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25-592: Biginelli is born on 25 July 1860 in Palazzolo Vercellese which was back then the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia . He attended the University of Turin , studying under Icilio Guareschi , a well-known Italian chemist and chemistry historian. In 1885, he was already a 4th-year student. By 1891, Biginelli worked at the chemical laboratory at the University of Florence , where 2 years later he developed

50-520: A director of the above-mentioned chemical laboratory. He died in Rome on 15 January 1937. Biginelli's first known scientific work, in which he was a co-author of his mentor Icilio Guareschi , was focused on synthesis and reactivity of chlorobromonaphthalene. Already in the University of Florence, Biginelli described a three-component reaction between urea , aldehyde , and ethyl acetoacetate , which

75-563: A location in the Province of Vercelli is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Piedmontese Piedmontese ( English: / ˌ p iː d m ɒ n ˈ t iː z / PEED -mon- TEEZ ; autonym: piemontèis [pjemʊŋˈtɛjz] or lenga piemontèisa ; Italian : piemontese ) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont , a region of Northwest Italy . Although considered by most linguists

100-483: A method which later would be known as Biginelli Pyrimidine synthesis . In 1897, he was already in Rome, as a privatdozent . In 1901, Biginelli, as coadjutor, moved to the Chemical Laboratory of State Medicine in Rome, where he was working as an assistant of Bartolomeo Gosio , a chemist known for his discovery of arsenic-containing volatile gas known as "Gosio gas". From 1925 to 1928, Biginelli worked as

125-454: A recent survey. On the other hand, the same survey showed Piedmontese is still spoken by over half the population, alongside Italian. Authoritative sources confirm this result, putting the figure between 2 million and 3 million speakers out of a population of 4.2 million people. Efforts to make it one of the official languages of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics were unsuccessful. Piedmontese

150-668: A separate language , in Italy it is often mistakenly regarded as an Italian dialect . It is linguistically included in the Gallo-Italic languages group of Northern Italy (with Lombard , Emilian , Ligurian and Romagnol ), which would make it part of the wider western group of Romance languages , which also includes French , Arpitan , Occitan , and Catalan . It is spoken in the core of Piedmont , in northwestern Liguria (near Savona ), and in Lombardy (some municipalities in

175-531: Is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont , located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Vercelli . As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,348 and an area of 13.9 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi). Palazzolo Vercellese borders the following municipalities: Camino , Fontanetto Po , Gabiano , and Trino . This article on

200-423: Is divided into three major groups The variants can be detected in the variation of the accent and variation of words. It is sometimes difficult to understand a person that speaks a different Piedmontese from the one you are used to, as the words or accents are not the same. The Eastern Piedmontese group is more phonologically evolved than its western counterpart. The words that in the west end with jt, jd or t in

225-574: Is ethyl quinine carboxylate, C 20 H 23 O 2 N 2 ·COOC 2 H 5 , and aristochin, carbonylquinine, (C 20 H 23 O 2 N 2 ) 2 CO. After leaving his post as a director of the Chemical Laboratory of State Medicine, Biginelli, as he himself stated, focused mainly on the problems of chemical commodity research, e.g. distinguishing between true and false tannates of commercial quinine, artificial tannins, etc. Palazzolo Vercellese Palazzolo Vercellese ( Palasseu in Piedmontese )

250-407: Is heated in aqueous solution with lead dioxide (the amount of carbon dioxide liberated was estimated). In 1914, Biginelli showed that aristoquinine and quinine carbonate placed in market by Bayer and Zimmer in 1898 were not the salts of carbonic acid, that true quinine carbonate is very bitter, that their action on the organism is slight and slow compared with that of quinine, and that euquinine

275-651: Is pronounced separately, /ˈya/ . Some of the characteristics of the Piedmontese language are: Piedmontese has a number of varieties that may vary from its basic koiné to quite a large extent. Variation includes not only departures from the literary grammar, but also a wide variety in dictionary entries, as different regions maintain words of Frankish or Lombard origin, as well as differences in native Romance terminology. Words imported from various languages are also present, while more recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian. A variety of Piedmontese

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300-464: Is shared partially (in the case of the infinitive time) also by most of the western dialects, including the Turin one, that is the most spoken dialect of western piedmontese (and also of the whole piedmontese language). A morphological variation that sharply divides east and west is the indicative imperfect conjugation of irregular verbs. In the east, the suffix ava/iva is used, while in the west asìa/isìa

325-417: Is used. The groups are also distinguished by differing conjugation of the present simple of the irregular verbs: dé , andé , sté (to give, to go, to stay). /v/ is realized as labio-velar [ w ] between /a/ and /u/ and as [ w ] or [ f ] when in word-final position. Allophones of / a / are [ ɑ, ɒ ] in stressed syllables and as [ɐ] when in unstressed position and at end of the word. Piedmontese

