Misplaced Pages

#600399

44-552: The town was the administrative centre of German East Africa during the late 19th century until World War I . Since then it has remained part of the Biharamulo District . Trunk road T4 from Mwanza to Bukoba passes by the town and trunk road T9 to Kigoma Region start in Biharamulo. According to the 2012 national census the population of Biharamulo town - 'Biharamulo Mjini' ward - is 24,573. Biharamulo has

88-494: A British force, which was more than eight times larger. Lettow-Vorbeck's guerrilla warfare compelled Britain to commit significant resources to a minor colonial theatre throughout the war and inflicted more than 10,000 casualties. Eventually, the weight of numbers, especially after forces coming from the Belgian Congo had attacked from the west ( Battle of Tabora ), and dwindling supplies forced Lettow-Vorbeck to abandon

132-771: A landowner in East Africa. Together with his wife, he founded a plantation near Sakkarani in the Usambara Mountains . In December 1906, Tom Prince was raised to the German nobility and so became Tom von Prince. At the outbreak of the First World War Prince returned to active military service and commanded two European companies of the German Schutztruppe . He was recalled to active duty as Hauptmann (captain) and given command of

176-651: A large African workforce, but employment conditions were often poor, not to say life-threatening. Local German officials frequently colluded with European landowners in forcing Africans to work on the plantations, although the government in Berlin had banned any form of forced labour. The various labour ordinances promulgated in Dar es Salaam were largely ignored in the interior. The social and economic impacts of large-scale labour migration on "labour reservoirs" such as Unyamwezi and Usukuma were often devastating. Beginning in 1888

220-502: A makeshift British and Belgian flotilla and the Reichsheer garrison at Bismarckburg (modern-day Kasanga ). The Supreme Council of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference awarded all of German East Africa (GEA) to Britain on 7 May 1919, over the strenuous objections of Belgium. The British colonial secretary , Alfred Milner , and Belgium's minister plenipotentiary to the conference, Pierre Orts  [ fr ] , then negotiated

264-601: A series of drafts were made for proposed Coat of Arms and Flags for the German Colonies . However World War I broke out before the designs were finished and implemented and the symbols were never actually used. Following its defeat in the war, Germany lost all its colonies and the prepared coat of arms and flags as a result were never used. 02°24′47″S 30°32′37″E  /  2.41306°S 30.54361°E  / -2.41306; 30.54361 Tom von Prince Tom von Prince (9 January 1866 – 4 November 1914)

308-591: A unique political trend whereby it is difficult for a member of Parliament to save to natural retirement. Previously Biharamulo included Chato division before Chato was upgraded to a district. Members of Parliament for Biharamulo include Chief Stanslaus Rugaba Kasusura (1965 - 1985); Phares Kashemeza Kabuye (1985 - 1995, 2005 - 2009); Anatory Kasazi Choya (1995 - 2005); Oscar Rwegasira Mukasa (2009 - 2010, 2015 - 2020); Anthony Gervas Mbasa (2010 - 2015); Ezra John Chilewesa (from 2020...) German East Africa German East Africa ( GEA ; German : Deutsch-Ostafrika )

352-467: A while, such as "Udjidji" for Ujiji and "Kilimandscharo" for Mount Kilimanjaro , "Kleinaruscha" for Arusha-Chini and "Neu-Moschi" for the city now known as Moshi . ( Kigoma was known for a time as "Rutschugi".) Many places were given African names or had their previous names reestablished: The Imperial High Commissioners ( German : Reichskommissar ) and Imperial Governors ( German : Kaiserlicher Gouverneur ) of German East Africa: In 1914,

396-552: The Askaris of the 13th Field Company and of the 7th and 8th Schützenkompanien (rifle companies composed mainly of the sons of German settlers). Prince's exploits earned him the nickname Bwana Sakarani — the wild one — from his Askaris. On 15 August 1914, in the opening move of the war in East Africa, von Prince seized the Kenyan town of Taveta on orders from the commander of German forces, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck . The objective

440-854: The Imperial German Army and served in the Prussian Infantry Regiment No. 99, which was stationed near Strasbourg. He reached the rank of Leutnant before leaving the army in 1889. In January 1890 he joined the Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch-Ostafrika, then still called the Wissmann-Truppe . Prince initially participated in the suppression of the Abushiri revolt , and in 1891 he took part in Wissmann's campaign to Kilimanjaro. In

