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57-585: Prince-Bishop Petar II Petrović-Njegoš started the building of the palace on 29 March 1838. Initially, it was called the 'New House', but soon it got its new name 'Biljarda' (Billiard House) after the central room on the first floor which contained a billiard table, the prince-bishop's favorite game. Designed by the Russian Lieutenant Colonel Jakov Nikolaevich Ozeretskovsky, the Biljarda palace has

114-621: A bishop is; and we know that it is a kind of royalty in Christ." Anglican Archbishop Robert Duncan expressed his view that the pastoral changes "in the 1970s was a revolution in reaction to those prince bishops – they had all this authority, they had all this power." So systems such as the Commission on Ministry system in the Episcopal Church "was to replace an individual's authority with a committee's authority." Lands of

171-846: A classic example of unified secular and diocesan authority. It progressively lost its powers since the Renaissance, and was finally replaced by the Republic of the Seven Tithings in 1634. Upon the incorporation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1237, the territory of the Order's State largely corresponded with the Diocese of Riga . Bishop Albert of Riga in 1207 had received the lands of Livonia as an Imperial fief from

228-872: A convention of Bohemian nobles elected his brother-in-law, the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand I of Austria , as the new king of the Bohemian crown lands. Together with the Archduchy of Austria " hereditary lands " and the Hungarian kingdom , they formed the Habsburg monarchy , which in the following centuries grew out of the Holy Roman Empire into a separate European power. Attempts by the Bohemian Protestant Reformation estates to build up an autonomous confederation were dashed at

285-525: A noble title, with a tiny territory usually about their seat; it was often a princely title, especially Count but also Prince or Baron, including actual seigneurial authority and rights. Indeed, six of the twelve original Pairies (the royal vassals awarded with the highest precedence at Court) were episcopal: the Archbishop of Reims , the Bishop of Langres , and the Bishop of Laon held a ducal title,

342-413: A prince-bishop could wholly or largely have overlapped with his diocesan jurisdiction, but some parts of his diocese , even the city of his residence, could have been exempt from his civil rule, obtaining the status of free imperial city . If the episcopal see was an archbishopric , the correct term was prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular (monastic) clergy was prince-abbot . A prince-bishop

399-665: A prince-bishopric with Erzstift being used for prince-archbishoprics. Emperor Charles IV by the Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the privileged status of the Prince-Archbishoprics of Mainz , Cologne and Trier as members of the electoral college. At the eve of the Protestant Reformation , the Imperial states comprised 53 ecclesiastical principalities. They were finally secularized in

456-505: Is likewise shortened to Böhmische Krone or Böhmische Kronländer . Native names include Silesian : Korōna Czeskigo Krōlestwa , Lower Sorbian : zemje Českeje krony , and Upper Sorbian : kraje Čěskeje Króny . The denotation Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas ( země Koruny svatováclavské ) refers to the Crown of Saint Wenceslas , part of the regalia of the Bohemian monarchs. In

513-468: The Fürstbischof title, but never held any reichsfrei territory. However, all bishops' princely titles were abolished by the pope in 1951. The Patriarchate of Aquileia (1077–1433) was conquered by Venice in 1420 and officially incorporated after the 1445 Council of Florence . In Brescia Bishop Notingus was made count of Brescia in 844. The archbishops of Besançon had been rulers in

570-660: The Low Countries , such as: the Duchy of Brabant and Duchy of Limburg , acquired through marriage by Charles' younger half-brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg in 1355; as well as the Margraviate of Brandenburg, purchased in 1373. As both the king of Bohemia and the margrave of Brandenburg had been designated Prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356 , the Luxembourgs held two votes in the electoral college, securing

627-520: The Popes , culminating in the fierce Investiture Controversy of 1076. Nevertheless, the Emperors continued to grant major territories to the most important (arch)bishops. The immediate territory attached to the episcopal see then became a prince-diocese or (arch)bishopric ( Fürst(erz)bistum ). The German term Hochstift was often used to denote the form of secular authority held by bishops ruling

