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27-563: Bijago or Bidyogo is the language of the Bissagos Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau . Bidyogo is the "dominant mother tongue of the archipelago population", though it is not used in schooling there, a role that has been taken on Kriol since the 1990s. There are some difficulties of grammar and intelligibility between dialects, with the Kamona dialect being unintelligible to the others. Dialects are as follows: The Kajoko dialect

54-640: A basic knowledge about the countries and their people. It was commissioned the NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy whose leader, Franz Ritter von Epp had been a general in Africa during the First World War . Impressed by Bernatzik's work, Ritter von Epp provided him with several recommendations during the war, which classified the Handbook of Africa as " war strategic material ", despite the fact that

81-769: A businessman. After the early death of his first wife Margarete Ast (1904–1924), he embarked on extensive travels and expeditions taking photographs, which became his profession and passion: Spain and north–west Africa in 1924; Egypt and Somalia in 1925; Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1927; Romania and Albania between 1926 and 1930; Portuguese Guinea in 1930–1931 (with Bernhard Struck , Museum of Ethnology, Dresden); British Solomon Islands , British New Guinea , as well as Bali in Indonesia in 1932–1933; Swedish Lapland in 1934; Burma , Thailand and French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) in 1936–1937; and, French–Morocco in 1949–1950. Bernatzik financed his research and living expenses as

108-423: A current perspective, his lack of dissociation and some of his contacts can be legitimately criticized. But from his point of view during that epoch, he obviously considered his behavior as inevitable, as a means to proceed with his work and to defend himself against various denunciations, to which he was very exposed. As a freelance ethnologist, photographer and travel journalist the only possibility for him to escape

135-569: A nominal right to the islands to his brother Luis, Duke of Beja as well as generous trading rights. In 1535, Dom Luis sent a force to conquer the islands, but the islanders' strong navy destroyed it, leaving few survivors. For years afterwards the Bissagos refused to trade with the Portuguese and treated any shipwrecked sailors harshly, until relations were restored around 1550. The Bissago islanders then became important providers of slaves to

162-517: A travel writer and freelance scientist, by publishing photo coverages, giving public slide lectures and purchasing collections for ethnological museums in Germany and Switzerland. His journalistic activity and his exceptional photographs of foreign people made him quite prominent. He prepared a worldwide photo archive of remote tribal people considered as threatened. With regard to colonial policies, Bernatzik argued that colonial administrators should take

189-421: Is estimated at 30,000 (2006) and the ethnic group Bissago ( Portuguese : Bijagó ) predominates. It has a relatively youthful population due to high birth rates and low life expectancy. The economy is largely rural, with many families living from subsistence farming and fishing. There is some tourist activity, mostly boat charters from neighboring Senegal . Lack of infrastructure and communication links prevent

216-524: Is one of the few in the world known to use a linguolabial consonant , the voiced stop to tap [d̼ ~ ɾ̼] , in its basic sound system (Olson et al. 2009). Bijago is highly divergent. Sapir (1971) classified it as an isolate within the West Atlantic family . However, Segerer showed that this is primarily due to unrecognized sound changes, and that Bijago is in fact close to the Bak languages . For example,

243-676: Is situated on the island of Bolama . There is a high diversity of ecosystems: mangroves with intertidal zones, palm forests, dry and semi-dry forests, secondary and degraded forests, coastal savanna, sand banks and aquatic zones. The archipelago was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1996. The site has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because its intertidal mudflats and mangroves support significant populations of non-breeding and wintering waterbirds , especially large numbers of migratory Palaearctic waders , gulls and terns , as well as greater flamingos and pink-backed pelicans . The population

270-669: Is spoken along with Portuguese and creole . Some authors argue that Bijago culture tends to be matriarchal, with women managing the household, the economy, law, as well as initiating courtship (women choose their husbands and terminate the matrimony). Other sources dispute this and suggest that closer examination has revealed a fundamentally patriarchal society where women, in spite of their substantial participation in material production and important roles in social, political, and religious matter, remain essentially unequal to men. A 2016 study suggested that female status in Bijagos society

297-735: The NSDAP , forbidden in Austria until the Anschluss in March 1938, his correspondence and documents from 1923 to 1944, which are accessible in the Vienna Library, prove that he joined the NSDAP on May 1, 1938. At the time, however, Austrians eager to join the party were restricted to new membership. Therefore, Bernatzik used a manipulated certificate referring to his alleged services provided for

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324-676: The Third Reich and the Second World War . At the beginning of the war, Bernatzik was recruited into the Armed Forces and was stationed in Wiener Neustadt as a training officer for Air Defense. However, in explicit opposition to this war, he attempted everything possible to be released from this service, in order to publish a handbook on Africa. This project was designed to give colonial officers and European settlers

351-763: The Africa Handbook and the monograph of Akha and Miao , were destroyed by a bomb attack damaging the Bibliographisches Institut of Leipzig in December 1943; moreover, all negatives of his photo archives burned in 1944, after a bombing of a railway station. Nevertheless, Bernatzik managed to publish without any textual change the "Handbook of Afrika" as well as "Akha and Miao" in 1947. The term "colonial ethnology" had already been replaced in 1944 with "applied ethnology". Contrary to occasional assertions that Bernatzik had been an early member of