484-702: The Usambara Railway was built from Tanga to Moshi to bring these agricultural products to market. The Central Railroad covered 775 mi (1,247 km) and linked Dar es Salaam, Morogoro , Tabora , and Kigoma . The final link to the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika was completed in July 1914 and was cause for a huge and festive celebration in the capital with an agricultural fair and trade exhibition. Harbor facilities were built or improved with electrical cranes, with rail access and warehouses. Wharves were remodeled at Tanga, Bagamoyo, and Lindi . After 1891,

SECTION 10

#1732798263601

528-596: The Africa Great Lakes region, ostensibly to explore the region's rich resources and its people. Unlike other imperial powers, however they never formally abolished either slavery or the slave trade and preferred instead to curtail the production of new "recruits", regulating the existing business of slavery. The colony began when Carl Peters , an adventurer and the founder of the Society for German Colonization , signed treaties with several native chieftains on

572-737: The Anglo-Belgian agreement of 30 May 1919 where Britain ceded the north-western GEA districts of Ruanda and Urundi to Belgium. The conference's Commission on Mandates ratified this agreement on 16 July 1919. The Supreme Council accepted the agreement on 7 August 1919. On 12 July 1919, the Commission on Mandates agreed that the small Kionga Triangle south of the Rovuma River would be given to Portugal ; it eventually became part of independent Mozambique . The commission reasoned that Germany had virtually forced Portugal to cede

616-629: The German Empire, there were more than 7.5 million locals. About 30% were Muslim and the remainder belonged to various tribal beliefs or Christian converts, compared to around 10,000 Europeans, who resided mainly in coastal locations and official residences. In 1913, only 882 German farmers and planters lived in the colony. Approximately 70,000 Africans worked on the plantations of GEA. General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck had served in German South West Africa and Kamerun . He led

660-463: The German colonial administration undertook efforts to overhaul the region's caravan routes, which had existed before European colonisation, into all-weather highways, although most of these projects proved to be unsuccessful and ended in failure. In 1912, Dar es Salaam and Tanga received 356 freighters and passenger steamers and over 1,000 coastal ships and local trading-vessels. Dar es Salaam became

704-564: The German forces in GEA during World War I. His military force consisted of 3,500 Europeans and 12,000 native Askaris and porters. The war strategy was to harry the British army of 40,000, which was at times commanded by the former Second Boer War commander Jan Smuts . One of Lettow-Vorbeck's greatest victories was at the Battle of Tanga (3–5 November 1914). In the battle, the German forces defeated

748-524: The Germans did not act to prevent them. In 1914 the Germans contemplated to ban slavery, but ultimately did not, since they did not consider it financially possible to compensate their owners. Germany developed an educational program for Africans that included elementary, secondary, and vocational schools. "Instructor qualifications, curricula, textbooks, teaching materials, all met standards unmatched anywhere in tropical Africa." In 1924, ten years after

792-527: The Germans, the Hehe chief shot himself. Soldiers brought the head of Mkwawa back to Hauptmann Prince in Iringa. Prince had one of Mkwawa's teeth set in gold as a chain pendant, which was kept in the family. The skull of Mkwawa was allegedly sent to Germany and despite its alleged return in 1954, many doubt its authenticity. In August 1900, Prince left the protective force and colonial administration to settle as

836-451: The Germans. After years of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa was cornered and committed suicide in 1898. The Maji Maji Rebellion occurred in 1905 and was put down by Governor Gustav Adolf von Götzen , who ordered measures to create a famine to crush the resistance. It may have cost as many 300,000 lives. Scandal followed with allegations of corruption and brutality. In 1907, Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow appointed Bernhard Dernburg to reform

880-766: The Royal Engineers). Stewart Smith had been appointed British Commissioner in 1892 for the delimitation of the Anglo-German Boundary in Africa , and in the same year they both surveyed the 180-mile line from the sea to Mount Kilimanjaro. Twelve years later George Edward Smith returned to complete the survey of the remaining 300 miles from Kilimanjaro to Lake Victoria. Between 1891 and 1894, the Hehe people which were led by Chief Mkwawa resisted German expansion. They were defeated because rival tribes supported

924-471: The beginning of the First World War and six years into British rule, the visiting American Phelps-Stokes Commission reported, "In regards to schools, the Germans have accomplished marvels. Some time must elapse before education attains the standard it had reached under the Germans." The Swahili word for school, shule , is derived from the German word Schule . In the most populous colony of

