Fort from the Adil Shahis after a 21-day war in 1656. With this, Bidar became a part of the Mughal dynasty for
6768-638: The 2011 Republic Day Parade at Rajpath in New Delhi featured Bidriware and Bidri artisans from Bidar. Rehaman Patel did an extensive research in Bidri Art from Gulbarga University. His book in Kannada version (2012) and English version (2017) also published on Bidri Art. All the dignitaries & guests of XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 were presented with mementos hand crafted in Bidri art . This art form
6909-660: The Bahmani Sultanate under Allauddin Hasan Gangu Bahman Shah . The Bahmani capital was shifted from Kalburgi or Kalubaruge (pronounced as Gulbarga and subsequently renamed Ahsanabad by the Muslim newcomers) to Bidar (renamed Muhammadabad by the Bahmanis) in 1425. Bidar remained the capital until the Sultanate's breakup after 1518. It then became the center of the Barid Shahis , one of
7050-611: The Bidar Forest Division. However, leopards may be seen occasionally far from human habitations. Langurs , wolves , spotted deer , wild boar , hares , porcupines , foxes , wild cats and jackals are also seen. In Karnataka, after Ranebennur Blackbuck Sanctuary in Haveri district and Jayamangali Blackbuck Conservation Reserve in Tumkur district , a sizeable population of near threatened species of blackbucks
7191-529: The Deccan province, became independent and assumed the title Nizam-ul-mulk , with the whole of the province under the Nizam 's sovereign control. After Independence, Bidar district, along with Gulbarga, Bijapur and Raichur districts, became part of Karnataka. The total geographical area of the district as per the provisional figures computed by the Survey of India is 5,451 km (2,105 sq mi), while
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#17327657394697332-433: The Delhi Sultanate before 1320. Its last ruler, Khusro Khan , was a Hindu slave who had been forcibly converted to Islam and then served the Delhi Sultanate as the general of its army for some time. Khusro Khan, along with Malik Kafur , had led numerous military campaigns on behalf of Alauddin Khalji , to expand the Sultanate and plunder non-Muslim kingdoms in India. After Alauddin Khalji's death from illness in 1316,
7473-607: The Gulbarga-Bidar link is completed which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Bidar-Hyderabad inter-city train service became operative in September 2012. A Bidar-Yeshwantpur (Daily) express train and Bidar-LTT Mumbai express train service has been started recently. Another train starting from Bidar through Latur to Mumbai started, which runs on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday. Bidar Airport , also known as Bidar Air Force Station , ( IATA : IXX , ICAO : VOBR )
7614-575: The Himalayas. The few soldiers who returned with bad news were executed under orders of the Sultan. During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies. To cover state expenses, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sharply raised taxes on his ever-shrinking empire. Except in times of war, he did not pay his staff from his treasury. Ibn Battuta noted in his memoir that Muhammad bin Tughlaq paid his army, judges ( qadi ), court advisors, wazirs, governors, district officials and others in his service by awarding them
7755-592: The Indian Peninsula. Its principal home is in the Sheshachalam hills of Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh and North Arcot district of Tamil Nandu besides southern and eastern parts of Bidar district. The northern part of the state is generally considered to be a dry belt, devoid of water bodies, vegetation and wildlife. The surroundings of Bidar, the northernmost district, seem to be an exception. There are no wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in
7896-594: The Khaljis, to lead a coup in Delhi and remove Khusro Khan. In 1320, Ghazi Malik launched an attack and killed Khusro Khan to assume power. After assuming power, Ghazi Malik renamed himself Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq – thus starting and naming the Tughlaq dynasty. He rewarded all those maliks , amirs and officials of Khalji dynasty who had rendered him a service and helped him come to power. He punished those who had rendered service to Khusro Khan, his predecessor. He lowered
8037-421: The MPCA is characterized by representation of the medicinal flora of the driest regions of southern India. The vegetation is the dry deciduous scrub type, with most of it being stunted due to harsh climatic and edaphic factors. The terrain is criss-crossed by a few small seasonal streams, which go dry soon after the monsoon. The MPCA offers a tapestry of about 289 species of flowering plants. Common tree species in
8178-598: The Path of God') under the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah of Syria. Others suggest insanity. At the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the geographic control of Delhi Sultanate had shrunk to the north of the Narmada river . After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month. Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew Firuz Shah Tughlaq replaced him and assumed
8319-492: The Rakta chandana and Gloriosa superba . The most important are Hollorhina antidyssentrica and Santalum album . The presence of large number of medicinal plant species has helped the locals to take the advice of Nati vaidyas in the surrounding villages in case of any health problem. It is home to highly endangered species of Pterocarpus santalinus , the Rakta chandana and Gloriosa superba. The area being highly valuable to
