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67-636: A billboard (also called a hoarding in the UK and many other parts of the world) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board ), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically brands use billboards to build their brands or to push for their new products. The largest ordinary-sized billboards are located primarily on major highways, expressways, or principal arterials, and command high-density consumer exposure (mostly to vehicular traffic). These afford

134-586: A parody of the Marlboro Man , some billboards depicted cowboys riding on ranches with slogans like "Bob, I miss my lung." Likely the best-known of the tobacco advertising boards were those for "Mail Pouch" chewing tobacco in the United States during the first half of the 20th century (pictured at left). The company agreed to paint two or three sides of a farmer's barn any color he chose in exchange for painting their advertisement on one or two sides of

201-756: A "blind flange". Flanges are joined by bolting, and sealing is often completed with the use of gaskets or other methods. Mechanical means to mitigate effects of leaks, like spray guards or specific spray flanges, may be included. Industries where flammable, volatile, toxic or corrosive substances are being processed have greater need of special protection at flanged connections. Flange guards can provide that added level of protection to ensure safety. There are many different flange standards to be found worldwide. To allow easy functionality and interchangeability, these are designed to have standardised dimensions. Common world standards include ASA/ASME (USA), PN/DIN (European), BS10 (British/Australian), and JIS/KS (Japanese/Korean). In

268-617: A campaign or inventory and unleash the potential to power campaigns with unlimited data sets from a myriad of data sources. Only when the selected conditions are met will an ad or content be served onto the screen. Printed out of home refers to static media distributed across physical spaces. Examples include: Other types of non-digital OOH advertising include airport displays, transit and bus-shelter displays, headrest displays, double-sided panels, junior posters and mall displays. Space advertising, by use of an array of small satellites that reflect sunlight, has been evaluated by researchers at

335-462: A city of twelve million in Brazil , Billboards and advertising on vehicles have been banned since January 2007. It also restricted the dimensions of advertising on shop fronts. In British Columbia , a province of Canada, billboards are restricted to 300m away from roadways, the government also retains the right to remove any billboard it deems an unsafe distraction. In Toronto , a city of over 2 and

402-547: A failure to enforce existing laws. In 1964, the negative impact of the over-proliferation of signage was abundantly evident in Houston, Texas, US, and it motivated Lady Bird Johnson to ask her husband to create a law. At the same time, the outdoor advertising industry was becoming aware that excessive signs, some literally blocking another, were bad for business. In 1965, the Highway Beautification Act

469-565: A form of visual pollution - a state of affairs evoked pithily in Ogden Nash 's parody of Joyce Kilmer 's oft-quoted poem Trees : I think that I shall never see A billboard lovely as a tree Indeed, unless the billboards fall I'll never see a tree at all. Other groups believe that billboards and advertising contribute negatively to the mental climate of a culture by promoting products as providing feelings of completeness, wellness, and popularity to motivate purchase. B.U.G.A. U.P.

536-635: A half million in Canada, a municipal tax on billboards was implemented in April 2010. A portion of the tax will help fund arts programs in the city. In Sweden, there is a general ban against billboards within the road area (typically the road plus ditch), except for standardized signs such as gas stations, restaurants, or hotels. But there is no ban against them outside the road if the landowner approves. Many farmers along major routes earn some money from such signs. Many signs advertise local restaurants and shops in

603-671: A hole to be drilled in the side of the tank . There is also a Warix flange which is the same as a York flange but the shower output is on the top of the flange and the vent on the side. The York and Warix flange have female adapters so that they fit onto a male tank, whereas the Surrey flange connects to a female tank. A closet flange provides the mount for a toilet . Piping components can be bolted together between flanges. Flanges are used to connect pipes with each other, to valves, to fittings, and to specialty items such as strainers and pressure vessels. A cover plate can be connected to create

670-415: A more challenging handling and installation procedure, particularly on remote installations such as oil rigs. The design of the flange face includes two independent seals. The first seal is created by application of seal seating stress at the flange heel, but it is not straight forward to ensure the function of this seal. Theoretically, the heel contact will be maintained for pressure values up to 1.8 times

737-435: A moving multi-image sign. This is compared to a 19% retention rate for static signs. Unlike a typical billboard, mobile billboards are able to go directly to their target audience. They can be placed wherever there is heavy foot traffic due to an event – including convention centers, train stations, airports, and sports arenas. They can repeat routes, ensuring that an advertiser's message is not only noticed but that information