378-531: The Bidyogo people. The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine is conducting research into infectious diseases on the islands. Because they are so isolated there is less danger of contamination of the results than in other places. Due to difficulties of communication with mainland Guinea-Bissau that persist to this day, the population has a considerable degree of autonomy and has shielded its ancestral culture from outside influence. The Bijago language

405-682: The Portuguese, putting aside inter-island rivalries to raid the mainland. In 1849, with the people of the Bissagos still fiercely independent, the British and French mounted a joint expedition to 'pacify' the islands, but they were repulsed. The Portuguese tried several times to put down 'tax revolts' in the islands in the early 20th century but largely failed. The islands were not formally annexed by Portugal until 1936. The Bissagos were visited by Austrian anthropologist and photographer Hugo Bernatzik in 1930–1931, who documented daily life among

432-1082: The University of Graz to be a professor based on the work he had done on "The development of the child on the Solomon Island of Owa Raha". He received confirmation from the Austrian Federal Ministry in May 1936 in Rangoon. Finally, at the beginning of 1939, he was appointed at the University of Graz to the Institute of Geography. Plans for another expedition to the Chinese province of Yunnan were cut short by Hitler 's attack on Poland in September 1939. Persistent speculation and rumours were aired regarding Bernatzik's role during

459-473: The authorities in Berlin had quickly lost interest in the "colonial question" . The protection of the general allowed Bernatzik, as well as many of his collaborators, to survive the war without too much loss. However, none of Bernatzik's expeditions were in connection with any German colonial claim. The destinations, the data and his research interests make this evident. During the war, Bernatzik also worked on

486-729: The city of Vienna ) was an Austrian anthropologist and photographer. Bernatzik was the founder of the concept of alternative anthropology. Hugo Adolf Bernatzik was a son of the Professor of Public Law at the University of Vienna and member of the House of Peers, Edmund Bernatzik (1854–1919). After school in 1915, he volunteered to join the Austro–Hungarian Army and was deployed among other places in Albania . In 1920, he abandoned his medical studies for financial reasons and became

513-457: The completion of his most important publication, a monograph of Akha and Miao. Between 1940 and 1942, he travelled repeatedly to occupied Paris to cooperate with French ethnologists and to access various colonial archives for his work. He tried as far as possible to help persecuted colleagues at the Musee de l'Homme and to prevent the vandalism of archives and collections. Both completed manuscripts,

540-592: The constraints of the regime would have been exile. Hugo Bernatzik lived with his family in Heiligenstadt, Vienna in a villa commissioned by his father in 1911, built by the architect Josef Hoffmann and furnished by artists from the Wiener Werkstätte . Bernatzik died in 1953 after many years of a tropical disease at the age of 56 years. He left important photographic work, accessible in Vienna at

567-479: The customs, way of life and the tribal environment into account. In 1927, he married Emmy Winkler (1904–1977), a psychology student in Vienna, who became his assistant and travel companion. From 1930 on, he studied ethnology , anthropology and geography at the University of Vienna and completed a PhD doctorate in 1932 with a "monograph of the Kassanga". In June 1935, he applied for his postdoctoral habilitation to

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594-415: The development of the islands' tourism potential. Starting in the early 2000s, several of the islands began to be used as transit depots for narcotraffic , which is quickly changing the social and economic fabric of the islands. In pre-European colonial times, the islands were central to the trade along the coast of West Africa and they built up a powerful navy. In 1532, King Joao III of Portugal ceded

621-444: The extent that a crisis in the social system would have negative effects" on the natural system. In particular, it was the lack of harmony between the community, ancestors and the supernatural world that was seen as causing environmental dissonance. The Bissagos peoples produce many artifacts for daily use and ritual following a traditional iconography that is unique to their culture, and shows variations from island to island. Among

648-565: The following cognates in Bijago and Joola Kasa (a Bak language) are completely regular, but had not previously been identified (Segerer 2010): Bissagos Islands The archipelago was formed from the ancient delta of the Geba and Grande de Buba rivers and spans an area of 12,958 km (5,003 sq mi). Twenty of its islands are populated year-round, including the most populated island, Bubaque . The administrative capital, Bolama

675-717: The most striking Bidyogo art pieces are the portable ancestor shrines ("iran") and the zoomorphic masks representing cows ("vaca-bruta"), sharks, stingrays and, occasionally, other local animals. Traditionally-decorated artifacts are also produced for "fanado" coming-of-age ceremonies (wood masks, spears, shields, headgear, bracelets), daily activities (fishing, agriculture) and personal use (stools, basketry, foodware). Its unique aesthetics make Bidyogo art easily distinctive from other African tribal arts. 11°15′N 16°05′W  /  11.250°N 16.083°W  / 11.250; -16.083 Hugo Bernatzik Hugo Adolf Bernatzik (26 March 1897 – 9 March 1953, born and died in

702-464: The party since 1933. This letter was attested to by a former school colleague, who had become a party official. Nonetheless Bernatzik's work, his research and position manifest no affinity whatsoever to Nazi Party ideology. Regardless of how one may judge his work today, at no time did it disclose NS propaganda. He never took any official position in the NS regime nor was he expected to do so. Despite this, from

729-478: Was diminished during the slave trade era (likely due to European influence) but has become more valued again in more recent times. In 2012, a study by Bissau-Guinean sociologist Boaventura Santy examined the social representations of the people of the island of Formosa Bijagó about possible threats from climate change . The study concluded that for "the Bijagó the natural and the social are inextricably linked, to

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