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86-771: The Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act (officially titled Bill C-30 , originally titled Lawful Access Act ) was a proposed amendment to the Criminal Code introduced by the Conservative government of Stephen Harper on February 14, 2012, during the 41st Canadian Parliament . The bill would have granted authorities new powers to monitor and track the digital activities of Canadians in real-time, required service providers to log information about their customers and turn it over if requested, and made back door entrances mandatory allowing remote access of individuals' electronic information, each without needing

172-660: A RAND Corporation task force report published under DARPA sponsorship by J.P. Anderson and D.J. Edwards in 1970. While initially targeting the computer vision domain, backdoor attacks have expanded to encompass various other domains, including text, audio, ML-based computer-aided design, and ML-based wireless signal classification. Additionally, vulnerabilities in backdoors have been demonstrated in deep generative models , reinforcement learning (e.g., AI GO), and deep graph models. These broad-ranging potential risks have prompted concerns from national security agencies regarding their potentially disastrous consequences. A backdoor in

258-487: A warrant Documents obtained under the Access to Information Act show that the government desired to use the expanded powers in cases not involving criminality. The bill did not mention children, or internet predators, other than in its title; critics claimed the "feel-good name" was unrelated to the content of the bill, and chosen simply to "sell legislation to the public". Critics claimed that authorities would likely use

344-691: A backdoor was discovered in certain Samsung Android products, like the Galaxy devices. The Samsung proprietary Android versions are fitted with a backdoor that provides remote access to the data stored on the device. In particular, the Samsung Android software that is in charge of handling the communications with the modem, using the Samsung IPC protocol, implements a class of requests known as remote file server (RFS) commands, that allows

430-423: A backdoor. Although some are secretly installed, other backdoors are deliberate and widely known. These kinds of backdoors have "legitimate" uses such as providing the manufacturer with a way to restore user passwords. Many systems that store information within the cloud fail to create accurate security measures. If many systems are connected within the cloud , hackers can gain access to all other platforms through

516-563: A combination of the two. The theory of asymmetric backdoors is part of a larger field now called cryptovirology . Notably, NSA inserted a kleptographic backdoor into the Dual EC DRBG standard. There exists an experimental asymmetric backdoor in RSA key generation. This OpenSSL RSA backdoor, designed by Young and Yung, utilizes a twisted pair of elliptic curves, and has been made available. A sophisticated form of black box backdoor

602-444: A covert backdoor becomes unveiled. Even direct admissions of responsibility must be scrutinized carefully if the confessing party is beholden to other powerful interests. Many computer worms , such as Sobig and Mydoom , install a backdoor on the affected computer (generally a PC on broadband running Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Outlook ). Such backdoors appear to be installed so that spammers can send junk e-mail from

688-435: A covert rootkit running in the photomask etching equipment could enact this discrepancy unbeknown to the photomask manufacturer, either, and by such means, one backdoor potentially leads to another. In general terms, the long dependency-chains in the modern, highly specialized technological economy and innumerable human-elements process control-points make it difficult to conclusively pinpoint responsibility at such time as

774-425: A customer asked them whether authorities had been searching their data. The bill would have increased the number of actions that can be legally carried out by police officers without a warrant. In the current Criminal Code, section 487.11 allows a police officer to "exercise any of the powers described in subsection 487(1) or 492.1(1) without a warrant". In Bill C-30, the section was amended to include "exercise any of

860-618: A joint statement condemning the bill. Liberal MP Sean Casey satirically asked Toews and Nicholson to openly divulge their own web surfing histories. Surveys conducted in February 2012 showed that between 53 and 66% of Canadians opposed the bill being passed. Government officials claimed that similar legislation has been introduced in several other countries already, including the United States, Great Britain and Australia. However, critics have said that other countries should serve as

946-489: A judge to legally review a search request if it is in fact necessary and lawful. The bill would have allowed authorities to demand access to subscriber information from both ISPs and telephone providers without needing to present a warrant - and would have required telecommunications providers to ensure that there was a back door entrance to allow all communications to be intercepted when desired. The bill would not only have granted these powers to police agencies but also to

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1032-411: A login system might take the form of a hard coded user and password combination which gives access to the system. An example of this sort of backdoor was used as a plot device in the 1983 film WarGames , in which the architect of the " WOPR " computer system had inserted a hardcoded password-less account which gave the user access to the system, and to undocumented parts of the system (in particular,

