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118-633: EH Bildu , short for Euskal Herria Bildu ( English : 'Basque Country Gather' or 'Basque Country Unite'), is a left-wing , Basque nationalist and pro-independence a federation of political parties in Spain. It is the main political force of the abertzale left in Spain. EH Bildu is active in the Spanish Basque Country , that is, in the Basque Autonomous Community and Chartered Community of Navarre , as well as in
236-558: A majoritarian or plurality basis, and an electoral basis or collegium . Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some federal states senates also exist at the subnational level. In the United States , most states and territories have senates, with the exception of Nebraska , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands (whose legislatures are unicameral bodies called
354-553: A mixed language or a creole —a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis . Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares innovations with other Germanic languages including Dutch , German , and Swedish . These shared innovations show that
472-644: A 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. A working knowledge of English has become
590-452: A Senate. Córdoba and Tucumán changed to unicameral systems in 2001 and 2003 respectively. In Australia and Canada , only the upper house of the federal parliament is known as the Senate. All Australian states other than Queensland have an upper house known as a Legislative council . Several Canadian provinces also once had a Legislative Council, but these have all been abolished,
708-515: A bill may be bypassed by the lower house or another branch of government. The modern word senate is derived from the Latin word senātus (senate), which comes from senex , 'elder man'. A member or legislator of a senate is called senator . The Latin word senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling . Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of social organization, in which advisory or decision-making powers are reserved for
826-549: A declaration with which all the signatories committed to act together in the defense of the right to self-determination. In the repeat elections held on 10 November, Bildu obtained 277,621 votes (1.14%), that is, 17,974 more, and the election of Bel Pozueta , its fifth representative in the lower house, for the Navarre constituency. EH Bildu was the political force with the most votes in the Basque Country and Navarre as
944-658: A distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and has a few verb inflections ( speak , speaks , speaking , spoke , spoken ), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings. Its closest relative
1062-490: A foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the Netherlands and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English
1180-740: A half. The coalition was the first force in Gipuzkoa, with 31.69% of the votes, and for the first time in Álava, with 19.86%. It was also the second force in Biscay, with 20.25%, and in Navarra, with 20.21%. The designation of the possible MEP generated a debate within EH Bildu, since both Aralar and Eusko Alkartasuna are members of the European Free Alliance , while Sortu showed during the campaign its preference for joining The Left in
1298-739: A long period of time. The original senate was the Roman Senate , which lasted until at least CE 603, although various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome. In the Eastern Roman Empire , the Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade , circa 1202–1204. The female form senatrix also existed. Modern democratic states with bicameral parliamentary systems are sometimes equipped with
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#17327915887691416-520: A more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in
1534-535: A new alliance, under the name Amaiur , along with Aralar, previously part of Nafarroa Bai , and other abertzale (i.e., Basque nationalist) groups. On 3 July 2012, the writer and university professor Laura Mintegi was presented as Bildu's candidate for the presidency of the Basque Government for the October 21 elections. Mintegi was already on the lists of Amaiur in the general elections of 2011 for
1652-695: A number of other Anglic languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian dialect and Yola language of Ireland. Like Icelandic and Faroese , the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language, as it differs in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology . However, some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated,
1770-684: A requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995. International communities such as international business people may use English as an auxiliary language , with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop
1888-407: A rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspects and moods , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives , and some negation . The earliest form of English
2006-410: A senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel lower house , known variously as the " House of Representatives ", " House of Commons ", " Chamber of Deputies ", " National Assembly ", " Legislative Assembly ", or " House of Assembly ", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, one house employing a proportional voting system and the other being elected on
2124-696: A significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), the United Kingdom (60 million), Canada (19 million), Australia (at least 17 million), South Africa (4.8 million), Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide
2242-411: A summary process with fatalities, announced that they would resign from their positions if they were elected to show their commitment to coexistence and peace, and this took effect after several of them managed to win. in several locations in the Basque Country. Although Covite called this withdrawal a victory, the controversy was fueled by the request to outlaw EH Bildu presented by Vox , the president of