8460-464: The Sultan was busy attacking rebellions. He was tough both against non-Muslims and Muslims. For example, Not a week passed without the spilling of much Muslim blood and the running of streams of gore before the entrance of his palace. This included cutting people in half, skinning them alive, chopping off heads and displaying them on poles as a warning to others, or having prisoners tossed about by elephants with swords attached to their tusks. The Sultan
8601-539: The Sultan, he put many Shias, Mahdi and Hindus to death ( siyasat ). Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, his court historian, also recorded Firoz Shah Tughlaq burning a Hindu Brahmin alive for converting Muslim women to infidelity. In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and jizya for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping
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#17327657394698742-498: The Tughlaq court gives an alternate fleeting account of his death, as caused by a lightning bolt strike on the kushk . Another official historian, Al-Badāʾunī ʻAbd al-Kadir ibn Mulūk-Shāh, makes no mention of lightning bolt or weather, but explains the cause of structural collapse to be the running of elephants; Al-Badaoni includes a note of the rumour that the accident was pre-planned. According to many historians such as Ibn Battuta, al-Safadi, Isami , and Vincent Smith, Ghiyasuddin
8883-711: The Tughlaq dynasty, and entered Delhi victoriously on 6 June 1414. Ibn Battuta , the Moroccan Muslim traveller, left extensive notes on the Tughlaq dynasty in his travel memoirs. Ibn Battuta arrived in India through the mountains of Afghanistan, in 1334, at the height of the Tughlaq dynasty's geographic empire. On his way, he learnt that Sultan Muhammad Tughluq liked gifts from his visitors, and gave to his visitors gifts of far greater value in return. Ibn Battuta met Muhammad bin Tughluq, presenting him with gifts of arrows, camels, thirty horses, slaves and other goods. Muhammad bin Tughlaq responded by giving Ibn Battuta with
9024-571: The Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty; Persian : تغلق شاهیان ) was the third dynasty to rule over the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India. Its reign started in 1320 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and ended in 1413. The Indo-Turkic dynasty expanded its territorial reach through a military campaign led by Muhammad bin Tughluq , and reached its zenith between 1330 and 1335. It ruled most of
9165-479: The area are bauxite , kaolin and red ochre . A deposit of highly siliceous bauxite clay has been located about three kilometers south of Basavakalyan . Similar deposits are noticed near Alwal and Kamthana villages of Bidar taluka . A large deposit of Kaolin is located near Kamthana village. Red ochre deposits are found near Sirsi and Aurad Village. The district experiences semi-arid climate with extreme summer . The dust storms and severe heat waves are common in
9306-530: The area of Bidar was under the rule of Seunas of Devagiri and Kakatiyas of Warangal . The Delhi Sultanate invaded the area first by Allauddin Khilji , and later, Muhammed-bin-Tughluq took control of entire Deccan including Bidar. In the middle of the 14th century, the Sultan of Delhi's officers that were stationed in Deccan rebelled and this resulted in the establishment of Bahmanid Dynasty in 1347 A.D. at Gulbarga/Hasanabad (present Kalaburagi ). There
9447-544: The arrival of aquatic migratory birds from regions as far as Siberia , Mongolia and Alaska . One study has recorded 74 species of aquatic birds in Bidar district, of which 32 species are migratory. Tanks and other water bodies at places like Janawada, Elaspur, Solpur, Papnash, Hallikhed, and Tripurant in the district, which have large quantities of fish and other aquatic animals, provide feeding grounds to various migratory birds like, black-necked stork , great stone plover , marsh sandpiper , and painted snipe . According to
9588-495: The bigger trees act as a roosting place for peacocks , the national bird of India. The following forests support considerable wildlife: In addition to commonly found birds, varied species like green bee eaters , robins , sunbirds , red vented bulbuls , egrets , herons , ducks , cormorants , kingfishers , kites , eagles , peafowls and partridges can be seen. Rare birds and endangered species such as Indian coursers and vultures are often sighted. Winter sees
9729-515: The birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century. It is believed that before his departure, Timur appointed Khizr Khan , the future founder of the succeeding Sayyid dynasty , as his viceroy at Delhi. Initially, Khizr Khan could only establish his control over Multan, Dipalpur and parts of Sindh . Soon he started his campaign against
9870-439: The book "Bidar Heritage" published by the state Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage , of the 61 monuments listed by the department, about 30 are tombs located in and around Bidar city., explaining its nickname, "City of Whispering Monuments". The heritage sites in and around Bidar have become the major attraction for film shooting in recent years, with Bollywood making visits apart from Kannada film industry Bidar