1118-659: A member of a faith that believes homosexuality is a sin and you send out emails arguing against gay marriage or gay adoption and you use language that is a little too strong? Or maybe you’re having your basement renovated and you boast to a friend that you’re avoiding the HST by paying cash — should that send off an alarm at the Canada Revenue Agency? Opposition had focused on the provisions that would allow law enforcement agencies and government-appointed inspectors to access identifying information from ISPs on demand, without

1204-536: A modified version of the Unix C compiler that would put an invisible backdoor in the Unix login command when it noticed that the login program was being compiled, and would also add this feature undetectably to future compiler versions upon their compilation as well. As the compiler itself was a compiled program, users would be extremely unlikely to notice the machine code instructions that performed these tasks. (Because of

1290-422: A more complicated definition, but essentially refers to meta-data that is attached to a message/communication in order to aid in its transmission to its intended destination, such as IP address, phone number, time, duration, size. Section 64 of the bill was a final "catch-all" that says that if the government decided it overlooked any additional abilities it believed it needed to fulfill "generally, for carrying out

1376-468: A number of cloak and dagger considerations that come into play when apportioning responsibility. Covert backdoors sometimes masquerade as inadvertent defects (bugs) for reasons of plausible deniability . In some cases, these might begin life as an actual bug (inadvertent error), which, once discovered are then deliberately left unfixed and undisclosed, whether by a rogue employee for personal advantage, or with C-level executive awareness and oversight. It

1462-406: A part of the standard library and compiles it. After that, every program compiled by that Delphi installation will contain the virus. An attack that propagates by building its own Trojan horse can be especially hard to discover. It resulted in many software vendors releasing infected executables without realizing it, sometimes claiming false positives. After all, the executable was not tampered with,

1548-489: A system has been compromised with a backdoor or Trojan horse, such as the Trusting Trust compiler, it is very hard for the "rightful" user to regain control of the system – typically one should rebuild a clean system and transfer data (but not executables) over. However, several practical weaknesses in the Trusting Trust scheme have been suggested. For example, a sufficiently motivated user could painstakingly review

1634-416: A variant where the system initialization code is modified to insert a backdoor during booting , as this is complex and poorly understood, and call it an "initialization trapdoor"; this is now known as a boot sector virus . This attack was then actually implemented by Ken Thompson , and popularized in his Turing Award acceptance speech in 1983, "Reflections on Trusting Trust", which points out that trust

1720-497: A video game-like simulation mode and direct interaction with the artificial intelligence ). Although the number of backdoors in systems using proprietary software (software whose source code is not publicly available) is not widely credited, they are nevertheless frequently exposed. Programmers have even succeeded in secretly installing large amounts of benign code as Easter eggs in programs, although such cases may involve official forbearance, if not actual permission. There are

1806-491: A warning to Canada, noting the many errors and broad overreach of their legislation, with police requesting the private information for mundane tasks such as determining school district eligibility. Similar legislation has been drafted in the Philippines despite being met with up to eight petitions filed with the highest court in the Philippines questioning the constitutionality of the legislation. The Filipino legislation

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1892-526: A warrant. Documents leaked online showed the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police asking members to find examples of cases that would have profited from lawful access, but no cases had been found, leading critics to charge that police were already able to prosecute predators successfully in Canada with existing legislation. The international advocacy group Reporters Without Borders opined

1978-595: A warrant. Like the Canadian bill, the Australian version was met with heavy criticism and a report from the Joint Select Committee on Cyber-Safety of Australia took issue with four main flaws in the Australian legislation and made 13 recommendations, which Attorney-General Robert McClelland said the government will “consider”. The first flaw of the bill according to the Joint Select Committee is that

2064-415: Is a compiler backdoor , where not only is a compiler subverted—to insert a backdoor in some other program, such as a login program—but it is further modified to detect when it is compiling itself and then inserts both the backdoor insertion code (targeting the other program) and the code-modifying self-compilation, like the mechanism through which retroviruses infect their host. This can be done by modifying

2150-402: Is a possibility that foreign governments would not assist the investigation into some cases of child exploitation because they are not treated as seriously in some countries. "Many countries, including many European countries, impose a maximum penalty of two years imprisonment for the possession, dissemination, sale or rent of child sexual abuse material ," the report said, which would not trigger