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804-413: A person's attention and create a memorable impression very quickly, leaving the reader thinking about the advertisement after they have driven past it. They have to be readable in a very short time because they are usually read while being passed at high speeds. Thus there are usually only a few words, in large print, and a humorous or arresting image in brilliant color. Some billboard designs spill outside

871-517: A postcard, and sold in the College Bookstore. The Traffic Audit Bureau for Media Measurement Inc. (TAB) was established in 1933 as a non-profit organization whose historical mission has been to audit the circulation of out-of-home media in the United States. TAB's role has expanded to lead and support other major out-of-home industry research initiatives. Governed by a tripartite board composed of advertisers, agencies, and media companies,

938-1482: A process plant or power generating station; these may be specific to the corporation, engineering procurement and construction (EPC) contractor, or the process plant owner. The ASME pressure classes for flat-face flanges are Class 125 and Class 250. The classes for ring-joint, tongue and groove, and raised-face flanges are Class 150, Class 300, Class 400 (unusual), Class 600, Class 900, Class 1500, and Class 2500. The flange faces are also made to standardized dimensions and are typically "flat face", "raised face", " tongue and groove ", or " ring joint " styles, although other obscure styles are possible. Flange designs are available as " weld neck ", "slip-on", "lap joint", "socket weld", " threaded ", and also "blind". Flanges come in various types, each designed to meet specific requirements based on factors such as pressure, temperature, and application. Some common types include: Pipe flanges that are made to standards called out by ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47, and MSS SP-44. They are typically made from forged materials and have machined surfaces. ASME B16.5 refers to nominal pipe sizes (NPS) from 1 ⁄ 2 " to 24". B16.47 covers NPSs from 26" to 60". Each specification further delineates flanges into pressure classes: 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 for B16.5, and B16.47 delineates its flanges into pressure classes 75, 150, 300, 400, 600, 900. However these classes do not correspond to maximum pressures in psi . Instead,

1005-637: A resistant material such as vinyl; this is placed on a large metal structure, which makes it one of the media with the most visibility and high impact within the advertising field. Some of the most prominent billboards are alongside highways; since passing drivers typically have little to occupy their attention, the impact of the billboard is greater. Billboards are often drivers' primary method of finding lodging, food, and fuel on unfamiliar highways. There were approximately 450,000 billboards on US highways in 1991. Somewhere between 5,000 and 15,000 are erected each year. Current numbers are put at 368,263, according to

1072-779: Is stud bolts mated with two nut (washer when required). In petrochemical industries, ASTM A193 B7 STUD and ASTM A193 B16 stud bolts are used as these have high tensile strength. Most countries in Europe mainly install flanges according to standard DIN EN 1092-1 (forged stainless or steel flanges). Similar to the ASME flange standard, the EN 1092-1 standard has the basic flange forms, such as weld neck flange, blind flange, lapped flange, threaded flange (thread ISO7-1 instead of NPT), weld on collar, pressed collars, and adapter flange such as flange coupling GD press fittings. The different forms of flanges within

1139-589: Is charged with the verification of traffic circulation for the benefit of the industry and its users. Early billboards basically displayed groups of large posters on the sides of buildings, with limited but still appreciable commercial value. As eyeballs, roads and highways multiplied, the billboard business thrived. Out-of-home advertising Advertisements are commonly placed by large companies like JCDecaux and Clear Channel Outdoor . Digital out-of-home (DOOH) refers to dynamic media distributed across place-based networks in venues including. Within

1206-593: Is in the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution : Shaving brushes You'll soon see 'em On a shelf In some museum Burma-Shave These sorts of multi-sign advertisements are no longer common, though they are not extinct. One example, advertising for the NCAA , depicts a basketball player aiming a shot on one billboard; on the next one, 90 yards (82 meters) away,

1273-427: Is perhaps a place where they find a greater degree of acceptability and may assist in maintaining a neat, vibrant, and safe atmosphere if not too distracting. Museum Station , Sydney has mounted restored 1940s billboard panels along the platforms that are in keeping with its heritage listing. Billboards are also used to advertise national or global brands, particularly in more densely populated urban areas. According to

1340-520: Is required. The " Sunset Strip " in Los Angeles is one area where hand-painted billboards can still be found, usually to advertise upcoming films or albums. A technical invention called "trivision" allowed three different images to be rotated for presentation. A digital billboard shows varying imagery and text created with computer programs and software. Digital billboards can be designed to display running text, have several different displays from