10011-596: The characteristics of spherical weathering leaving massive hard cores. Columnar jointing is predominantly developed in these rocks, besides horizontal joints, which impart to the rocks bedded appearance. The top layers of the Deccan trap in parts of Bidar and Humnabad talukas are altered to reddish vesicular laterite, forming and extensive undulating plateau. The surface of the plateau presents wide stretches of red plains, either waved over by light dry grasses alive with coveys of partridges and herds of deer, or mottled by every sort of cultivation for which artificial irrigation
10152-638: The city of Deogiri in present-day Indian state of Maharashtra (renaming it to Daulatabad ), as the second administrative capital of the Dehli Sultanate. He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Dehli, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enroll them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to
10293-404: The civil war was in progress, predominantly Hindu populations of Himalayan foothills of north India had rebelled, stopped paying Jizya and Kharaj taxes to Sultan's officials. Hindus of southern Doab region of India (now Etawah ) joined the rebellion in 1390. Sultan Muhammad Shah attacked Hindus rebelling near Delhi and southern Doab in 1392, with mass executions of peasants, and razing Etawah to
10434-503: The decade 2001-2011 was 13.16%. Bidar has a sex ratio of 952 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.01%. 25.01% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 23.47% and 13.85% of the population respectively. Languages in Bidar district (2011) According to the 2011 census, 52.97% of the population spoke Kannada , 18.41% Marathi , 17.16% Urdu , 4.25% Telugu , 3.60% Lambadi and 3.14% Hindi as their first language. Kannada
10575-470: The designation Tughlaq to describe the entire dynasty as a matter of convenience, but to call it the Tughlaq dynasty is inaccurate, as none of the dynasty's kings used Tughlaq as a surname: only Ghiyath al-Din's son Muhammad bin Tughluq called himself the son of Tughlaq Shah ("bin Tughlaq"). The ancestry of the dynasty is debated among modern historians because the earlier sources provide different information regarding it. However, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
10716-800: The district are: The district has two river basins, the Godavari and the Krishna . Major parts of the district are covered by Godavari basin, drained by its two major tributaries the Manjra and the Karanja rivers. The Godavari basin extends to over 4,411 km (1,703 sq mi), of which Manjra covers up to 1,989 km (768 sq mi) and Karanja up to 2,422 km (935 sq mi). The Krishna basin covers 585 km (226 sq mi) of which Mullamari river basin covers 249 km (96 sq mi) and Gandarinala river basin covers 336 km (130 sq mi). The Manjra river
10857-458: The district between April and May. Coldest months are December and January. The temperature varies in the district between 20 °C and 42 °C The summer season in Bidar starts in the first week of March and lasts until mid-June. This is followed by southwest monsoon which continues till late September, and from September to end of January is winter. May is the hottest month with average daily maximum temperature of 38.8 °C while December
10998-483: The district. The two important types of soils noticed in the district are black soils and lateritic soils . The entire district forms a part of the Deccan Plateau and is made up mostly of solidified lava . The northern part of the district is characterized by expanses of level and treeless surface punctuated here and there by flat and undulating hillocks , black soils and basaltic rocks. Alluvial deposit
11139-571: The districts of Nizamabad and Medak in Telangana on the East and the districts of Latur , Nanded and Osmanabad in Maharashtra on the west. On the south lies the district Gulbarga of Karnataka . The upper crust of the plateau is of laterite , a soft porous rock with limonitic surface. This crust varies in depth from 100 ft (30 m) to 500 ft (150 m) and rests on
11280-446: The drier parts are Albizzia amara , Madhuca latifolia , Buchnania lanzan , Butea frondosa , Ficus bengalensis and Wrightia spp. Along the nullahs occur Terminalia arjuna and Syzigium spp. Shrubs include Gymnosporia , Ixora , Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Nizyphus oenopia . Overall about 193 medicinal plant species area found in the MPCA. It is home to highly endangered species Pterocarpus santalinus
11421-458: The economic livelihood of many of the city's residents, and it is hoped that revised, context-specific planning policies would both protect Bidar's historic assets while also supporting the future of its local population. It is hoped that Watch-listing will spur documentation and analysis of the city's conditions, followed by policy development and applied conservation interventions that will reveal and maintain Bidar's rich heritage, as well as support
11562-547: The five independent sultanates known as the Deccan sultanates . These were the successor states to the Bahmani kingdom. The Bidar Sultanate was absorbed by the Bijapur Sultanate to the west in 1619, which was in turn included into their Deccan province by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb during his viceroyship of Deccan in 1656. After the death of Aurangazeb, Asaf Jah I , the Mughal Subehdar of
11703-564: The ground. However, by then, most of India had transitioned to a patchwork of smaller Muslim Sultanates and Hindu kingdoms . In 1394, Hindus in Lahore region and northwest South Asia (now Pakistan) had re-asserted self-rule. Muhammad Shah amassed an army to attack them, with his son Humayun Khan as the commander-in-chief. While preparations were in progress in Delhi in January 1394, Sultan Muhammad Shah died. His son, Humayun Khan assumed power but