2236-456: Is also possible for an entirely above-board corporation's technology base to be covertly and untraceably tainted by external agents (hackers), though this level of sophistication is thought to exist mainly at the level of nation state actors. For example, if a photomask obtained from a photomask supplier differs in a few gates from its photomask specification, a chip manufacturer would be hard-pressed to detect this if otherwise functionally silent;

2322-476: Is intended, like the Canadian bill, to prevent cybersex, online child pornography, identity theft , and spamming. However, in addition to these crimes, the Filipino bill also makes libel a cybercrime punishable by up to twelve years. It is generally this last issue that has privacy and right’s groups concerned over the legislation. “It violates Filipinos' rights to free expression and it is wholly incompatible with

2408-557: Is much harder to inspect, as it is designed to be machine-readable, not human-readable. These backdoors can be inserted either directly in the on-disk object code, or inserted at some point during compilation, assembly linking, or loading—in the latter case the backdoor never appears on disk, only in memory. Object code backdoors are difficult to detect by inspection of the object code, but are easily detected by simply checking for changes (differences), notably in length or in checksum, and in some cases can be detected or analyzed by disassembling

2494-431: Is relative, and the only software one can truly trust is code where every step of the bootstrapping has been inspected. This backdoor mechanism is based on the fact that people only review source (human-written) code, and not compiled machine code ( object code ). A program called a compiler is used to create the second from the first, and the compiler is usually trusted to do an honest job. Thompson's paper describes

2580-594: Is sometimes abbreviated as Cr.C. (French: C.Cr. ) in legal reports. Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867 establishes that the Parliament of Canada has sole jurisdiction over criminal law . The Criminal Code contains some defences, but most are part of the common law rather than statute . Important Canadian criminal laws not forming part of the code include the Firearms Act ,

2666-821: The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act , the Canada Evidence Act , the Food and Drugs Act , the Youth Criminal Justice Act and the Contraventions Act . One of the conveniences of the Criminal Code was that it constituted the principle that no person could be convicted of a crime unless otherwise specifically outlined and stated in a statute. This legal document has played a major part in Canada's history and has also helped form other legal acts and laws, for example,

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2752-530: The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act . The Criminal Code stems from a long history of legal documents. The following documents play a part in the construction and changes brought on the Criminal Code : While the minimum age for those subject to the Act remained at seven years, the maximum age varied by province. By 1982, it was set at 16 in six provinces, 17 for British Columbia and Newfoundland, and 18 for Quebec and Manitoba. Backdoor (computing) In

2838-457: The Anonymous hacker collective stated that it would be launching "Operation White North", and threatened to reveal further details from Toews' private life if the bill were not withdrawn, noting they "will not allow a politician who allows his citizens no secrets to have any secrets of his own." Anonymous released the name of Vic Toews' mistress in a release on YouTube. Bill C-30 was also one of

2924-551: The Canadian Security Intelligence Service and Competition Bureau officials, as well as anybody "appointed" by the Minister of Public Safety to carry out such actions. The bill would also have allowed any of these persons to make copies of the data taken from citizens' digital devices, without oversight or a right of appeal. The bill would have prohibited ISPs from answering affirmatively if

3010-560: The Toronto Star argued that it was the "most grotesque intrusion into our lives". The University of Ottawa 's Michael Geist said the legislation intended to build "an extensive online surveillance infrastructure". Meanwhile, Ann Cavoukian , the Ontario Privacy Commissioner warned that the collected information would be a "gold mine" for potential hackers . All of the nation's privacy commissioners issued

3096-437: The revision control system . In this case, a two-line change appeared to check root access permissions of a caller to the sys_wait4 function, but because it used assignment = instead of equality checking == , it actually granted permissions to the system. This difference is easily overlooked, and could even be interpreted as an accidental typographical error, rather than an intentional attack. In January 2014,

3182-427: The "Bill C-30: Lawful Access Act ", but withdrew the bill an hour later and resubmit it with a "last minute change", the title "Bill C-30: Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act " instead. If the police have a legitimate reason to snoop into my banking, email or web-browsing records, a judge would clearly allow for that lawful search to happen. [...] I cannot understand why the police would be afraid to permit