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684-615: The Prince-Bishops of Montenegro the place of the earlier secular (Grand) Voivodes in 1516, had a unique position of Slavonic , Orthodox prince-bishops of Montenegro under Ottoman suzerainty. It was eventually secularized and became ruled by hereditary princes and ultimately Kings of Montenegro in 1852, as reflected in their styles: The Bishop of Urgell , Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, remains ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra , along with

741-683: The Treaty of Olomouc , whereby the unity of the Bohemian crown lands was officially retained unchanged and the monarchs appointed each other as sole heir. Upon the death of King Matthias in 1490, Vladislas ruled the Bohemian crown lands and the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union. When Vladislas' only son Louis was killed at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, ending the Jagiellon dynasty rule in Bohemia,

798-695: The Windic March in 1269 as well as the March of Friuli in 1272. His plans to turn Bohemia into the leading Imperial State were aborted by his Habsburg rival King Rudolph I of Germany , who seized his acquisitions and finally defeated him in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld . In 1306, the House of Luxembourg began producing Bohemian kings upon the extinction of the Přemyslids. They significantly enlarged

855-670: The immediate power over a certain territory and a representation in the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ). The stem duchies of the German Kingdom inside the Empire had strong and powerful dukes (originally, war-rulers), always looking out more for their duchy 's " national interest " than for the Empire's. In turn the first Ottonian ( Saxon ) king Henry the Fowler and more so his son, Emperor Otto I , intended to weaken

912-616: The (originally only seven) prince-electors , the highest order of Reichsfürsten (comparable in rank with the French pairs ), were prince-archbishops, each holding the title of Archchancellor (the only arch-office amongst them) for a part of the Empire; given the higher importance of an electorate, their principalities were known as Kurfürstentum ("electoral principality") rather than prince-archbishopric. The suffragan-bishoprics of Gurk (established 1070), Chiemsee (1216), Seckau (1218), and Lavant (1225) sometimes used

969-574: The 10th and 11th century, the Duchy of Bohemia , together with Moravia (the Margraviate of Moravia from 1182 on), and Kłodzko Land were consolidated under the ruling Přemyslid dynasty . Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia gained the hereditary royal title to the Duchy of Bohemia in 1198, from the German (anti)−king Philip of Swabia , for his support. Along with the title, Philip also raised the duchy to

1026-738: The 1620 Battle of White Mountain , whereafter the administration was centralised at Vienna . Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague , and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau . From 1599 to 1711, the border between modern Czech Republic and Slovakia

1083-538: The 1803 German Mediatization upon the territorial losses to France in the Treaty of Lunéville , except for the Mainz prince-archbishop and German archchancellor Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg , who continued to rule as Prince of Aschaffenburg and Regensburg . With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the successor Confederation of the Rhine . No less than three of

1140-780: The Bohemian Crown The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings . The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia , an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356 , the Margraviate of Moravia , the Duchies of Silesia , and

1197-677: The Bohemian lands again, including when King John the Blind vassalized most Polish Piast dukes of Silesia . His suzerainty was acknowledged by the Polish king Casimir III the Great in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin . John also achieved the enfeoffment with the Upper Lusatian lands of Bautzen (1319) and Görlitz (1329), by the German king Louis IV . King John's eldest son Charles IV

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1254-572: The Church itself, a title associated with cardinals . Since 1951, the sole extant prince-bishop has been the Bishop of Urgell , Catalonia, who has remained ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra , along with the French president . In the West, with the decline of imperial power from the 4th century onwards in the face of the barbarian invasions, sometimes Christian bishops of cities took

1311-570: The French head of state (currently its President ) The term has been used by Episcopalians in North America to describe modern bishops with commanding personalities usually of previous generations. One such individual was Bishop Horace W. B. Donegan of whom Episcopal suffragan bishop Robert E. Terwilliger said "We often say that Bishop Donegan is the last prince bishop of the church because in his graciousness, in his presence, in his total lack of any crisis of identity, we have seen what