2360-447: A verb ending ( present plural): From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually transformed through language contact with Old Norse in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in
2478-835: A view to these elections but on the occasion of the World Economic Forum in Bilbao, the coalition held an international rally in that city on 2 March 2014, with the participation of political groups such as Sinn Féin , Syriza , Die Linke , the Left Bloc of Portugal and the BNG , among others. After it became public that the ERC would run its own candidate and that the CUP and Nós-UP would not participate in these elections, EH Bildu finally formed The Peoples Decide coalition together with
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#17327915887692596-404: A whole and the one that won the most mayoralties in the 2023 municipal elections. In 2023, a complaint was filed by Covite over the inclusion of several candidates who had been convicted of belonging to and collaborating with ETA among the more than 300 EH Bildu lists for the municipal elections in the Basque Country and Navarre. Seven of these, who especially stood out for having been convicted in
2714-563: Is Old Frisian , but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the Danelaw and other Viking invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than
2832-522: Is a deliberative assembly , often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature . The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus ), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: senex meaning "the elder" or "old man") and therefore considered wiser and more experienced members of the society or ruling class . However the Roman Senate was not the ancestor or predecessor of modern parliamentarism in any sense, because
2950-466: Is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power. As of 2016 , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the largest language by number of speakers . English
3068-610: Is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in
3186-407: Is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world. The Indian linguist Braj Kachru distinguished countries where English is spoken with a three circles model . In his model, Kachru based his model on
3304-538: Is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon ( c. 450–1150 ). Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, often grouped as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic , and originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain as
3422-590: Is either the official language or one of the official languages in 59 sovereign states (such as India , Ireland , and Canada ). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law (such as in the United States and United Kingdom ). It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union , and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become
3540-536: Is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500. With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with Old French , in particular Old Norman French , influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by
3658-424: Is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language. Many users of English in
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3776-517: Is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English
3894-777: Is the third person pronoun group beginning with th- ( they, them, their ) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- ( hie, him, hera ). Other core Norse loanwords include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones. Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. Although, from
4012-603: The 2011 local elections , Bildu received 26% of the vote in the Basque region, coming second only to the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). The party won seats in most of the councils of the Southern Basque Country , including San Sebastián (where it came first), Bilbao , Vitoria-Gasteiz and Pamplona . For the 2011 general election , Eusko Alkartasuna, Alternatiba and their allies formed
4130-978: The Anglic languages in the British Isles , and into the Frisian languages and Low German /Low Saxon on the continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the Anglo-Frisian languages , are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the North Sea Germanic languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into
4248-600: The Anglo-Saxons . Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse , a North Germanic language . Then, Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects , which are the source of approximately 28% of Modern English words , and from Latin , which is the source of an additional 28% . As such, though most of its total vocabulary comes from Romance languages , Modern English's grammar, phonology, and most commonly used words in everyday use keep it genealogically classified under
4366-485: The Augustinian canon Orrm , which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time. In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written: Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis . Here the plural suffix -n on the verb have is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English
4484-700: The Community of Madrid Díaz Ayuso and the Dignidad y Justicia association, which was rejected by the Prosecutor's Office. Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez was also attacked for his agreements with the coalition. Although it is a member of pacifist political groups such as Eusko Alkartasuna, Alternatiba and Aralar (dissolved in 2017) and Sortu was endorsed by the Constitutional Court, EH Bildu has been described by some conservative media as