3268-511: The Conservatives were trying to use the rhetorical ploy of appealing to the sake of children to garner support. The Province suggested a more accurate name might be the "Spying on Every Single Canadian any Time We Feel Like it Act". Politicians or police will talk themselves into the wisdom of using the same technology to find tax cheats, divorced parents falling behind on child support or even human-rights violators [...] What if you’re

3354-526: The Criminal Code was left unchanged by Bill C-30; ts subsection 487(2.1) allows a police officer to search a building and "use any computer system at the building or place to search any data contained in or available to the computer system", among other things. Section 492.1 was to be slightly amended by Bill C-30 to allow a police officer to obtain location tracking data by means of a tracking device and "install, activate, use, maintain, monitor and remove

3440-518: The House. These have since been replaced with the correct version. In 2007, Toews' predecessor Stockwell Day stated that "we have not and we will not be proposing legislation to grant police the powers to get information from internet providers without a warrant". Toews has dismissed the comment, and noted that the requirement for court oversight of police was "an additional burden on the criminal justice system." On February 14, 2012 Toews formally tabled

3526-540: The Liberal and Conservative parties in Canada, and mirrored legislation introduced in other countries. This bill, however, was re-introduced under the name Bill C-13 (short titled Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act ) by Stephen Harper's Conservative government on November 20, 2013 and it passed through all legislative stages to receive royal assent on December 9, 2014. There had been multiple attempts to introduce "lawful access" legislation, allowing police to avoid

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3612-554: The Liberal party given their previous support for near-identical legislation in the past. The British Columbia Civil Liberties Association and Canadian Lawyer magazine have suggested that such proposals may violate the Constitution of Canada , and be challenged before the Supreme Court as unreasonable search and seizure of digital information. There was an error in a limited number of courtesy copies distributed to

3698-476: The Philippine government's obligations under international law,” said Brad Adams, Asia director of US-based Human Rights Watch. In Australia, Cybercrime Legislation Amendment Bill 2011 allows telecommunications companies to retain customer traffic data for longer if a customer is suspected in a cybercrime, unlike the proposed Canadian legislation however, this information cannot be handed over to police without

3784-425: The United States, the 1994 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act forces internet providers to provide backdoors for government authorities. In 2024, the U.S. government realized that China had been tapping communications in the U.S. using that infrastructure for months, or perhaps longer; China recorded presidential candidate campaign office phone calls —including employees of the then-vice president of

3870-423: The attacker who plants it, even if the full implementation of the backdoor becomes public (e.g. via publishing, being discovered and disclosed by reverse engineering , etc.). Also, it is computationally intractable to detect the presence of an asymmetric backdoor under black-box queries. This class of attacks have been termed kleptography ; they can be carried out in software, hardware (for example, smartcards ), or

3956-472: The backdoor operator to perform via modem remote I/O operations on the device hard disk or other storage. As the modem is running Samsung proprietary Android software, it is likely that it offers over-the-air remote control that could then be used to issue the RFS commands and thus to access the file system on the device. Harder to detect backdoors involve modifying object code , rather than source code—object code

4042-400: The backdoor, for example detecting that the subverted binary is being checksummed and returning the expected value, not the actual value. To conceal these further subversions, the tools must also conceal the changes in themselves—for example, a subverted checksummer must also detect if it is checksumming itself (or other subverted tools) and return false values. This leads to extensive changes in

4128-399: The bill should pass. Another Twitter user retrieved a copy of Toews' 2008 divorce particulars from the local Winnipeg courthouse and began spreading the contained information, which included details about his extramarital affairs with his family babysitter and a young Conservative staffer, the latter producing a child, as well as his spending habits, over the internet as retaliation to highlight

4214-599: The bill went too far, and failed to account for "respect for people’s private lives and the presumption of innocence". Federal deputy privacy commissioner Chantal Bernier argued the proposed powers are too broad: "As the legislation is written now, it could impact any law-abiding Canadian citizen." Media outlets had largely panned the bill's proposals; the National Post derided the bill as "an electronic prisoner's bracelet on every Canadian", columnist Ivor Tossell of The Globe and Mail said it presented "real dangers", and

4300-476: The bill “fails to distinguish between the retention of traffic metadata, such as the time and destination of an online communication, and the contents of that communication.” The second flaw of the bill is that “there is a possibility foreign governments could be given access to data in relation to crimes that in Australia would not be serious enough to warrant an interception, like political crimes”. Thirdly there