350-430: Is written with a modified Latin alphabet. The letters, along with their IPA equivalent, are shown in the table below. Certain digraphs are used to regularly represent specific sounds as shown below. All other combinations of letters are pronounced as written. Grave accent marks stress (except for o which is marked by an acute to distinguish it from ò ) and breaks diphthongs, so ua and uà are /wa/ , but ùa

375-637: The Venetian language . The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini  [ it ] , when it was extremely close to Occitan , dating from the 12th century, a document devoted to the education of the Knights Templar stationed in Piedmont. During the Renaissance, the oldest Piedmontese literary work of secular character, are

400-491: The Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini , when it was extremely close to Occitan . In 2004, Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament, although the Italian government has not yet recognised it as such. In theory, it is now supposed to be taught to children in school, but this is happening only to a limited extent. The last decade has seen

425-435: The east end with [dʒ] e/o [tʃ] for example the westerns [lajt] , [tyjt] , and [vɛj] (milk, all and old) in the east are [lɑtʃ] , [tytʃ] and [vɛdʒ] . A typical eastern features is [i] as allophone of [e] : in word end, at the end of infinitive time of the verb, like in to read and to be ( western [leze] , [ese] vs . eastern [lezi] , [esi] ) and at words feminine plural gender . Although this development

450-405: The publication of learning materials for schoolchildren, as well as general-public magazines. Courses for people already outside the education system have also been developed. In spite of these advances, the current state of Piedmontese is quite grave, as over the last 150 years the number of people with a written active knowledge of the language has shrunk to about 2% of native speakers, according to

475-484: The westernmost part of Lomellina near Pavia ). It has some support from the Piedmont regional government but is considered a dialect rather than a separate language by the Italian central government. Due to the Italian diaspora Piedmontese has spread in the Argentinian Pampas , where many immigrants from Piedmont settled. The Piedmontese language is also spoken in some states of Brazil, along with

500-706: The works of Zan Zòrs Alion, poet of the duchy of Montferrat, the most famous work being the opera Jocunda. In the 1500s and 1600s, there were several pastoral comedies with parts in Piedmontese. In the Baroque period, El Cont Piolèt , a comedy by Giovan Battista Tan-na d'Entraive was published. Literary Piedmontese developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, but it did not gain literary esteem comparable to that of French or Italian, other languages used in Piedmont. Nevertheless, literature in Piedmontese has never ceased to be produced: it includes poetry , theatre pieces, novels , and scientific work. The first documents in

525-671: Was Judeo-Piedmontese , a dialect spoken by the Piedmontese Jews until the Second World War , when most were killed during the Holocaust . Some survivors knew the language but as of 2015, the language had gone extinct. It had many loanwards from Provencal , Spanish and Hebrew . It kept many conservative features that Piedmontese abandoned over time. The language never became as large in terms of words as larger Jewish languages like Yiddish , and it never developed

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550-400: Was assistant of Bartolomeo Gosio. At that time, it was known that certain poisonous volatile arsenic species tend to form at molds growing on wallpapers painted by arsenic-containing paints. Finally, Gosio and Biginelli succeeded in isolating and analyzing the species: when Gosio gas was passed into a solution of mercuric chloride in dilute HCl (Biginelli's solution) a crystalline precipitate

575-466: Was at first incorrectly interpreted as one leading to the formation of alpha-benzuramido-crotonacetic ester, or ethyl-alpha-salicyluramido- crotonate with open-chain acyclic structures. However, later he corrected himself this interpretation and expanded his initial studies, showing that the end products actually were pyrimidines . However, Biginelli did not change the chemical names presented earlier. Another scope of his research interests emerged when he

600-546: Was formed. A small vial of the Gosio/Biginelli mercurichloride is to this day preserved at The Museum of the History of Medicine (Museo di Storia della Medicina) in Rome, Italy. Under the printed name "Laboratorio Batteriologico della Sanità Pubblica" is handwritten, "arsina penicillare comp. mercurico". From analysis of this material and of the gas itself it appeared that the gas was diethyl arsine . Later, however, it

625-468: Was found that gas discovered by Gosio and Biginelli was in fact trimethylarsine . Biginelli stated in 1911 that tannin has the formula C 41 H 32 O 25 and that it was probably a glucoside . These conclusions were based on the property shown by tannin of forming additive products with water, alcohol, and ether, (which are stable even in vacuum) and also on the loss of carbon dioxide and water with formation of hexa-hydroxy- benzophenone , when tannin

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