4602-546: The Danelaw area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . The centre of Norsified English was in the Midlands around Lindsey . After 920 CE, when Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today
4720-552: The European Free Trade Association , Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of
4838-608: The Navarrese People's Union (UPN), which dropped to 281. EH Bildu took many mayoralties from UPN, including Estella-Lizarra , Barañáin , Tafalla and Pamplona . Thus, Joseba Asiron became the first abertzale mayor of the Navarrese capital thanks to a government agreement between EH Bildu, Geroa Bai , Aranzadi and Izquierda-Ezkerra . EH Bildu lost the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa, which until then
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4956-688: The Senate for Biscay and on those of Herri Batasuna (HB) in the European elections of 1987 and 1989 . The heads of the coalition list for Álava and Gipuzkoa were, respectively, the spokesperson for the STEE-EILAS union Belén Arrondo and the University of the Basque Country professor Xabier Isasi. The list for Biscay , headed by Laura Mintegi, was completed by the former mayor of Amoroto and former spokesperson for Udalbiltza Maribi Ugarteburu,
5074-775: The Treviño enclave of the Burgos Province . In the French Basque Country , it has an alliance with the party Euskal Herria Bai , with the goal of establishing a state for the Basque Country across the Spanish-French border. Bildu was formed in response to the March 2011 ruling by Spain's Supreme Court that banned the registration of a new Basque party called Sortu . Bildu was a coalition of
5192-604: The United Nations at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations such as
5310-518: The palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization ). The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as Old English or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of North Sea Germanic dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by Old Norse -speaking Viking invaders and settlers , starting in
5428-688: The "Legislature" but whose members refer to themselves as "senators") and the District of Columbia (whose unicameral legislature is called the Council). There is also the US Senate at the federal level. Similarly in Argentina , in addition to the Senate at federal level, eight of the country's provinces , Buenos Aires , Catamarca , Corrientes , Entre Ríos , Mendoza , Salta , San Luis (since 1987) and Santa Fe , have bicameral legislatures with
5546-564: The "outer circle" countries are countries such as the Philippines , Jamaica , India , Pakistan , Singapore , Malaysia and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government. Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to
5664-617: The 8th and 9th centuries. Middle English began in the late 11th century after the Norman Conquest of England, when a considerable amount of Old French vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the start of the Great Vowel Shift and the Renaissance trend of borrowing further Latin and Greek words and roots, concurrent with
5782-608: The Angles. English may have a small amount of substrate influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible Brittonicisms in English have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed. Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects ( Mercian and Northumbrian ) and the Saxon dialects ( Kentish and West Saxon ). Through
5900-518: The BNG, Puyalón , Andecha Astur , Canarian Nationalist Alternative and Unity of the People . The slate, led by the former newspaper director Gara Josu Juaristi, obtained 326,464 votes (2.08%), which entitled it to one MEP. Thus, the EH Bildu candidate, Josu Juaristi, would occupy the seat for the first three and a half years of the legislature and the BNG candidate, Ana Miranda , for the remaining year and
6018-594: The Bildu councilor in Amurrio Eva Blanco, the lawyer Julen Arzuaga and the Aralar deputy Igor López de Munain . To prepare the electoral lists, the organizations that made up the coalition negotiated the percentage of representation that each one was going to have within it. In this way, it was agreed that the nationalist left would decide 60% of the names on the lists, EA 20%, Aralar 13% and Alternatiba 7%. In
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#17327915887696136-524: The British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English
6254-434: The Early Modern period includes the works of William Shakespeare and the translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I . Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent
6372-409: The English Language , which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of
6490-429: The English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koineised forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers. English has ceased to be an "English language" in
6608-525: The European Parliament (GUE/NGL) . After obtaining the seat, Josu Juaristi joined the latter group, although he announced that he would also maintain "a priority relationship" with the Greens–European Free Alliance , since the latter has political formations that defend his right. In the 2015 local elections , EH Bildu was the second force in the Basque Country, only surpassed by the Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ-PNV). EAJ-PNV lost institutional power to Bildu in Gipuzkoa, losing several municipalities, including
6726-410: The Germanic branch. It exists on a dialect continuum with Scots and is then most closely related to the Low Saxon and Frisian languages . English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Old English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the Frisian North Sea coast, whose languages gradually evolved into
6844-512: The Government of Navarre María José Beaumont (Presidency, Public Service, Interior and Justice) and Isabel Elizalde (Rural Development, Local Administration and Environment) were elected at the proposal of EH Bildu. In the 2015 general elections in Spain, EH Bildu saw a decline in both votes and representatives compared to the results of Amaiur in 2011. In total it obtained 218,467 votes (0.87%) and two deputies were electedː Onintza Enbeita for Biscay and Marian Beitialarrangoitia by Gipuzkoa. After