1368-663: The Holy Roman Emperor to stress their sovereignty. In the original Prussian lands of the Teutonic Order, Willam of Modena established the suffragan bishoprics of Culm , Pomesania , Samland and Warmia . From the late 13th century onwards, the appointed Warmia bishops were no longer members of the Teutonic Knights, a special status confirmed by the bestowal of the princely title by Emperor Charles IV in 1356. Three bishoprics were initially parts of

1425-714: The Kingdom of Bohemia rank. The regality was ultimately confirmed by Philip's nephew the German King Frederick II , later the Holy Roman Emperor (1220−1250), in the Golden Bull of Sicily issued in 1212. The Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola and

1482-421: The Kingdom of Poland and its offshoots before being subsequently incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, namely the bishoprics of Wolin/Kamień (Wollin/Cammin) (1140-1181), Lubusz (Lebus) (1125-1372) and Wrocław (Breslau) (1201-1335/1348), with the latter two of them continuing, however, as suffragan to the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno for many years later (until 1424 in the case of Lebus and until 1821 in

1539-588: The Middle Ages over Besançon , an Imperial city from 1307, which in 1512 joined the Burgundian Circle . In the Bishopric of Belley , Saint Anthelm of Belley was granted Reichsfreiheit by Emperor Frederick I , but submitted temporal authorities to the Duchy of Savoy in 1401. The Bishopric of Sion ( French : Principauté épiscopale de Sion , German : Bistum Sitten ) was from 999

1596-660: The acknowledgement of his status as a Prince-Bishop of the Empire, though the Roman Curia insisted on the fact that the Christianized Baltic territories were solely under the suverainty of the Holy See . By the 1234 Bull of Rieti, Pope Gregory IX stated that all lands acquired by the Teutonic Knights were no subject of any conveyancing by the Emperor. Within this larger conflict, the continued dualism of

1653-401: The appearance of a medieval fortified feudal castle: a rectangular two-storied stone building, covered with lead, enclosed by a high stone wall with four defensive towers on the corners. At the time of its construction, it was an impressive building, over 70 metres in length and 7.5 metres wide. It contains eleven rooms on the ground floor and 14 rooms on the first floor. The palace was not only

1710-569: The autonomous Riga prince-bishop and the Teutonic Knights led to a lengthy friction. Around 1245 the Papal legate William of Modena reached a compromise: though incorporated into the Order's State, the archdiocese and its suffragan bishoprics were acknowledged with their autonomous ecclesiastical territories by the Teutonic Knights. The bishops pursued the conferment of the princely title by

1767-519: The beginning of the bishops' temporal powers, which expanded during the Middle Ages before being gradually curbed from the sixteenth century onwards. Except for a brief period of suppression during the English Civil War , the bishopric retained some temporal powers until it was abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 , when its powers returned to the Crown. The last institution of

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1824-469: The bishops of Beauvais , Chalôns , and Noyon had comital status. They were later joined by the Archbishop of Paris , who was awarded a ducal title, but with precedence over the others. France also counted a number of prince-bishops formerly within the Holy Roman Empire such those of Besançon, Cambrai, Strasbourg, Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Belley. The bishops of Arles, Embrun, and Grenoble also qualify as princes of episcopal cities. The bishop of Viviers

1881-590: The case of Breslau). On the other hand, the Prince Bishopric of Warmia was obtained by Poland following the Second Peace of Thorn . The bishops of Durham , while not sovereign, held extensive rights usually reserved to the English, and later British, monarch within the county palatine of Durham. In 1075 Walcher , the bishop of Durham, was allowed to purchase the earldom of Northumbria; this marked

1938-415: The cities. From 1472 to 1967, the bishop of Coimbra held the comital title of Count of Arganil , being thus called "bishop-count" ( Portuguese : Bispo-Conde ). The use of the comital title declined during the 20th century since Portugal has become a republic and nobility privileges have ceased to be officially recognized, and was ultimately discontinued. The bishops of Cetinje , who took as

1995-457: The government of the Frankish realm and subsequent Carolingian Empire frequently as the clerical member of a duo of envoys styled Missus dominicus , but that was an individual mandate, not attached to the see. Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmented Holy Roman Empire , where many were formally awarded the rank of an Imperial Prince Reichsfürst , granting them