11844-512: The growth of red sanders ( Pterocarpus santalinus ), which is highly valued. Owing to its dark red to almost black wood it is largely used for carving and ornamental work. The wood is in much demand for carved house posts. It is used in making musical instruments in Japan. Red sanders timber is a very good foreign exchange earner. Red sanders has a very restricted natural range extending over an area of only 6000 sq. milies in south eastern portion of
11985-412: The help of his wazirs . He himself fell ill in 1384. By then, Muslim nobility who had installed Firuz Shah Tughluq to power in 1351 had died out, and their descendants had inherited the wealth and rights to extract taxes from non-Muslim peasants. Khan Jahan II, a wazir in Delhi, was the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite wazir Khan Jahan I, and rose in power after his father died in 1368. The young wazir
12126-519: The holy man's beard plucked out hair by hair, then banished him from Delhi. Later the Sultan ordered him to return to court, which the holy man refused to do. The man was arrested, tortured in the most horrible way, then beheaded. Each military campaign and raid on non-Muslim kingdoms yielded loot and seizure of slaves. Additionally, the Sultans patronized a market ( al-nakhkhās ) for trade of both foreign and Indian slaves. This market flourished under
12267-455: The invasion by Timur. The lowest point for the dynasty came in 1398, when Turco-Mongol invader, Timur ( Tamerlane ) defeated four armies of the Sultanate. During the invasion, Sultan Mahmud Khan fled before Tamerlane as he entered Delhi. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred, and over 100,000 prisoners were killed as well. The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi
12408-542: The large army, and the soldiers refused to remain in his service without pay. For the attack on China, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent 100,000 soldiers, a part of his army, over the Himalayas. However, Hindus closed the passes through the Himalayas and blocked the passage for retreat. Kangra 's Prithvi Chand II defeated the army of Muhammad bin Tughluq which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished in 1333 and were forced to retreat. The high mountain weather and lack of retreat destroyed that army in
12549-539: The list were the house of Sheikh Salim Chisti in Fatehpur Sikri and Juna Mahal in Rajasthan . The WMF in its current watch site for "the historic city of Bidar" says ″challenges to the site include a lack of integrated conservation and maintenance, environmental pollution, and the construction of new developments and roadways that encroach on the historic fabric. Current land use regulations also threaten
12690-499: The locals for medicinal plants a, local initiative to protect the highly valuable plant species in Karpakpally MPCA with active participation of the local villagers is also underway. An NGO, Kriyasheela Geleyaru, is involved in organizing local children and women disseminating knowledge about the locally available medicinal plants and the need to protect the ecosystem. The southern and eastern parts of Bidar district support
12831-536: The lowest minimum was on 5-1-1901(2.9-degree C, the lowest temperature ever recorded in Karnataka). Present day Bidar covers an expanse of 5448 square kilometres of land and lies between 17°35' and 18°25' North latitudes and 76°42' and 77°39' east longitudes. At the time of the 2011 census, Bidar had a population of 216,020. Bidar city has a sex ratio of 938 females to males and a literacy rate of 85.90%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 14.11% and 4.73% of
12972-515: The most valuable fertile lands in the country, well suited for cultivating pulses . Physiographically, the district can be divided into two regions, the northern low lands and southern high lands. The southern high lands are popularly known as Bidar plateau, which is made up of laterite . The ground altitudes are varying from 420 to 684 m (1,378 to 2,244 ft) above sea level. Bidar plateau has an elevation range from 640 to 684 m (2,100 to 2,244 ft) above sea level. The ground surface
13113-430: The na'ib shall have the right to forcefully collect taxes from non-Muslim peasants and local economy, and deposit a fixed sum of tribute and taxes to Sultan's treasury on a periodic basis. The contract allowed the na'ib to keep a certain amount of taxes they collected from peasants as their income, but the contract required any excess tax and seized property collected from non-Muslims to be split between na'ib and Sultan in
13254-877: The old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall, and remained outside of Delhi Sultanate. Firuz Shah Tughlaq was somewhat weak militarily, mainly because of inept leadership in the army. An educated sultan, Firoz Shah left a memoir. In it he wrote that he banned torture in practice in Delhi Sultanate by his predecessors, tortures such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, putting people on fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others. The Sunni Sultan also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz Shia Muslim and Mahdi sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild their temples after his armies had destroyed those temples. As punishment, wrote