SECTION 20

#1732798263601

968-487: The border between GEA and the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain, although the exact boundaries remained unsurveyed until 1910. The stretch of border between Kenya and Tanganyika , running from the sea to Lake Victoria, was surveyed by two British brothers: Charles Stewart Smith (British Consul at Mombasa) and his younger brother George Edward Smith (an officer and later a general with

1012-484: The coast. The Sultan of Zanzibar protested and claimed that he was the ruler of both Zanzibar and the mainland. Chancellor Bismarck sent five warships which arrived on 7 August 1885, training their guns on the Sultan's palace. The Sultan was forced to accept the German claims on the mainland outside a 10-mile-strip along the coast. In November 1886 Germany and Britain reached an agreement declaring they would respect

1056-616: The colonial administration. German colonial administrators relied heavily on native chiefs to keep order and collect taxes. By 1 January 1914, not including local police, the military garrisons of the Schutztruppen (protective troops) in Dar es Salaam, Moshi , Iringa , and Mahenge numbered 110 German officers (including 42 medical officers), 126 non-commissioned officers, and 2,472 Askari (native enlisted men). Germans promoted commerce and economic growth. Over 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) were put under sisal cultivation which

1100-421: The colony. He withdrew south into Portuguese Mozambique and then into Northern Rhodesia , where he agreed to a ceasefire after he had received news of the armistice between the warring nations three days earlier. Currency had to be printed locally due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from the naval blockade. After the war, Lettow-Vorbeck was acclaimed as one of Germany's heroes. His Schutztruppe

1144-426: The economic development of the colony, Rainer Tetzlaff came to the conclusion that "German East Africa never achieved any real significance for the German Empire, neither as a colony for the settlement of emigrants, nor as a supplier of raw materials, nor as a market for exports." One of the great impediments to the development of plantation agriculture was the labour problem. The plantations could not function without

1188-510: The expedition led by Governor Friedrich von Schele which attacked and captured Mkwawa's fortress at Kalenga, although Mkwawa and most of his warriors escaped. Prince interrupted his service in Africa with several stays in Germany due to being afflicted with tropical diseases . There, on 4 January 1896, he married Magdalene von Massow, who returned with him to Africa. In 1896, he was promoted to

1232-645: The first gold mines in the colony, the Sekenke Gold Mine , which began operation in 1909 after the finding of gold there in 1907. In German Tanganyika slavery was gradually phased out. New enslavement and commercial slave trade was banned in 1901, but private slave sales were not banned, and thousands of slaves, mostly women, were sold in 1911-1914; all slaves born after 1905 were born free; slaves who had been subjected to abuse were freed; slaves were permitted to ransom and buy their freedom, and thousand of slaves bought their freedom or left their enslavers when

1276-478: The following years, he participated in military expeditions to quell the Hehe people . The Hehe, under Chief Mkwavinyika Mkwawa , had won the battle of Lugalo in 1891, where they killed Commander Emil von Zelewski and many of his men. In 1893-94 Tom Prince was sent far inland to Lake Nyassa , with a civilian representative of the Antislavery Committee, Wynecken. In September 1894, Prince joined

1320-579: The mainland which is opposite Zanzibar . On 3 March 1885, the German government announced that it had granted an imperial charter, which was signed by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck on 27 February 1885. The charter was granted to Peters' company and was intended to establish a protectorate in the African Great Lakes region. Peters then recruited specialists who began exploring south to the Rufiji River and north to Witu , near Lamu on

1364-523: The rank of Hauptmann and in August 1896 he established the German military station at Iringa, a short distance from Mkwawa's fortress at Kalenga. Faced with resistance from the Hehe people , he had Mkwawa's brother Mpangile tried for treason and hanged on 21 February 1897, then sent patrols to chase Mkwawa and his last supporters. As the fighting continued, Prince deliberately starved the rebels to break their will to fight. On 19 July 1898, closely pursued by

Biharamulo - Misplaced Pages Continue

1408-463: The showcase city of all of tropical Africa. By 1914, Dar es Salaam and the surrounding province had a population of 166,000, among them 1,000 (0.6%) Germans. In all of the GEA, there were 3,579 Germans. Gold mining in Tanzania in modern times dates back to the German colonial period, beginning with gold discoveries near Lake Victoria in 1894. The Kironda-Goldminen-Gesellschaft established one of