4386-523: The child pornographers", a remark that was said to be "so far out whack with the standards of polite discourse that it kind of scared [supporters] off". NDP MP Jasbir Sandhu commented that "We are often warned that rights and freedoms are not permanent, that we only keep them if we stand up and fight for them. However, when [we] stand up and fight to protect these rights[...], we are accused of being sympathetic to child pornographers". Toews drew additional criticism after admitting that he had not entirely read

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4472-480: The compiler recompiled from original source with the compromised compiler executable: the backdoor has been bootstrapped. This attack dates to a 1974 paper by Karger and Schell, and was popularized in Thompson's 1984 article, entitled "Reflections on Trusting Trust"; it is hence colloquially known as the "Trusting Trust" attack. See compiler backdoors , below, for details. Analogous attacks can target lower levels of

4558-597: The compiler was. It is believed that the Induc-A virus had been propagating for at least a year before it was discovered. In 2015, a malicious copy of Xcode, XcodeGhost , also performed a similar attack and infected iOS apps from a dozen of software companies in China. Globally, 4,000 apps were found to be affected. It was not a true Thompson Trojan, as it does not infect development tools themselves, but it did prove that toolchain poisoning can cause substantial damages. Once

4644-443: The compiler, this in turn can be fixed by recompiling the compiler, removing the backdoor insertion code. This defense can in turn be subverted by putting a source meta-backdoor in the compiler, so that when it detects that it is compiling itself it then inserts this meta-backdoor generator, together with the original backdoor generator for the original program under attack. After this is done, the source meta-backdoor can be removed, and

4730-450: The compiler-under-test. That source, compiled with both compilers, results in two different stage-1 compilers, which however should have the same behavior. Thus the same source compiled with both stage-1 compilers must then result in two identical stage-2 compilers. A formal proof is given that the latter comparison guarantees that the purported source code and executable of the compiler-under-test correspond, under some assumptions. This method

4816-455: The cost could be much higher. According to the CBC, the costs would have either translated as higher telecommunications costs for Canadian consumers, or increased federal taxes to pay for the program. Green Party leader Elizabeth May dubbed the title propaganda , noting that "other than the fact it’s for propaganda purposes, there’s no reason to call it about Internet predators", suggesting that

4902-494: The fact that the warrantless British system has resulted in police making an average of more than 1,700 queries daily, for personal information about citizens from their telecommunications providers.; He can either stand with us or with the child pornographers On Internet privacy, I’m with the child pornographers Public safety minister Vic Toews , who introduced the bill, had become a lightning rod for criticism after suggesting people had to choose to "either stand with us or with

4988-594: The infected machines. Others, such as the Sony/BMG rootkit , placed secretly on millions of music CDs through late 2005, are intended as DRM measures—and, in that case, as data-gathering agents , since both surreptitious programs they installed routinely contacted central servers. A sophisticated attempt to plant a backdoor in the Linux kernel , exposed in November 2003, added a small and subtle code change by subverting

5074-707: The lack of privacy Toews' bill would afford Canadians. It was revealed that the IP address associated with the account originated within the House of Commons . Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird suggested the account was a creation of the NDP playing a "dirty, sleazy, Internet game". and the account was quickly shut down, although later determined to belong to a Liberal staffer named Adam Carroll. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police stated that Toews had referred them to online threats, and that they were "pondering" an investigation, after

5160-543: The lawful access provisions of C-30. In addition, John Williamson ( New Brunswick Southwest ), David Tilson ( Dufferin—Caledon ) and Rob Anders ( Calgary West ) were among the Conservative MPs who opposed the bill. Political criticism from the Liberals, NDP and Greens has suggested it was hypocritical for the Conservatives to introduce the bill, after scrapping both the long-form census and gun registry in

5246-487: The legislation had been withdrawn. Nicholson stated that the government had "listened to the concerns of Canadians who have been very clear on this and responding to that". He added, “We will not be proceeding with Bill C-30. And any attempts to modernize the criminal code will not contain …warrantless mandatory disclosure of basic subscriber information or the requirement for telecommunications service providers to build intercept capability within their systems.” Bill C-55, which

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5332-404: The legislation that he put forward. NDP MP Charlie Angus went so far as to ask "How can Canadians trust a minister who cannot even read his own legislation?". As a consequence, Toews had become a target of social media protests against the bill, including a Twitter campaign to inform him of Canadians' everyday mundane activities in an ironic bid to highlight their perceived loss of privacy if