13395-519: The other hand, primarily served as a distribution system within the old city, with numerous channels intersecting the city streets. Restoration efforts began in 2014, focusing on the desilting and excavation of the Naubad Karez. In 2015, this initiative led to the discovery of 27 vertical shafts connected to the Karez. The rejuvenation of these systems has had a significant positive impact on Bidar,
13536-569: The place during famine in this region. Bidriware, one of the rarest and most intricate art forms is now unique to the city. This native art form has obtained Geographical Indications (GI) registry. The various art forms created by artists from Bidar city centuries ago are now major attractions in museums such as Victoria and Albert Museum , London, the National Museum in New Delhi and Indian Museum in Kolkata. The Karnataka tableau at
13677-440: The population respectively. Languages of Bidar city (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 52.23% of the population spoke Kannada , 33.32% Urdu , 5.54% Marathi , 3.67% Hindi and 3.33% Telugu as their first language. Once a home to many cottage industries, such as cotton and oil-ginning mills, there are now few industries that draw on local raw materials or skills. Even the well known form of local articrafts, bidri ware ,
13818-569: The practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu Brahmins from jizya tax. He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of amirs (Muslim nobles). Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, eliminating favours to select parts of society, but an increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups. After the death of his heir in 1376, Firuz Shah started strict implementation of Sharia throughout his dominions. Firuz Shah suffered from bodily infirmities, and his rule
13959-564: The ransom demand. The princess, after learning about ransom demands against her family and people, offered herself in sacrifice if the army would stop the misery to her people. Sipah Rajab and the Sultan accepted the proposal. Sipah Rajab and Naila were married and Firoz Shah was their first son. The court historian Ziauddin Barni, who served both Muhammad Tughlaq and the first six years of Firoz Shah Tughlaq , noted that all those who were in service of Muhammad were dismissed and executed by Firoz Shah. In his second book, Barni states that Firuz Shah
14100-467: The reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq . The invasion of Timur further weakened the Tughlaq empire and allowed several regional chiefs to become independent, resulting in the formation of the sultanates of Gujarat , Malwa and Jaunpur . The Rajput states also expelled the governor of Ajmer and asserted control over Rajputana. The Tughlaq power continued to decline until they were finally overthrown by their former governor of Multan, Khizr Khan , resulting in
14241-549: The reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a Muslim noble named Shamsaldin Damghani entered into a contract over the iqta' of Gujarat , promising enormous sums of annual tribute while entering the contract in 1377. He then attempted to force collect the amount deploying his coterie of Muslim amirs, but failed. Even the amount he did manage to collect, he paid nothing to Delhi. Shamsaldin Damghani and Muslim nobility of Gujarat then declared rebellion and separation from Delhi Sultanate. However,
14382-937: The reign of all Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad Tughlaq and Firoz Tughlaq. Ibn Battuta's memoir records that he fathered a child each with two slave girls, one from Greece and one he purchased during his stay in Delhi Sultanate. This was in addition to the daughter he fathered by marrying a Muslim woman in India. Ibn Battuta also records that Muhammad Tughlaq sent along with his emissaries, both slave boys and slave girls as gifts to other countries such as China. The Tughlaq dynasty experienced many revolts by Muslim nobility, particularly during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign but also during rule of later monarchs such as Firoz Shah Tughlaq. The Tughlaqs had attempted to manage their expanded empire by appointing family members and Muslim aristocracy as na'ib ( نائب ) of Iqta' (farming provinces, اقطاع ) under contract. The contract would require that
14523-544: The reporting area of the district for land-utilisation purposes, as worked out by the State Department of Survey Settlement and Land Records and local bodies, is 5,448 km (2,103 sq mi). The district extends from latitude 17.35'N to 18.25'N and from the longitudes 76.42'E to 77.39'E which is located on the northern maidans of Karnataka which provides a mountainous treeless expansive plateau landscape . The ancient schistose rocks are covered by
14664-494: The resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom. By 1347, the Deccan had revolted under Ismail Mukh , an Afghan . Despite this, he was elderly and had no interest in ruling, and as a result, he stepped down in favor of Zafar Khan , another Afghan, who was the founder of the Bahmanid Sultanate . As a result, the Deccan had become an independent and competing Muslim kingdom Muhammad bin Tughlaq
14805-556: The rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim. Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad, seeing their non-compliance of his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite back to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained as an administrative centre. One result of
