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44-668: The award is named after the Pula Arena , the 1st-century Roman amphitheatre in the coastal city of Pula, where film screenings preceding the awards ceremony traditionally take place. In 1991 the festival was cancelled due to the breakup of Yugoslavia , but then resumed in 1992 as the Croatian film awards festival, from then on excluding films and filmmakers from present-day Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia , and North Macedonia . It has been held in this format every year since, although no prizes were awarded at

88-565: A capacity of about 5000 spectators, and also hosts operas, ballets, sports competitions as well as the Pula Film Festival . The arena is open to the public daily, and the underground passages house exhibitions of viticulture and olive growing in Istria. The arena has also been used for cinematic works such as Titus , a 1999 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's revenge tragedy Titus Andronicus by Julie Taymor . On 8 July 2019,

132-450: A divine reward in heaven and directed his beneficence to alms and charity rather than public works and games. These changes meant that there were ever fewer uses for amphitheatres, and ever fewer funds to build and maintain them. The last construction of an amphitheatre is recorded in 523 in Pavia under Theodoric . After the end of venationes , the only remaining purpose of amphitheatres

176-540: A football match was played between the former players of FC Bayern Munich and the Croatia national football team as part of a tourism partnership deal between FC Bayern Munich and the Istria Tourist Board signed in 2018. Two professional ice hockey games were played there on September 14 and 16, 2012; KHL Medveščak , a Zagreb-based Erste Bank Eishockey Liga club, hosted HDD Olimpija Ljubljana and

220-437: A waste of money. Spectacles involving animals, venationes , survived until the sixth century, but became costlier and rarer. The spread of Christianity also changed the patterns of public beneficence: where a pagan Roman would often have seen himself as a homo civicus , who gave benefits to the public in exchange for status and honor, a Christian would more often be a new type of citizen, a homo interior , who sought to attain

264-559: Is a Roman amphitheatre located in Pula , Croatia . It is the only remaining Roman amphitheatre to have four side towers entirely preserved. It was constructed between 27 BC and AD 68, and is among the world's six largest surviving Roman arenas. The arena is also the country's best-preserved ancient monument . The amphitheatre was depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 10 kuna banknote, issued in 1993, 1995, 2001 and 2004. The Arena

308-769: Is around 7,000 and 12,500 for all standing events. The arena is used as a venue for many concerts. Performances have included ones by Duran Duran , Foo Fighters , Luciano Pavarotti , Đorđe Balašević , Plácido Domingo , Andrea Bocelli , Nina Badrić , Hillsong United , Patrizio Buanne , Jose Carreras , Dino Merlin , Jamiroquai , Anastacia , Eros Ramazzotti , Maksim Mrvica , Norah Jones , Zucchero , Zdravko Čolić , Alanis Morissette , Sinéad O'Connor , Elton John , Dua Lipa , Robbie Williams , 2Cellos , Sting , Michael Bolton , Seal , Il Divo , Tom Jones , Gibonni , Manu Chao , Oliver Dragojević , Leonard Cohen , Grace Jones , Moderat , David Gilmour , Avril Lavigne , Arctic Monkeys , Thompson and Frank Zivkovic. It has

352-428: Is distinguished from the traditional semicircular Roman theatres by being circular or oval in shape. The Roman amphitheatre consists of three main parts: the cavea , the arena , and the vomitorium . The seating area is called the cavea ( Latin for "enclosure"). The cavea is formed of concentric rows of stands which are either supported by arches built into the framework of the building, or simply dug out of

396-454: Is found in the province of Sevilla, Spain . Its building dimensions are 156.5 × 134 meters and its arena dimensions are 71. 2 × 46.2 meters. Built in the reign of emperor Hadrian , 117–138 AD, the Italica amphitheatre could hold up to 25,000 people and still stands today. In addition to being one of the largest Roman amphitheatres – 148 x 122 meters, with a capacity of 35,000 spectators –

440-589: The Amphitheatre of El Jem , in Tunisia , is also one of the best preserved. It is a free-standing amphitheatre built entirely out of stone blocks, similar in structure to the Roman Colosseum. Most of the supporting structure of the tiered seating is intact, and the podium, arena, and underground passages are almost entirely intact. Some of the seating is also still intact and the amphitheatre serves as