5418-460: The machine code of the untrusted compiler before using it. As mentioned above, there are ways to hide the Trojan horse, such as subverting the disassembler; but there are ways to counter that defense, too, such as writing a disassembler from scratch. A generic method to counter trusting trust attacks is called diverse double-compiling . The method requires a different compiler and the source code of

5504-484: The most vulnerable system. Default passwords (or other default credentials) can function as backdoors if they are not changed by the user. Some debugging features can also act as backdoors if they are not removed in the release version. In 1993, the United States government attempted to deploy an encryption system, the Clipper chip , with an explicit backdoor for law enforcement and national security access. The chip

5590-550: The name of privacy. The bill was supported by many Canadian police agencies. Supporters of the bill have stated that all Canada's attorneys-general also support the bill, while critics have challenged that as untrue. A coalition of citizens and civil liberties organizations formed the StopSpying.ca coalition in June 2011 to speak out against lawful access. The coalition was led by OpenMedia.ca and considered responsible for leading

5676-482: The nation– and of the candidates themselves. A backdoor may take the form of a hidden part of a program, a separate program (e.g. Back Orifice may subvert the system through a rootkit ), code in the firmware of the hardware, or parts of an operating system such as Windows . Trojan horses can be used to create vulnerabilities in a device. A Trojan horse may appear to be an entirely legitimate program, but when executed, it triggers an activity that may install

5762-485: The necessity of a warrant to obtain information, since 1999 when the Liberal Party of Canada first proposed it. However, none of them have been successfully passed. Bill C-30 largely mirrored the unsuccessful attempts by the Conservatives to table C-50, C-51 and C-52 that were abandoned upon the dissolution of Parliament for the 2011 federal election . NDP MPs Anne Minh-Thu Quach and Carol Hughes have criticised

5848-486: The object code. Further, object code backdoors can be removed (assuming source code is available) by simply recompiling from source on a trusted system. Thus for such backdoors to avoid detection, all extant copies of a binary must be subverted, and any validation checksums must also be compromised, and source must be unavailable, to prevent recompilation. Alternatively, these other tools (length checks, diff, checksumming, disassemblers) can themselves be compromised to conceal

5934-493: The original exploit in 2002, and, in 2009, Wheeler wrote a historical overview and survey of the literature. In 2023, Cox published an annotated version of Thompson's backdoor source code. Thompson's version was, officially, never released into the wild. However, it is believed that a version was distributed to BBN and at least one use of the backdoor was recorded. There are scattered anecdotal reports of such backdoors in subsequent years. In August 2009, an attack of this kind

6020-456: The penalty threshold for a "serious" crime. The final flaw the Joint Select Committee found with the bill is “the potential for data on Australians to be shared with countries "at large", rather than limited to those that have also acceded to the Council of Europe convention or have an existing formal mutual assistance arrangement with Australia.” The Electronic Frontier Foundation highlighted

6106-581: The police power. Thus on account of this bill, any persons subject to government surveillance or wiretapping in Canada must legally be informed of the surveillance after the fact. Criminal Code (Canada) The Criminal Code ( French : Code criminel ) is a law that codifies most criminal offences and procedures in Canada . Its official long title is An Act respecting the Criminal Law (French: Loi concernant le droit criminel ), and it

6192-477: The powers described in section 487, 492.1 or 492.2 without a warrant". Everyone has a BlackBerry, an iPhone, an iPad, laptops. We carry our cellphones with us. Through this bill, the government is giving itself a tool that can determine our geographic location at all times. The government is telling us that the same information is available in the phone book, but the last time I checked, the phone book did not provide my geographic location at all times. Section 487 of

6278-413: The powers to harass peaceful protestors and activists. The bill was widely opposed within Canada, particularly after Public Safety Minister Vic Toews told an opposition MP that he could "either stand with us or with the child pornographers" during a debate. The government ultimately withdrew the bill in 2013, citing that opposition. Similar legislation had been unsuccessfully proposed in the past, by both

6364-576: The public outcry against bill c-30. Without commenting on the morality of the bill, the Canadian Network Operators Consortium noted that smaller, independent ISPs would likely be unable to afford expensive new equipment to allow authorities real-time monitoring of their customers and may have to discontinue business. The Ministry had estimated that the initial cost of the bill to be $ 80 Million over four years, and $ 6.7 Million dollars each year after that. The ISPs claimed