6962-399: The PNV. Compared to the results obtained in the general elections in 2015 and 2016, EH Bildu experienced a recovery in both the number of votes and the percentage of the vote. Compared to the previous elections to the Basque Parliament in 2012, it lost three seats and more than 50,000 votes. After obtaining her parliamentary certificate, journalist Maddalen Iriarte was elected spokesperson for
7080-502: The Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in Britain , replacing the languages of Roman Britain (43–409): Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and British Latin , brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages. England and English (originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are both named after
7198-746: The Roman senate was not a de jure legislative body. Many countries have an assembly named a senate , composed of senators who may be elected , appointed, have inherited the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of "sober second thought" to consider legislation passed by a lower house , whose members are usually elected. Most senates have asymmetrical duties and powers compared with their respective lower house meaning they have special duties, for example to fill important political positions or to pass special laws. Conversely many senates have limited powers in changing or stopping bills under consideration and efforts to stall or veto
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#17327915887697316-429: The Secretary of the Treasury of the National Executive of EA Leire Pinedo, the vice coordinator of Aralar Daniel Maeztu and the spokesperson for Alternatiba Oskar Matute . In eighth place was the lawyer and former parliamentarian of Herri Batasuna Jone Goirizelaia. For Gipuzkoa, the list included the Basque teacher and technician Lur Etxeberria. Also on Álava's list were the member of the nationalist left Hasier Arraiz ,
7434-442: The Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and Malta ). In
7552-473: The ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to Britain . It is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations ) and the United States . English is the third-most spoken native language , after Standard Chinese and Spanish ; it is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. English
7670-484: The autonomous community. Three of these parliamentarians were in turn members of EA ( Maiorga Ramírez , Miren Aranoa and Esther Korres), three of Sortu (Adolfo Araiz, Bakartxo Ruiz and Dabid Anaut) and two of Aralar (Asun Fernández de Garaialde and Xabi Lasa). Later, Xabi Lasa would be replaced by Arantza Izurdiaga (Sortu). The representatives of EH Bildu voted in favor of the investiture of Uxue Barkos along with Geroa Bai, Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra. The counselors of
7788-407: The base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. Estimates of the numbers of second language and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model,
7906-401: The basis for the required controlled natural languages Seaspeak and Airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with French as a language of diplomacy at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of
8024-400: The beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing. John Trevisa , c. 1385 Middle English
8142-414: The coalition decided so. However, the Electoral Board, later endorsed by the Constitutional Court, determined that Otegi could not be included on the electoral lists because he was disqualified from voting as part of his conviction for the Bateragune case. EH Bildu obtained 225,172 (21.26%) votes and 18 parliamentarians. It maintained its status as the second force in the Basque Parliament, surpassed only by
8260-638: The consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers. The settlement history of
8378-414: The creation of a Basque State , admitting that each region follows its own rhythms as it finds itself in a different starting situation. English language English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , whose speakers, called Anglophones , originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain . The namesake of the language is the Angles , one of
8496-526: The day the election campaign began, Spain's Constitutional Court lifted the ban and Bildu was allowed to participate in the elections. The public presentation of EH Bildu took place on 10 June 2012 in San Sebastián . Present at the event were, among others, the former members of Batasuna Rufi Etxeberria and Joseba Permach; the general secretary of EA, Pello Urizar ; the coordinator of Aralar , Patxi Zabaleta; Alternatiba spokesperson, Oskar Matute ; and
8614-521: The de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science , technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the Internet . English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of the Germanic language branch, and as of 2021 , Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.5 billion speakers worldwide. Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by
8732-476: The development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly Old Norse and French dialects . These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic clades —but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered
8850-528: The distinct characteristics of Early Modern English. In the 1611 King James Version of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive), and
8968-401: The early period of Old English were written using a runic script . By the 6th century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms . It included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . Old English is essentially