484-527: The Colosseum , is the archetypal and the largest amphitheatre. Built from 72 to 80 AD, it remains as an icon of ancient Rome . Its building and arena dimensions are 188 × 156 and 86 × 54 meters, respectively. It was commissioned by the Emperor Vespasian for the capital city of the ancient Roman Empire from 70–80 AD but was not completed and opened until 80 AD by his son Titus , as a gift for

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528-568: The Forum Romanum for gladiatorial games from the second century BC onwards, and these may be the origin of the architectural form later expressed in stone. In his Historia Naturalis , Pliny the Elder claims that the amphitheatre was invented during the spectacles of Gaius Scribonius Curio in 53 BC, where two wooden semicircular theatres were rotated towards each other to form one circular amphitheatre, while spectators were still seated in

572-647: The Knights of Malta and medieval fairs. In 1583 the Venetian Senate proposed dismantling the arena and rebuilding it within Venice . The proposals were rejected. Today, a headstone celebrating the Venetian senator Gabriele Emo's  [ sh ] opposition to the plan is currently visible on the second tower. In 1789, stone was taken from Pula arena for the belfry foundations at Pula Cathedral . This

616-528: The Republican period , though they became more monumental during the Imperial era . Amphitheatres are distinguished from circuses and hippodromes , which were usually rectangular and built mainly for racing events, and stadia , built for athletics , but several of these terms have at times been used for one and the same venue. The word amphitheatrum means "theatre all around". Thus, an amphitheatre

660-527: The Vienna Capitals . Roman amphitheatre Roman amphitheatres are theatres — large, circular or oval open-air venues with tiered seating — built by the ancient Romans . They were used for events such as gladiator combats, venationes (animal slayings) and executions. About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found across the area of the Roman Empire . Early amphitheatres date from

704-537: The breakup of Yugoslavia and the escalation of violence in 1991 in the early stages of the Croatian War of Independence , the festival was abruptly cancelled in 1991 immediately after the scheduled opening in late July. In 1992 the event was renamed and relaunched as Pula Film Festival , as opposed to the Festival of Yugoslav Film as it had been known previously. Award categories and names were unchanged, but

748-496: The 1994 edition. The festival's competition program usually includes screenings of all locally produced feature films made in the preceding 12 months, made possible due to the local film industry's relatively low but highly state subsidized output. This means that everyone involved in making them automatically qualifies for the Golden Arena awards. Therefore there are no Academy Award-style lists of nominees announced prior to

792-504: The Best Film award, while still being eligible for the separate Best Director award (although on four out of five occasions in this period the same director won both awards for the same film). Since 2008 the award is given to the film's producer. The following table lists all films which were winners of the top three prizes in the period from 1957 to 1980. On four occasions two films shared the same prize - in 1961 and 1965 two films shared

836-469: The Big Golden Arena, in 1966 two films shared the runner-up award and in 1967 two films shared the third-place award. In addition to this, the 1965 second place prize was not awarded. Shared awards are indicated with an asterisk (*). In 1981 the second and third place prizes were dropped. The following table lists all winners from 1981 to 1990. The Big Golden Arena was not awarded in 1982. Amid

880-566: The Colosseum to help them in Roman power struggles. Yet others were repurposed as Christian churches, including the arenas at Arles, Nîmes , Tarragona and Salona ; the Colosseum became a Christian shrine in the 18th century. Of the surviving amphitheatres, many are now protected as historic monuments ; several are tourist attractions. The Flavian Amphitheatre in Rome, more generally known as

924-878: The Empire grew, most of its amphitheatres remained concentrated in the Latin-speaking Western half, while in the East spectacles were mostly staged in other venues such as theatres or stadia. In the West, amphitheatres were built as part of Romanization efforts by providing a focus for the Imperial cult , by private benefactors, or by the local government of colonies or provincial capitals as an attribute of Roman municipal status. A large number of modest arenas were built in Roman North Africa , where most of

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968-623: The Julia Caesarea, was erected after the time of Julius Caesar . It was built in Mauretania between the times of 25 BC and 23 AD by the Roman-appointed ruler Juba II and his son Ptolemy , which is now considered to be modern day Cherchell , Algeria. Although it has not endured, its building dimensions are known to have been 168 × 88 meters with an arena dimension of 72.1 × 45.8 meters. The fifth-largest Roman amphitheatre