6450-540: The purposes and provisions of this act", it could have retroactively add those abilities to the law. ...police officers are asking for these changes [...] what sinister motives does he think motivate our police officers to ask for the changes that are included in Bill C-30? Although Stephen Harper led a majority government , all four minority parties, the NDP , Liberals , Bloc Québécois , and Green Party were opposed to

6536-399: The second task, the compiler's source code would appear "clean".) What's worse, in Thompson's proof of concept implementation, the subverted compiler also subverted the analysis program (the disassembler ), so that anyone who examined the binaries in the usual way would not actually see the real code that was running, but something else instead. Karger and Schell gave an updated analysis of

6622-480: The source code, and the resulting compromised compiler (object code) can compile the original (unmodified) source code and insert itself: the exploit has been boot-strapped. This attack was originally presented in Karger & Schell (1974), which was a United States Air Force security analysis of Multics , where they described such an attack on a PL/I compiler, and call it a "compiler trap door". They also mention

6708-452: The system and tools being needed to conceal a single change. As object code can be regenerated by recompiling (reassembling, relinking) the original source code, making a persistent object code backdoor (without modifying source code) requires subverting the compiler itself—so that when it detects that it is compiling the program under attack it inserts the backdoor—or alternatively the assembler, linker, or loader. As this requires subverting

6794-467: The system to bypass security facilities and permit direct access to data. The use of the word trapdoor here clearly coincides with more recent definitions of a backdoor. However, since the advent of public key cryptography the term trapdoor has acquired a different meaning (see trapdoor function ), and thus the term "backdoor" is now preferred, only after the term trapdoor went out of use. More generally, such security breaches were discussed at length in

6880-612: The system, such as the operating system, and can be inserted during the system booting process; these are also mentioned by Karger and Schell in 1974, and now exist in the form of boot sector viruses . A traditional backdoor is a symmetric backdoor: anyone that finds the backdoor can in turn use it. The notion of an asymmetric backdoor was introduced by Adam Young and Moti Yung in the Proceedings of Advances in Cryptology – Crypto '96 . An asymmetric backdoor can only be used by

6966-488: The targets of the new initiative by Anonymous called "Operation Kill Billz". As a result of the opposition to the bill, the government referred it back to the House Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights for possible amendment before introducing it for Second Reading . The bill was quietly shelved during the summer of 2012. Citing public opposition, the government announced in February 2013 that

7052-439: The tracking device, including covertly". Section 492.2 was also to be amended by Bill C-30 to allow a police officer to obtain transmission data by means of a transmission data recorder and "install, activate, use, maintain, monitor and remove the transmission data recorder, including covertly". In Bill C-30, tracking data was defined as "data that relates to the location of a transaction, individual or thing". Transmission data has

7138-495: Was applied by its author to verify that the C compiler of the GCC suite (v. 3.0.4) contained no trojan, using icc (v. 11.0) as the different compiler. In practice such verifications are not done by end users, except in extreme circumstances of intrusion detection and analysis, due to the rarity of such sophisticated attacks, and because programs are typically distributed in binary form. Removing backdoors (including compiler backdoors)

7224-467: Was discovered by Sophos labs. The W32/Induc-A virus infected the program compiler for Delphi , a Windows programming language. The virus introduced its own code to the compilation of new Delphi programs, allowing it to infect and propagate to many systems, without the knowledge of the software programmer. The virus looks for a Delphi installation, modifies the SysConst.pas file, which is the source code of

7310-412: Was originally part of the original Internet surveillance legislation, is all that remains of the contentious Bill C-30. Bill C-55 is needed to bring Canada’s emergency wiretapping powers into conformity with a 2012 Supreme Court decision that struck down a 20-year-old law on the grounds that it did not require police to inform those who had been wiretapped after the fact or provide for any other oversight of

7396-471: Was unsuccessful. Recent proposals to counter backdoors include creating a database of backdoors' triggers and then using neural networks to detect them. The threat of backdoors surfaced when multiuser and networked operating systems became widely adopted. Petersen and Turn discussed computer subversion in a paper published in the proceedings of the 1967 AFIPS Conference. They noted a class of active infiltration attacks that use "trapdoor" entry points into

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