1407-531: Is retained through repetition. Billboards may be multi-purpose. An advertising sign can integrate its main purpose with a telecommunications antenna or public lighting support. Usually, the structure has a steel pole with a coupling flange on the above-fitted advertising billboard structure that can contain telecommunications antennas. The lighting, wiring, and antennas are placed inside the structure. Common along highways are free-standing two-sided as well as three-sided billboards. Other types of billboards include

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1474-479: Is that programmatic automates the process of buying, selling and delivering inventory across multiple screens with enhanced capabilities. These enhanced capabilities include the creation of measurable, highly targeted campaigns by utilizing geolocation data to activate the best DOOH screens in real-time based on consumer behaviour and audience movement patterns. Additionally, programmatic allows buyers to set specific parameters or conditions (also known as triggers) for

1541-606: Is the basket. Another example is the numerous billboards advertising the roadside attraction South of the Border near Dillon, SC , along I-95 in many states. Many cities have high densities of billboards, especially where there is dense pedestrian traffic— Times Square in New York City is a good example. Because of the lack of space in cities, these billboards are placed on the sides of buildings and sometimes are free-standing billboards hanging above buildings. Billboards on

1608-599: The Australian Capital Territory considered relaxing this law to allow more outdoor advertising. An Inquiry into billboards received a record 166 submissions, with only 6 respondents supporting allowing more advertising in the Territory. The other submissions supported the current laws, or pointed to shortcomings and loopholes of the current laws, such as the allowance of mobile billboards , bus wrap advertising and political campaign signs , as well

1675-662: The First Amendment has made this difficult. A San Diego law championed by Pete Wilson in 1971 cited traffic safety and driver distraction as the reason for the billboard ban but was narrowly overturned by the Supreme Court in 1981, in part because it banned non-commercial as well as commercial billboards. Billboards are largely absent in Australia 's capital city, Canberra , due to a 1937 ordinance that prohibited unauthorized signs on Commonwealth land. In 2017,

1742-503: The Outdoor Advertising Association of America , the top billboard advertisers in the United States in 2017 were McDonald's , Apple and GEICO . A large number of wireless phone companies, movie companies, car manufacturers and banks are high on the list as well. Prior to 1999, billboards were a major venue of cigarette advertising ; 10% of Michigan billboards advertise alcohol and tobacco, according to

1809-431: The billboard bicycle attached to the back of a bicycle or the mobile billboard, a special advertising trailer to hoist big banners. Mechanical billboards display three different messages, with three advertisements attached to a conveyor inside the billboard. There are also three-dimensional billboards, such as the ones at Piccadilly Circus , London. Traditional billboards consist of a large format advertisement printed on

1876-418: The rails ). Flanges are often attached using bolts in the pattern of a bolt circle . Flanges play a pivotal role in piping systems by allowing easy access for maintenance, inspection, and modification. They provide a means to connect or disconnect pipes and equipment without the need for welding, which simplifies installation and reduces downtime during repairs or upgrades . Additionally, flanges facilitate

1943-551: The DOOH industry, advertisements might be purchased through programmatic platforms. Programmatic platforms ask marketers to specify desired audience characteristics and automatically locate the media vehicles to deliver that audience. These platforms may allow buyers (the demand side) to plan, execute and monitor campaigns across multiple media platforms (the supply side) using a familiar workflow. A major difference between programmatic digital out-of-home (pDOOH) and traditional OOH or DOOH

2010-621: The Detroit Free Press. This is particularly true in countries where tobacco advertisements are not allowed in other media. For example, in the US, tobacco advertising was banned on radio and television in 1971, leaving billboards and magazines as some of the last places tobacco could be advertised. Billboards made the news in America when, in the tobacco settlement of 1999, all cigarette billboards were replaced with anti-smoking messages. In

2077-618: The EN 1092-1 (European Norm/Euronorm) is indicated within the flange name through the type. Similar to ASME flanges, EN1092-1 steel and stainless flanges, have several different versions of raised or none raised faces. According to the European form the seals are indicated by different form: Furthermore, for sanitary applications such as in the food and beverage and pharmaceutical industries, sanitary flanges according to DIN 11853-2 STC are utilized. The primary distinction between sanitary flanges according to DIN 11853-2 and DIN/EN flanges lies in