1012-446: The actual awarding ceremony. The awards are handed out by a jury of five or six members which is named before each festival edition by the festival's managing board. These usually include prominent filmmakers and film critics. Although the festival was established in 1954, the award for best film was first awarded in 1957 - prior to the 1957 edition, the festival had separate critics' choice and audience awards for best film screened at

1056-434: The architectural expertise was provided by the Roman military. Several factors caused the eventual extinction of the tradition of amphitheatre construction. Gladiatorial munera began to disappear from public life during the 3rd century, due to economic pressure, philosophical disapproval and opposition by the increasingly predominant new religion of Christianity , whose adherents considered such games an abomination and

1100-423: The arena along the main axis from which animals, ludi scenes and fighters could be released; stores and shops were located under the raked seating. The amphitheatre was part of the circuit of the gladiators . Each of the four towers had two cisterns filled with perfumed water that fed a fountain or could be sprinkled on the spectators. The amphitheatre could be covered with velaria (large sails), protecting

1144-479: The arena. The exterior wall is constructed in limestone . The part facing the sea consists of three stories, while the other part has only two stories since the amphitheatre was built on a slope. The maximum height of the exterior wall is 29.40 m (96.5 ft). The first two floors have each 72 arches, while the top floor consists of 64 rectangular openings. The axes of the elliptical amphitheatre are 132.45 and 105.10 m (434.5 and 344.8 ft) long, and

1188-448: The city, on the road to Nesactium . The amphitheatre remained in use until the 5th century, when Emperor Honorius prohibited gladiatorial combats. It was not until 681 that combat between convicts, particularly those sentenced to death , and wild animals was forbidden. In the 5th century the amphitheatre began to see its stone plundered by the local populace. By the 13th century, the patriarch of Aquileia forbade further removal from

1232-632: The end of the second century BC. The next-oldest amphitheatre known, as well as one of the best-researched, is the amphitheatre of Pompeii , securely dated to be built shortly after 70 BC. There are relatively few other known early amphitheatres: those at Abella , Teanum and Cales date to the Sullan era (until 78 BC), those at Puteoli and Telesia from the Augustan (27 BC–14 AD). The amphitheatres at Sutrium , Carmo and Ucubi were built around 40–30 BC, those at Antioch and Phaestum (Phase I) in

1276-520: The festival. Until 1990, the award was always given to the film's production company or companies, except in 1981 when the award was merged with the Golden Arena for Best Director and both the director and production companies of the winning film ( The Fall of Italy by Lordan Zafranović ) were credited with the award. During the Yugoslav period, film production was decentralised with each of

1320-449: The hillside or built up using excavated material extracted during the excavation of the fighting area (the arena). The cavea is traditionally organised in three horizontal sections, corresponding to the social class of the spectators: Similarly, the front row was called the prima cavea and the last row was called the cavea ultima . The cavea was further divided vertically into cunei . A cuneus (Latin for "wedge"; plural, cunei )

1364-610: The mid-first century BC. In the Imperial era , amphitheatres became an integral part of the Roman urban landscape. As cities vied with each other for preeminence in civic buildings, amphitheatres became ever more monumental in scale and ornamentation. Imperial amphitheatres comfortably accommodated 40,000–60,000 spectators, or up to 100,000 in the largest venues, and were only outdone by the hippodromes in seating capacity . They featured multistoried, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with marble and stucco cladding, statues and reliefs, or even partially made of marble. As

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1408-468: The people of Rome. The Amphitheatre of Pompeii is one of the oldest surviving Roman amphitheatres. It is located in the Roman city of Pompeii , and was buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, that also buried Pompeii itself and the neighboring town of Herculaneum . It is also the oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre built with stone. Another Roman amphitheatre was the Faleria, built 43 A.D. It

1452-482: The selection was narrowed to Croatian films only, excluding films made in the other five republics of Yugoslavia . This meant that initially only a handful of films were eligible for awards, and lack of film activity during the ensuing war even led to the cancellation of the 1994 award ceremony, as only one Croatian feature film had been produced in the preceding 12 months. Pula Arena The Pula Arena ( Croatian : Pulska Arena ; Italian : Arena di Pola )