14946-882: The right to force collect taxes on Hindu villages, keep a portion and transfer rest to his treasury. Those who failed to pay taxes were hunted and executed. Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351 while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in Sindh (now in Pakistan) and Gujarat (now in India). Historians have attempted to determine the motivations behind Muhammad bin Tughlaq's behavior and his actions. Some state Tughlaq tried to enforce orthodox Islamic observance and practice, promote jihad in South Asia as al-Mujahid fi sabilillah ('Warrior for
15087-424: The river Kagna. The Kagna river is one of the main tributary of Bhima river. Besides, there are several streams, which are of ephemeral in nature. The drainage pattern in the district varies from sub-dendritic to dendritic and some streams have a sub parallel drainage to the main river. These rivers and their rivulets are not navigable. Bidar Forest Division is the northernmost division of Karnataka, encompassing
15228-484: The royal places. Mahals and Mosque. Adjoining to this on the southern side, the city was built for the people. Both the citadel complex and city had separate forts for protection the plan of the Bidar city fortification is pentagonal. There are five gateways for entry into the city fort. It is main citadel complex fort which is stronger. It is built on the brink of the plateau. Engineers and architecture of various countries were employed on its design and construction. A Museum
15369-672: The rule of the Bahmani Sultanate was known as Muhammadabad. The recorded History of the city goes back to the third century B.C. when it was a part of the Mauryan Empire . After the Mauryas, Satavahanas , Kadamba and Chalukyas of Badami and later the Rashtrakutas reigned over Bidar territory. The Chalukyas of Kalyana and Kalachuris of Kalyanis also regained the area. For a short period after Kalyani Chalukyas
15510-529: The second time. Bidar was made a subah (imperial top-level province) in 1656, which Telangana Subah was merged into the next year. In 1724, Bidar became a part of the Asaf Jahi Kingdom of the Nizams . Third son of Asaf jah l ( Nizam l ) Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang ruled from Bidar fort from 1751 to 1762, till his brother Mir Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah III imprisoned him in this fort, and
15651-420: The soldiers and peasants of Gujarat refused to fight the war for the Muslim nobility. Shamsaldin Damghani was killed. During the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, similar rebellions were very common. His own nephew rebelled in Malwa in 1338; Muhammad Shah Tughlaq attacked Malwa, seized his nephew, and then flayed him alive in public. The provinces of Deccan, Bengal, Sindh and Multan had become independent during
15792-738: The surrounding region of Bidar district as "Viduranagara" and also as the place where Nala and Damayanthi met. The area was ruled by the Mauryas , Satavahanas , Rashtrakutas , Chalukyas , Kalachuris , Kakatiyas , Khaljis , Bahamanis , Baridshahis , Mughals and the Nizams of Hyderabad . The great revolution by Shivasharanas in the 12th century, encompassed social, literacy and religious fields emerged here. Culture, fine arts and architecture nurtured by successive rulers has contributed to its cultural richness. There are more Hindus and Muslims in this district. Similarly, social and religious reformers such as Basaveshwara and Guru Nanak also played
15933-508: The sustained efforts of the forest department, the forest cover in the district has increased by about 4% as reported by the Hyderabad-based National Remote Sensing Agency . Teak is found mixed with dry deciduous species. Ground cover is scanty and seedlings regeneration is practically absent. Thorny plants occur and tend to increase in proportion with heavy grazing, to which most of the area
16074-519: The tax rate on Muslims that was prevalent during Khalji dynasty, but raised the taxes on Hindus, wrote his court historian Ziauddin Barani , so that they might not be blinded by wealth or afford to become rebellious. He built a city six kilometers east of Delhi, with a fort considered more defensible against the Mongol attacks, and called it Tughlakabad. In 1321, he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to Deogir to plunder
16215-445: The throne. His rule lasted 37 years. His father Sipah Rajab had become infatuated with a Hindu princess named Naila. She initially refused to marry him. Her father refused the marriage proposal as well. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Abohar people. The kingdom was suffering from famines, and could not meet
16356-485: The total forest area of 435 km (168 sq mi) in the division, more than 50 percent of the area is concentrated in Humnabad range, followed by Bidar range (20%) and Basavakalyan range. Aurad range is having the smallest area under the forest. Viewed from the point of area under forests, the out-turn of forest produce and the revenue from forests Bidar division is not endowed with quality forest wealth. Out of
16497-424: The total geographical area of 5,448 km (2,103 sq mi) in Bidar division, an extent of 435.9 km (168.3 sq mi) under forests. In other words, this accounts for about 8.5 percent of the total geographical area. Area under forests in the division is very much below the state average. In Karpakpalli village of Humnabad taluk, a Medicinal Plant Conservation Area (MPCA) has been established. It