9086-551: The educational reforms of King Alfred in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex , the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Cædmon's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from
9204-415: The eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. This form of adaptation was used to show the power of those in body and for the decision-making process to be thorough, which could take
9322-695: The elite in England eventually developed into the Anglo-Norman language . Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases
9440-420: The end, Bildu obtained 277,923 votes (25.0%) and 21 parliamentarians. Of them, five were members of EA ( Pello Urizar , Juanjo Agirrezabala, Arritokieta Zulaika, Leire Pinedo and Eva Blanco), three of Aralar (Rebeka Ubera, Igor López de Muniain and Daniel Maeztu) and two of Alternatiba (Oskar Matute and Diana Urrea), because Arritokieta Zulaika from EA replaced Arturo Muñoz from Alternatiba. By constituencies, Bildu
9558-408: The expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication, and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in
9676-424: The field of youth, in favor of internationalism and against racism and xenophobia . EH Bildu defines itself ideologically as a left-wing force for Basque national sovereignty, whose purpose is the achievement of an independent Euskal Herria based on social justice . In this sense, since January 2015 it has maintained a preferential relationship with Euskal Herria Bai in the French Basque Country aimed at
9794-509: The general deputy of Gipuzkoa for Bildu, Martín Garitano. On 3 July 2012, Laura Mintegi was elected candidate for lehendakari in the 2012 Basque parliamentary elections . Mintegi, a professor at the University of the Basque Country, had already presented herself as a candidate for Herri Batasuna. Although the newspaper Gara announced that Sortu would join the coalition after the Constitutional Court revoked its illegalization, which
9912-721: The growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of
10030-615: The heir of the banned separatist group ETA. Victims' associations such as Covite have criticized the presence of their leaders at tributes to former members of the armed organization, and the militancy in ETA in the youth of its general coordinator Arnaldo Otegi , as well as some of the Sortu affiliates, has also been pointed out. For his part, Otegi has reiterated on several occasions EH Bildu's commitment against ETA violence, rejecting public receptions of released prisoners, as well as his support for
10148-479: The history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example,
10266-407: The history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time. Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where
10384-403: The inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries. In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as
10502-531: The introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE fugol ). By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English
10620-475: The introduction of the printing press to London. This era notably culminated in the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare . The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects. Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of
10738-431: The languages have descended from a single common ancestor called Proto-Germanic . Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbs , and the sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants, known as Grimm's and Verner's laws . English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as
10856-538: The last being Quebec 's Legislative council in 1968. In Germany , the last senate of a state parliament, the Bavarian Senate , was abolished in 2000. Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the Senate of the Philippines , the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of
10974-637: The marginalization of their party within EH Bildu in the face of the preeminence of Sortu. Critics demanded a return to the coalition's original idea of bringing together "a broad, progressive and nationalist bloc" and the establishment of "rules respectful of the pluralism typical of coalitions." In the general elections of April 2019, EH Bildu increased its share of the vote by 74,934 to reach 259,647 votes (0.99%), resulting in four deputies being elected to Congress : Iñaki Ruiz de Pinedo , for Álava; Oskar Matute , who repeated for Biscay; Mertxe Aizpurua and Jon Iñarritu , both from Gipuzkoa. A senator for Gipuzkoa
11092-497: The mayor's office of the capital, San Sebastián. In this historic territory, EH Bildu obtained 29.87% of the votes and 398 councilors. In Biscay it was the second force with 19.85% and 394 councilors, and in Álava it was also the second force with 21.48%, surpassing the PNV by one tenth. In Navarre, the nationalist coalition was the first force in number of councilors and second in number of votes. It obtained 297 councilors, thus surpassing
11210-536: The new call for elections in 2016, EH Bildu renewed the electoral lists, but failed to improve its results by obtaining 184,092 votes (0.77%) and two deputies: Oskar Matute for Biscay and Marian Beitialarrangoitia for Gipuzkoa. For the elections to the Basque Parliament in 2016, EH Bildu designated Arnaldo Otegi as its candidate for the presidency of the Basque Government , after the bases of
11328-476: The parliamentary group, as well as its candidate for lehendakari in the investiture plenary session. On 17 June 2017, EH Bildu was refounded as a permanent political structure to provide itself with its own bodies with executive capacity and open itself to the activism of independents, leaving behind the classic party coalition formula. Arnaldo Otegi was elected general coordinator. Following this process, Aralar held its last congress on 2 December 2017, in which it
11446-426: The prestige varieties among the middle classes. In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of do-support , have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it