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2144-527: The Johnson era, when the government was trying to make him remove his billboards along Interstate 5. He had erected the signs after he lost a legal battle to prevent the building of the freeway across his land. Numerous legal and illegal attempts to remove the Uncle Sam billboard have failed, and it is now in its third location. One message, attacking a nearby liberal arts college , was photographed, made into

2211-514: The OAAA (Outdoor Advertising Association of America). In Europe billboards are a major component and source of income in urban street furniture concepts. An interesting use of billboards unique to highways was the Burma-Shave advertisements between 1925 and 1963, which had 4- or 5-part messages on multiple signs, keeping the reader hooked by the promise of a punchline at the end. This example

2278-541: The Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology. São Paulo , Brazil, established an almost total outdoor advertising ban in 2006. The ban required that all billboard and banner advertisements be removed and that store signs be greatly reduced in size and prominence. The Swiss municipality of Vernier banned outdoor advertising. Flange A flange is a protruded ridge, lip or rim , either external or internal, that serves to increase strength (as

2345-604: The TAB acts as an independent auditor for traffic circulation in accordance with guidelines established by its board of directors. Similarly, in Canada, the Canadian Outdoor Measurement Bureau (COMB) was formed in 1965 as a non-profit organization independently operated by representatives composed of advertisers, advertising agencies, and members of the Canadian out-of-home advertising industry. COMB

2412-409: The UK, billboards are controlled as adverts as part of the planning system . To display an illegal advert (that is, without planning permission) is a criminal offense with a fine of up to £ 2500 per offense (per poster). All of the large UK outdoor advertisers such as CBS Outdoor , JCDecaux , Clear Channel , Titan, and Primesight have numerous convictions for such crimes. In São Paulo ,

2479-562: The USA, the standard is ASME B16.5 (ANSI stopped publishing B16.5 in 1996). ASME B16.5 covers flanges up to 24 inches size and up to pressure rating of Class 2500. Flanges larger than 24 inches are covered in ASME B16.47. In most cases, standards are interchangeable, as most local standards have been aligned to ISO standards; however, some local standards still differ. For example, an ASME flange will not mate against an ISO flange. Further, many of

2546-571: The actual space given to them by the billboard, with parts of figures hanging off the billboard edges or jutting out of the billboard in three dimensions. An example in the United States around the turn of the 21st century was the Chick-fil-A billboards (a chicken sandwich fast food chain ), which had three-dimensional cow figures in the act of painting the billboards with misspelled anti-beef slogans such as "friends don't let friends eat beef." The first "scented billboard", an outdoor sign emitting

2613-418: The alignment of pipes, ensuring a proper fit and minimizing stress on the system. A flange can also be a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe (for example, a closet flange ). A blind flange is a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together. Although

2680-486: The billboard industry. Today, São Paulo is working with outdoor companies to rebuild the outdoor infrastructure in a way that will reflect the vibrant business climate of the city while adopting good regulations to control growth. The most comprehensive review of the literature to date by the Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) (Australia) found that crash risk increases by approximately 25-29% in

2747-496: The children that I love them" were parts of the campaign, which was picked up by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America and continues today on billboards across the country. South of Olympia, Washington is the privately owned Uncle Sam billboard . It features conservative, sometimes inflammatory messages, changed on a regular basis. Chehalis Farmer Al Hamilton first started the board during

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2814-439: The coming miles and are crucial to drawing business in small towns. One example is Wall Drug , which in 1936 erected billboards advertising "free ice water". The town of Wall, South Dakota , was essentially built around the many thousands of customers per day those billboards brought in (20,000 in 1981). Some signs were placed at great distances, with slogans such as "Only 827 miles to Wall Drug, with FREE ice water." In some areas

2881-403: The conical geometry of their wheels. They also have a flange on one side to keep the wheels, and hence the train, running on the rails when the limits of the geometry-based alignment are reached, either due to some emergency or defect, or simply because the curve radius is so small that self-steering normally provided by the coned wheel tread is no longer effective. A vacuum flange is a flange at

2948-402: The end of a tube used to connect vacuum chambers, tubing and vacuum pumps to each other. In microwave telecommunications , a flange is a type of cable joint that allows different types of waveguide to connect. Several different microwave RF flange types exist, such as CAR, CBR, OPC, PAR, PBJ, PBR, PDR, UAR, UBR, UDR, icp and UPX. Ski boots use flanges at the toe or heel to connect to

3015-404: The flange of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam ); for easy attachment/transfer of contact force with another object (as the flange on the end of a pipe , steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera ); or for stabilizing and guiding the movements of a machine or its parts (as the inside flange of a rail car or tram wheel , which keep the wheels from running off