2052-632: The hands of German king Philip of Swabia , he however had to come to terms with the Brothers of the Sword. At the behest of Pope Innocent III the Terra Mariana confederation was established, whereby Albert had to cede large parts of the episcopal territory to the Livonian Order . Albert proceeded tactically in the conflict between the Papacy and Emperor Frederick II : in 1225 he reached

2109-502: The home of the prince-bishop, but also provided accommodation to the Senate and other state authorities as well as being a guest house for important visitors. The palace served as a royal residence for Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro and his wife, Princess Darinka until 1860, for his nephew Nicholas I until 1867, when the Montenegrin royal family moved to King Nikola's Palace , previously designed to be home for Darinka, Princess Dowager of Montenegro and her daughter, Princess Olga . At

2166-430: The joint rule of the Bohemian Lands outlived the Hussite Wars and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line upon the death of Emperor Sigismund in 1437. Vladislas II of the Jagiellon dynasty , son of the Polish king Casimir IV , was designated king of Bohemia in 1471, while the crown lands of Moravia, Silesia, and the Lusatias were occupied by rivaling King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. In 1479, both kings signed

2223-408: The lands of the Bohemian Crown became a constituent part of the Habsburg monarchy . A large part of Silesia was lost in the mid-18th century, but the rest of the Lands passed to the Austrian Empire and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary . By the Czechoslovak declaration of independence in 1918, the remaining Czech lands became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic . The Bohemian Crown

2280-450: The palatinate, its court of chancery , was abolished in 1974. From the tenth century civil wars on, many bishops took over the powers of the local count, as authorised by the king. For example, at Chalons-sur-Marne the bishop ruled the lands 20 km around the town, while the Archbishop of Rheims demarcated his territory with five fortresses of Courville, Cormicy, Betheneville, Sept-Saulx and Chaumuzy. A number of French bishops did hold

2337-404: The parts of the 1795 - partitioned Polish state , including those forming part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria or those acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia , the position continued in some cases nominally and was sometimes transformed into a new, titular type, initially recognized by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary until their demise, with the title ultimately abolished altogether by

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2394-468: The place of the Roman commander, made secular decisions for the city and led their own troops when necessary. Later relations between a prince-bishop and the burghers were invariably not cordial. As cities demanded charters from emperors, kings, or their prince-bishops and declared themselves independent of the secular territorial magnates, friction intensified between burghers and bishops. The principality or prince-bishopric (Hochstift) ruled politically by

2451-433: The pope in 1951. The sole exception is the Bishop of Urgell , Catalonia, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, but remains ex officio one of two co-princes of Andorra , along with the French head of state (currently its President ), and thus the last extant prince-bishop. In the Byzantine Empire , the still autocratic Emperors passed general legal measures assigning all bishops certain rights and duties in

2508-441: The power of the dukes by granting loyal bishops Imperial lands and vest them with regalia privileges. Unlike dukes they could not pass hereditary titles and lands to any descendants. Instead the Emperors reserved the implementation of the bishops of their proprietary church for themselves, defying the fact that according to canon law they were part of the transnational Catholic Church . This met with increasing opposition by

2565-416: The secular administration of their dioceses, possibly as part of a development to put the Eastern Church in the service of the Empire , with its Ecumenical Patriarch almost reduced to the Emperor's minister of religious affairs. . The institution of prince-bishop was revived in the Orthodox Church in the modern times during the existence of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro . Bishops had been involved in

2622-456: The start of the 20th century, it housed various ministries and the two world wars it was used by the military. Currently, it is part of the National Museum of Montenegro . 42°23′15.9″N 18°55′23.5″E  /  42.387750°N 18.923194°E  / 42.387750; 18.923194 Prince-Bishop A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty , as opposed to Prince of