1496-570: The six republics having their own major film production companies. Jadran Film based in Zagreb and Avala Film based in Belgrade were the two most successful, winning 11 and 8 awards respectively. In the 1990s the award was intermittently merged with the Best Director award, until 1999 when the old format was briefly re-introduced. Between 2003 and 2007 film directors were credited with

1540-513: The spectators from sun or rain (as attested by rare construction elements). Below the arena was a system of canals which collected rainwater and effluent and drained into the sea. This amphitheatre, through its conservation, has served as an example for the study of ancient building techniques. In the Middle Ages the interior of the Arena was often used for grazing, occasional tournaments by

1584-470: The two halves. But while this may be the origin of the architectural term amphitheatrum , it cannot be the origin of the architectural concept, since earlier stone amphitheatres, known as spectacula or amphitheatera , have been found. According to Jean-Claude Golvin , the earliest known stone amphitheatres are found in Campania , at Capua , Cumae and Liternum , where such venues were built towards

1628-456: The walls stand 32.45 m (106.5 ft) high. It could accommodate 23,000 spectators in the cavea , which had forty steps divided into two meniani . The seats rest directly on the sloping ground; The field for the games, the proper arena , measured 67.95 by 41.65 m (222.9 by 136.6 ft). The field was separated from the public by iron gates. The arena had a total of 15 gates. A series of underground passageways were built underneath

1672-414: Was a wedge-shaped division separated by the scalae or stairways. The arched entrances both at the arena level and within the cavea are called the vomitoria (Latin "to spew forth"; singular, vomitorium ) and were designed to allow rapid dispersal of large crowds. It is uncertain when and where the first amphitheatres were built. There are records attesting to temporary wooden amphitheatres built in

1716-477: Was built between 27 BC and 68 AD, as the city of Pula became a regional centre of Roman rule, called Pietas Julia . The building is named after the sand (Latin harena ) that once covered the inner performance area. It was built outside the town walls along the Via Flavia , the road from Pula to Aquileia and Rome . The amphitheatre was first built in timber during the reign of Augustus (2–14 AD). It

1760-464: Was located in Picenum (now Falerone ), Italy. Its building dimensions were 178.8 × 106.2 meters, and it had an arena shaped like an ellipse. It had twelve entrances, four of which led to the arena and had eight rows of seats divided into three sections. Only the outside wall of the amphitheatre remains and the arena is covered in grass all the way to the podium. The third-largest Roman amphitheatre

1804-482: Was replaced by a small stone amphitheatre during the reign of Emperor Claudius . In 79 AD it was enlarged to accommodate gladiator fights by Vespasian and to be completed in 81 AD under Emperor Titus . This was confirmed by the discovery of a Vespasian coin in the malting. In legend, Saint Germanus, of whom little is known, was tortured in the Amphitheatre in or around 290, and subsequently martyred outside

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1848-509: Was the Amphitheatre of Capua , with building dimensions of 169.9 × 139.6 meters. It was located in the city of Capua (modern Santa Maria Capua Vetere ), Italy. It was erected by Augustus in the first century B.C. and could hold up to 60,000 spectators. It is known as the arena that Spartacus fought in in 73 B.C. The theatre was eventually destroyed by the Vandals in their invasion of Rome in 456 AD. The fourth-largest Roman amphitheatre,

1892-722: Was the last time the arena was used as a source of stone. General Auguste de Marmont , as governor of the Illyrian Provinces during the First French Empire , started the restoration of the arena. This was continued in 1816 by the Ticinese architect Pietro Nobile , commissioned by the Emperor Francis I of Austria . In 1932, the arena was adapted for theatre productions, military ceremonies and public meetings. In its present state, seating capacity

1936-486: Was to be the place of public executions and punishments. After even this purpose dwindled away, many amphitheatres fell into disrepair and were gradually dismantled for building material, razed to make way for newer buildings, or vandalized. Others were transformed into fortifications or fortified settlements, such as at Leptis Magna , Sabratha , Arles and Pola , and in the 12th century the Frangipani fortified even

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