3082-457: The flange rating at room temperature. Theoretically, the flange also remains in contact along its outer circumference at the flange faces for all allowable load levels that it is designed for. The main seal is the IX seal ring. The seal ring force is provided by the elastic stored energy in the stressed seal ring. Any heel leakage will give internal pressure acting on the seal ring inside intensifying

3149-400: The flanges in each standard are divided into "pressure classes", allowing flanges to be capable of taking different pressure ratings. Again these are not generally interchangeable (e.g. an ASME 150 will not mate with an ASME 300). These pressure classes also have differing pressure and temperature ratings for different materials. Unique pressure classes for piping can also be developed for

3216-433: The greatest visibility due not only to their size, but because they allow creative "customizing" through extensions and embellishments. Posters are the other common form of billboard advertising, located mostly along primary and secondary arterial roads. Posters are in a smaller format and are viewed principally by residents and commuter traffic, with some pedestrian exposure. Billboard advertisements are designed to catch

3283-563: The inside fluid is not corrosive in case of leaking into the bolt circle void. The initial cost of the theoretical higher performance compact flange is inevitably higher than a regular flange due to the closer tolerances and significantly more sophisticated design and installation requirements. By way of example, compact flanges are often used across the following applications: subsea oil and gas or riser, cold work and cryogenics , gas injection, high temperature, and nuclear applications. Most trains and trams stay on their tracks primarily due to

3350-402: The installed billboard and touch up the edges between panels. These large, painted billboards were especially popular in Los Angeles where historic firms such as Foster & Kleiser and Pacific Outdoor Advertising dominated the industry. Eventually, these painted billboards gave way to graphic reproduction, but hand-painted billboards are still in use in some areas where only a single board or two

3417-1433: The maximum pressure depends on the material of the flange and the temperature. For example, the maximum pressure for a Class 150 flange is 285 psi, and for a Class 300 flange it is 740 psi (both are for ASTM a105 carbon steel and temperatures below 100 °F). The gasket type and bolt type are generally specified by the standard(s); however, sometimes the standards refer to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (B&PVC) for details (see ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 – Appendix 2). These flanges are recognized by ASME Pipe Codes such as ASME B31.1 Power Piping, and ASME B31.3 Process Piping. Materials for flanges are usually under ASME designation: SA-105 (Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications), SA-266 (Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components), or SA-182 (Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service). In addition, there are many "industry standard" flanges that in some circumstance may be used on ASME work. The product range includes SORF, SOFF, BLRF, BLFF, WNRF (XS, XXS, STD and Schedule 20, 40, 80), WNFF (XS, XXS, STD and Schedule 20, 40, 80), SWRF (XS and STD), SWFF (XS and STD), Threaded RF, Threaded FF and LJ, with sizes from 1/2" to 16". The bolting material used for flange connection

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3484-479: The odors of black pepper and charcoal to suggest a grilled steak, was erected on NC 150 near Mooresville, North Carolina by the Bloom grocery chain . The sign depicted a giant cube of beef being pierced by a large fork that extended to the ground. The scents were emitted between 7–10 A.M. and 4–7  P.M. from 28 May 2010 through 18 June 2010. Almost all these billboards were painted in large studios. The image

3551-445: The posters begin to play sounds. Digital billboards can also employ 3D effects. A great example is how Spirit Halloween used a 3D or anamorphic effect for their Times Square billboard campaign . Outdoor advertising, such as a mobile billboard, is effective because it is difficult to ignore. According to a UK national survey, it is also memorable. Capitol Communications Group found that 81.7% of those polled recalled images they saw on

3618-468: The presence of digital roadside advertising signs (digital billboard) compared to control areas. There is an emerging trend in the literature suggesting that roadside advertising signs can increase crash risk, particularly for those signs that have the capacity to frequently change (often referred to as digital billboards). In the US, many cities enacted laws banning billboards as early as 1909 ( California Supreme Court , Varney & Green vs. Williams ) but

3685-530: The restricted dead-room and the interior polishing according to hygienic levels of H1 to H4. Usually the flange traders that hold the Standard DIN EN 1092-1 such as Hage Fittings, do not hold Sanitary flanges as the storage requirements are different. Sanitary flanges are more delicate and need to stay clean. Usually the O-Rings, according to DIn 11853, are made out of FPM or EPDM. Flanges in the rest of