1452-435: The soil and climate were not always favourable to the grower. It was only in sisal that the large plantations finally found a reliable source of income. Under the governorship of Albrecht von Rechenberg , from 1906 to 1912, the colonial administration began to place more emphasis on the economic potential of African small-holder agriculture, for which railway construction was an essential precondition. In his detailed study of

1496-474: The sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar over his islands and the 10-mile-strip along the coast. They otherwise agreed on their spheres of interest along what is now the Tanzanian–Kenyan border. The British and Germans agreed to divide the mainland between themselves, and the Sultan had no option but to agree. German rule was established quickly over Bagamoyo , Dar es Salaam , and Kilwa . Oscar Baumann

1540-468: The triangle in 1894. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919, although the treaty did not take effect until 10 January 1920. On that date, the GEA was transferred officially to Britain, Belgium, and Portugal. Also on the same day, " Tanganyika " became the name of the British territory. Some names in German East Africa continued to bear German spellings of the local names for

1584-529: Was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi , Rwanda , the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle , a small region later incorporated into Mozambique . GEA's area was 994,996 km (384,170 sq mi), which was nearly three times the area of present-day Germany and almost double the area of metropolitan Germany at the time. The colony

1628-888: Was a military officer and plantation owner in German East Africa . He most notably, as a captain in the Schutztruppe , led the first action by German forces in East Africa during World War I by seizing Taveta on 15 August 1914, and was then killed in November at the Battle of Tanga . He was born on 9 January 1866, at Port Louis, Mauritius, son of Thomas Prince, police superintendent of the British island colony of Mauritius and Mary Luisa Ansorge, who had been born in Bengal to German missionaries. His father died at Mauritius in 1869 and his mother died there in 1879. After he

1672-617: Was celebrated as the only colonial German force during World War I that was not defeated in open combat, but it often retreated when it was outnumbered. The Askari colonial troops who had fought in the East African campaign were later given pension payments by the Weimar Republic and West Germany . The SMS Königsberg , a German light cruiser , also fought off the coast of the African Great Lakes region. She

1716-495: Was eventually scuttled in the Rufiji delta in July 1915 after running low on coal and spare parts and was subsequently blockaded and bombarded by the British. The surviving crew stripped out the remaining ship's guns, mounted them on gun carriages, and joined the land forces, which added considerably to their effectiveness. Another smaller campaign was conducted on the shores of southern Lake Tanganyika in 1914 and 1915. It involved

1760-599: Was organised when the German military was asked in the late 1880s to put down a revolt against the activities of the German East Africa Company . It ended with Imperial Germany 's defeat in World War I . Ultimately the territory was divided amongst Britain, Belgium and Portugal, and was reorganised as a mandate of the League of Nations . Like other colonial powers, the Germans expanded their empire in

1804-611: Was orphaned, Prince's maternal grandparents took him to Germany, where he was enrolled at the Königliche Ritterakademie at Liegnitz (now Legnica in Poland). He continued his education at the Kassel Military Academy ( Kadettenanstalt Kassel ), where he was a classmate of his future superior Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck . He met his future wife Magdalene von Massow at Liegnitz in 1884. In 1887 he joined

Biharamulo - Misplaced Pages Continue

1848-754: Was sent to explore Masailand and Urundi. During his expedition he discovered the source of the Kagera river, the Alexandra Nile. The caravans of Tom von Prince , Wilhelm Langheld, Emin Pasha , and Charles Stokes were sent to dominate "the Street of Caravans". The Abushiri Revolt of 1888 was put down with British help the following year. In 1890, London and Berlin concluded the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty , which gave Heligoland to Germany and decided

1892-593: Was the largest cash crop. Two million coffee trees were planted, rubber trees grew on 200,000 acres (81,000 ha), and there were large cotton plantations. In the early years of the colony, hunting and gathering remained the basis of the export economy, and ivory and wild rubber were major exports. The African-owned plantations along the coast, on the other hand, suffered from the gradual abolition of slavery. The number of European-owned plantations rose steadily, but many of them proved unprofitable. Global markets for commodities like coffee and rubber were very unstable, and

1936-423: Was to take and hold a key point that would strengthen German defences in the north of their colony and protect the Usambara Railway . Tom von Prince was one of nine German officers to be killed in the Battle of Tanga on 4 November 1914. He had been ordered to lead his troops into the centre of the town and was killed in fighting against the British 2nd Loyal North Lancashire Regiment that had landed as part of

#600399