16638-438: The transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the nobility's hatred of the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time. The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite and result in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad who did not return to Dehli. Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration of Hindu and Jain temples, for example
16779-471: The treasury. Also, the people were not willing to trade their gold and silver for the new brass and copper coins. Consequently, the sultan had to withdraw the lot, "buying back both the real and the counterfeit at great expense until mountains of coins had accumulated within the walls of Tughluqabad." Muhammad bin Tughlaq planned an attack on Khurasan and Irak (Babylon and Persia) as well as China to bring these regions under Sunni Islam. For Khurasan attack,
16920-444: The underlying rocks. It is formed under special climatic conditions of alternating dry and wet seasons. Much of the silica is dissolved and carried away, leaving the weathered product rich in oxides of iron and aluminium. The laterite cappings over the bedrock range in thickness of 15 metres (49 ft) to 60 metres (200 ft). The best development of laterite can be seen in the Bidar , Basavakalyan and Humnabad talukas of
17061-472: The wazir, followed by a rebellion and civil war in and around Delhi. Muhammad Shah too was expelled in 1387. The Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq died in 1388. Tughluq Khan assumed power, but died in conflict. In 1389, Abu Bakr Shah assumed power, but he too died within a year. The civil war continued under Sultan Muhammad Shah, and by 1390, it had led to the seizure and execution of all Muslim nobility who were aligned, or suspected to be aligned to Khan Jahan II. While
17202-481: The western side, Nanded district of Maharashtra state on the northern side and Kalaburagi district on the southern side. The Bidar district is constituted by eight talukas , namely Bidar , Humnabad , Bhalki , Aurad , Hulsoor , Chitgoppa , Kamalnagar and Basavakalyan with Bidar being the headquarters of the district. Bidar district is connected with the NH-9 and NH-218 highways. Traditional tales refer to
17343-703: The whole of Bidar district and 31 villages of the adjoining Gulbarga district. Classified under reserve forests , protected forests and unclassed forests, Bidar Forest Division has 435.92 km (168.31 sq mi) of its area under forest cover. The forests are mainly dry deciduous and have scrub type vegetation. Over the years, almost all the forest areas have been worked on one or more times resulting in large expanses of man made forests consisting mostly of Eucalyptus , Acacia auriculiformis , Glyricidia , and miscellaneous species such as Hardwickia , Albizzia , Azadirachta , and Pterocarpus . The majority of these plantations are successful. Because of
17484-462: The year 2009–10, Bidar was ranked 22nd among the cleanest cities in India, and 5th cleanest in Karnataka. SH4 passes through Bidar and the whole city is integrated with 4 lane road. The name Bidar appears to be derived from ‘bidiru’, which means bamboo. It was also referred as Bhadrakot . Legend has associated Bidar with the ancient kingdom of Vidarbha , to which references are found in early Hindu literature like Malavikagnimitra , Mahabharata ,
17625-671: The years preceding his death, internecine strife among his descendants had already erupted. The first civil war broke out in 1384 four years before the death of aging Firoz Shah Tughlaq, while the second civil war started in 1394 six years after Firoz Shah was dead. The Islamic historians Sirhindi and Bihamadkhani provide the detailed account of this period. These civil wars were primarily between different factions of Sunni Islam aristocracy, each seeking sovereignty and land to tax dhimmis and extract income from resident peasants. Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite grandson died in 1376. Thereafter, Firuz Shah sought and followed Sharia more than ever, with
17766-410: Was "cutting down weeds". Historical documents note that Muhammad bin Tughluq was cruel and severe not only with non-Muslims, but also with certain sects of Musalmans . He routinely executed Sayyids (Shia), Sufis , Qalandars , and other Muslim officials. His court historian Ziauddin Barni noted, Not a day or week passed without spilling of much Musalman blood, (...) Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose
17907-447: Was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of Quran, Fiqh , poetry and other fields. He was deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, after his expensive campaigns to expand Islamic empire, the state treasury was empty of precious metal coins. So he ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins –
18048-444: Was considered by his court historians as more merciful than that of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. When Firuz Shah came to power, India was suffering from a collapsed economy, abandoned villages and towns, and frequent famines. He undertook many infrastructure projects including an irrigation canal connecting Yamuna-Ghaggar and Yamuna-Sutlej rivers, bridges, madrasas (religious schools), mosques and other Islamic buildings. Firuz Shah Tughlaq