3752-419: The same company, or provide several companies with a certain time slot during the day. Flexible and real-time scheduling can decrease traditional upkeep and maintenance costs, and some billboards may measure audiences or serve dynamic content. Using digital billboards dynamically has come to be known as programmatic out-of-home advertising. Billboard posters can play audio using conductive ink ; when touched,

3819-499: The screening of junk yards adjacent to regulated highways. Around major holidays, volunteer groups erected highway signs offering free coffee at rest stops. These were specifically exempted in the act. Currently, four states—Vermont, Alaska, Hawaii, and Maine—have prohibited billboards. Vermont 's law went into effect in 1968, Hawaii 's law went into effect in 1927, Maine 's law went into effect in 1977, and Alaska 's law went into effect upon its achievement of statehood in 1959. In

3886-444: The sealing action. This however requires the IX ring to be retained in the theoretical location in the ring groove which is difficult to ensure and verify during installation. The design aims at preventing exposure to oxygen and other corrosive agents. Thus, this prevents corrosion of the flange faces, the stressed length of the bolts and the seal ring. This however depends on the outer dust rim to remain in satisfactory contact and that

3953-499: The sides of buildings create different stylistic opportunities, with artwork that incorporates features of the building into the design, such as using windows as eyes, or for gigantic frescoes that adorn the entire building. Many groups such as Scenic America have complained that billboards on highways cause excessive clearing of trees and intrude on the surrounding landscape, with billboards' bright colors, lights, and large fonts making it difficult to focus on anything else, making them

4020-415: The signs were so dense that one almost immediately followed the last. This situation changed after the Highway Beautification Act was passed; the proliferation of Wall Drug billboards is sometimes cited as one of the reasons the bill was passed. After the passage of the act, other states (such as Oregon) embarked on highway beautification efforts. Billboard advertising in underground stations, especially,

4087-686: The structure facing the road. The company has long since abandoned this form of advertising, and none of these advertisements have been painted in many years, but some remain visible on rural highways. Not all billboards are used for advertising products and services— non-profit groups and government agencies use them to communicate with the public. In 1999 an anonymous person created the God Speaks billboard campaign in Florida "to get people thinking about God", with witty statements signed by God. "Don't make me come down there", "We need to talk" and "Tell

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4154-485: The word 'flange' generally refers to the actual raised rim or lip of a fitting, many flanged plumbing fittings are themselves known as flanges. Common flanges used in plumbing are the Surrey flange or Danzey flange, York flange , Sussex flange and Essex flange. Surrey and York flanges fit to the top of the hot water tank allowing all the water to be taken without disturbance to the tank. They are often used to ensure an even flow of water to showers. An Essex flange requires

4221-496: The world are manufactured according to the ISO standards for materials, pressure ratings, etc. to which local standards including DIN , BS , and others, have been aligned. As the size of a compact flange increases it becomes relatively increasingly heavy and complex resulting in high procurement, installation and maintenance costs. Large flange diameters in particular are difficult to work with, and inevitably require more space and have

4288-558: Was a movement that commenced in Australia and took direct action against primarily tobacco and alcohol billboards. Another focal point for this sentiment would be the magazine AdBusters , which will often showcase politically motivated billboard and other advertising vandalism, called culture jamming . Billboards have been criticized as an example of attention theft . In 2000, rooftops in Athens had grown so thick with billboards that it

4355-446: Was difficult to see its famous architecture. In preparation for the 2004 Summer Olympics , the city embarked on a successful four-year project demolishing the majority of rooftop billboards to beautify the city, overcoming resistance from advertisers and building owners. Most of these billboards were illegal but had been ignored until then. In 2007, São Paulo , Brazil instituted a billboard ban because there were no viable regulations of

4422-435: Was projected on the series of paper panels that made up the billboard. Line drawings were done, then traced with a pounce wheel that created perforated lines. The patterns were then "pounced" onto the board with a chalk-filled pounce bag, marking the outlines of the figures or objects. Using oil paints, artists would use large brushes to paint the image. Once the panels were installed using hydraulic cranes, artists would go up on

4489-549: Was signed into law. The act applied only to "Federal Aid Primary" and "Defense" highways and limited billboards to commercial and industrial zones created by states and municipalities. It required each state to set standards based on "customary use" for the size, lighting, and spacing of billboards and prohibited city and state governments from removing billboards without paying compensation to the owner. The act requires states to maintain "effective control" of billboards or lose 10% of their federal highway dollars. The act also required

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