2679-410: The succession of Charles's son Wenceslaus in 1376. With King Wenceslaus, the decline of the Luxembourg dynasty began. He himself was deposed as king of the Romans in 1400. The duchies of Brabant, Limburg (in 1406), and even Luxembourg itself (in 1411) were ceded to the French House of Valois-Burgundy ; while the Margraviate of Brandenburg passed to the House of Hohenzollern (in 1415). Nevertheless,

2736-435: The two Lusatias , known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history. This agglomeration of states nominally under the rule of the Bohemian kings was referred to simply as Bohemia . They are now sometimes referred to in scholarship as the Czech lands , a direct translation of the Czech abbreviated name. The joint rule of Corona regni Bohemiae

2793-482: Was Count of Viviers and Prince de Donzère. The bishop of Sisteron was also Prince de Lurs, the title of count was held by the Archbishop of Lyons, and the bishops of Gap, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Vienne and Die were Seigneurs of their cities. Never part of the empire were Lisieux, Cahors, Chalon-sur-Saône, Léon, Dol and Vabres whose bishops were also counts. Ajaccio was Count of Frasso. The bishops of Sarlat, Saint-Malo (Baron de Beignon) and of Luçon were Barons and Tulle

2850-565: Was Viscount of the city. The bishop of Mende was governor and count, Puy held the title Count of Velay, Quimper was Seigneur of the city and Comte de Cornouailles, Valence was Seigneur and Count of the city. Montpellier's bishop was Count of Mauguio and Montferrand, Marquis of Marquerose and Baron of Sauve, Durfort, Salevoise, and Brissac. The bishop of Saint-Claude was Seigneur of all the lands of Saint-Claude. The bishops of Digne (Seigneur and Baron), Pamiers (co-Seigneur), Albi, Lectoure, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Papoul, Saint-Pons, and Uzès were Seigneurs of

2907-437: Was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1355. By his Imperial authority he decreed that the united Bohemian lands should endure regardless of dynastic developments, even if the Luxembourgs should die out. In 1367, he purchased Lower Lusatia from his stepson Margrave Otto V of Brandenburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . Beside their home County of Luxembourg itself, the dynasty held further non-contiguous Imperial fiefs in

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2964-430: Was elected king of the Romans in 1346 and succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in the same year. In 1348, Charles IV introduced the concept of the Crown of Bohemia ( Corona regni Bohemiae in Latin), a term which designated the whole state hereditarily ruled by the kings of Bohemia, not only its core territory of Bohemia but also the incorporated provinces. The Luxembourg dynasty reached its high point, when Charles

3021-449: Was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania ). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed. In the modern era, the remaining crown lands of Bohemia , Moravia and Austrian Silesia became constituent parts of the Austrian Empire in 1804, and later the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary in 1867. After World War I and

3078-412: Was legally established by decree of King Charles IV issued on 7 April 1348, on the foundation of the original Czech lands ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty until 1306. By linking the territories, the interconnection of crown lands thus no more belonged to a king or a dynasty but to the Bohemian monarchy itself, symbolized by the Crown of Saint Wenceslas . During the reign of King Ferdinand I from 1526,

3135-424: Was neither a personal union nor a federation of equal members. Rather, the Kingdom of Bohemia had a higher status than the other incorporated constituent countries. There were only some common state institutions of the Bohemian Crown that did not survive the centralization of the Habsburg monarchy under Queen Maria Theresa in the 18th century. The most important of them was the Bohemian Court Chancellery which

3192-424: Was united with the Austrian Chancellery in 1749. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown ( Latin : Corona regni Bohemiae, lit Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia ) are called země Koruny české or simply Koruna česká ( Crown of Bohemia or Bohemian Crown ) and České země (i.e. Czech lands ), the Czech adjective český referring to both " Bohemian " and " Czech ". The German term Länder der Böhmischen Krone

3249-452: Was usually considered an elected monarch . With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title finally became defunct in the Confederation of the Rhine . However, in respect to the lands of the former Holy Roman Empire outside of French control, such as the Habsburg Monarchy , including Austria proper ( Salzburg , Seckau ), the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (the bulk of Olomouc and parts of Breslau ), as well as in respect to

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