18189-770: Was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine. He raised taxes to levels where people refused to pay any. In India's fertile lands between Ganges and Yamuna rivers, the Sultan increased the land tax rate on non-Muslims by tenfold in some districts, and twentyfold in others. Along with land taxes, dhimmis (non-Muslims) were required to pay crop taxes by giving up half or more of their harvested crop. These sharply higher crop and land tax led entire villages of Hindu farmers to quit farming and escape into jungles; they refused to grow anything or work at all. Many became robber clans. Famines followed. The Sultan responded with bitterness by expanding arrests, torture and mass punishments, killing people as if he
18330-418: Was difficult. The Bidar karez systems, believed to be the earliest ones in India, were constructed during the Bahmani period. According to Gulam Yazdani 's documentation, Bidar has three karez systems: Naubad, Shukla Theerth, and Jamna Mori. Among these, Shukla Theerth stands out as the longest karez system in Bidar. The origin well of this karez was found near Gornalli Kere, a historic embankment. Jamna Mori, on
18471-510: Was far too ready to shed blood. He punished small faults and great, without respect of persons, whether men of learning, piety or high station. Every day hundreds of people, chained, pinioned, and fettered, are brought to this hall, and those who are for execution are executed, for torture tortured, and those for beating beaten. In the Tughlaq dynasty, the punishments were extended even to Muslim religious figures who were suspected rebellion. For example, Ibn Battuta mentions Sheikh Shinab al-Din, who
18612-530: Was frequent warfare between the Bahmanids and the Vijaynagar Kingdom . The history of the present fort at Bidar is attributed to the sultan Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani , the sultan of the Bahmani dynasty till 1427, when he shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar since it had better climatic conditions and was also a fertile and fruit-bearing land. The earliest recorded history of its existence as
18753-466: Was imprisoned and tortured as follows: On the fourteen day, the Sultan sent him food, but he (Sheikh Shinab al-Din) refused to eat it. When the Sultan heard this he ordered that the sheikh should be fed human excrement [dissolved in water]. [His officials] spread out the sheikh on his back, opened his mouth and made him drink it (the excrement). On the following day, he was beheaded. Ibn Batutta wrote that Sultan's officials demanded bribes from him while he
18894-490: Was in Delhi, as well as deducted 10% of any sums that Sultan gave to him. Towards the end of his stay in Tughluq dynasty court, Ibn Battuta came under suspicion for his friendship with a Sufi Muslim holy man. Both Ibn Battuta and the Sufi Muslim were arrested. While Ibn Battuta was allowed to leave India, the Sufi Muslim was killed as follows according to Ibn Battuta during the period he was under arrest: (The Sultan) had
19035-432: Was in open rivalry with Muhammad Shah, the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq. The wazir's power grew as he appointed more amirs and granted favors. He persuaded the Sultan to name his great-grandson as his heir. Then Khan Jahan II tried to convince Firuz Shah Tughlaq to dismiss his only surviving son. Instead of dismissing his son, the Sultan dismissed the wazir. The crisis that followed led to first civil war, arrest and execution of
19176-655: Was killed by his eldest son Jauna Khan in 1325. Jauna Khan ascended to power as Muhammad bin Tughlaq , and ruled for 26 years. During Muhammad bin Tughluq's rule, the Delhi Sultanate temporarily expanded to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach. He attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Mahratta, Tilang, Kampila, Dhur-samundar, Mabar, Lakhnauti, Chittagong, Sunarganw and Tirhut. His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire
19317-477: Was killed in Bidar fort on 16 September 1763. Mohammedabad old name of Bidar is also on his name. It was connected to Hyderabad by rail in the early 20th century. After India's independence, in 1956 all Kannada speaking areas were merged to form the Mysore State and Bidar became part of the new Mysore (now Karnataka) state. Ancient Karez System in the city have been recently discovered. The Karez ( Qanat )
19458-468: Was murdered within two months. The brother of Humayun Khan, Nasir-al-din Mahmud Shah assumed power – but he enjoyed little support from Muslim nobility, the wazirs and amirs. The Sultanate had lost command over almost all eastern and western provinces of already shrunken Sultanate. Within Delhi, factions of Muslim nobility formed by October 1394, triggering the second civil war. Tartar Khan installed
19599-477: Was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for
19740-442: Was the capital of Western Chalukyas , who were also called Kalyani Chalukyas after their capital. The Kalachuris continued with Kalyani as their capital. Later, Bidar was ruled in succession by the vassals to Sevuna Yadavas of Devagiri , Kakatiyas of Warangal , Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughluq . The generals of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq who were nominated as viceroys of the newly conquered Deccan region broke up and formed
19881-446: Was the mildest sovereign since the rule of Islam came to Delhi. Muslim soldiers enjoyed the taxes they collected from Hindu villages they had rights over, without having to constantly go to war as in previous regimes. Other court historians such as 'Afif record a number of conspiracies and assassination attempts on Firoz Shah Tughlaq, such as by his first cousin and the daughter of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Firoz Shah Tughlaq tried to regain
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