11564-678: The reign of Henry V . Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from
11682-468: The sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically English . Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. As decolonisation proceeded throughout
11800-518: The service of a new economic , ecological and social model , a fair redistribution of wealth and the fight against social exclusion , which has its fundamental reference in the working social majority. The agreement included other commitments related to "the consolidation of a scenario of non-violence with guarantees and the reestablishment of democratic minimums", the Basque language , the fight for equality between women and men, defense of education,
11918-681: The social democratic Eusko Alkartasuna , Alternatiba (a splinter group from Ezker Batua ) and independent individuals from the Basque left-wing nationalist milieu, originating from the banned Batasuna party, all of them formerly members of the Amaiur coalition. Bildu was also banned by the Supreme Court for its links to Batasuna, the political wing of the banned armed separatist group ETA . The decision to ban Bildu sparked street protests in Bilbao and other cities. However, on 5 May 2011, exactly
12036-474: The southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain (northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them. The translation of Matthew 8:20 from 1000 shows examples of case endings ( nominative plural, accusative plural, genitive singular) and
12154-455: The study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked Globish uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include Simple English . The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words being assimilated into
12272-476: The victims, expressing his regret for the suffering caused. The formations that formalized the coalition signed a long-term strategic agreement to offer Basque citizens "a project of national sovereignty and true social transformation ", which opted for "the construction of viable alternatives that position the economy as a tool at the service of citizenship", such as the creation of a Basque Public Fund, in addition to putting political and economic sovereignty "at
12390-421: The vocabularies of other languages. This influence of English has led to concerns about language death , and to claims of linguistic imperialism , and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives. Senate A senate
12508-473: The word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during
12626-785: The world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences. English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by
12744-539: The world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India. Modern English, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , is also regarded as the first world language . English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty,
12862-438: The worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation , and law. Its modern grammar is the result of a gradual change from a dependent-marking pattern typical of Indo-European with
12980-405: Was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century
13098-433: Was also elected (in addition to the one EH Bildu had by territorial designation): Gorka Elejabarrieta. In October, EH Bildu signed, together with Junts per Catalunya , Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya , Popular Unity Candidacy , Galician Nationalist Bloc , Crida Nacional , Demòcrates de Catalunya , Catalan European Democratic Party , Esquerra Valenciana , República Valenciana, Més per Mallorca and Més per Menorca ,
13216-439: Was confirmed by its spokesperson in a press conference on July 11, 2012, this incorporation was finally postponed due to the advance of the elections to the Basque Parliament, which made them coincide with the constitutive debate process of said party. In the 2020 Basque regional election , three political prisoner members of political youth or illegalized media were elected: Arkaitz Rodríguez, Iker Casanova and Ikoitz Arrese. At
13334-480: Was decided to dissolve, leaving the way open to members who thus decided to join EH Bildu. The decision was made when it considered its objective of having all human rights defended by the nationalist left fulfilled, as well as the improvement of its internal democracy and the admission of internal currents. However, a critical segment belonging to Eusko Alkartasuna, led by Maiorga Ramírez and supported by its founder Carlos Garaikoetxea , opposed what they considered
13452-518: Was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. The next period in
13570-583: Was governed by Bildu, by obtaining 28% of the votes and 17 members, compared to 31% and 18 members for the EAJ-PNV. In Álava, Bildu obtained 11 members with 20% of the votes, and in Biscay it obtained 18% and 11 members in the General Meetings. In the elections to the Parliament of Navarre in 2015, EH Bildu obtained eight parliamentarians with 14.25% of the votes, which made it the third force in
13688-505: Was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the Ormulum . The oldest Middle English texts that were written by
13806-533: Was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in -ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as had been being built are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. more polite instead of politer ). British English
13924-485: Was the slate with the most votes in Gipuzkoa with 32.2% of the votes (9 parliamentarians), and the second in Álava (22.1% and 6 parliamentarians) and Biscay (21.5% and 6 parliamentarians). At the end of 2013, EH Bildu announced its willingness to participate in the elections to the European Parliament on May 25, 2014, with the intention of uniting all of Spain's sovereigntist forces under its candidacy. With
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