Misplaced Pages

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29-542: The people of Bima and the entire eastern side of Sumbawa speak the Bima language ( Indonesia : Bahasa Bima  ; Bima : Nggahi Mbojo ). From 1620 to 1958 it was the capital of the Bima Sultanate . In modern times, Bima city is the largest regional and economic hub of Eastern Sumbawa with transmigrants from other parts of Indonesia, especially Java , Bali , and Lombok . It has a central downtown commercial zone. It

58-418: A tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) with moderate to little rainfall from April to November and heavy rainfall from December to March. Based on data for 2000, Bima had a population of 116,295 – comprising 57,108 males (49%) and 59,187 females (51%). There is uneven population distribution, with the densest population concentrated in the centers of economic activity and governance. The largest population

87-747: A contract with the Dutch East India Company , through which Bima became the Protectorate of the Dutch. Bima has several well-known tourist destinations, such as Mount Tambora , Wawo traditional Village, Sambori Traditional Village, Snake Island, Ana Fari Lake (Lake of the Angels), and Satonda Island . There are many white sandy beaches both in the northern and southern parts of Bima. The city has modest tourist accommodations, such as 1-star hotels and some restaurants. Its main attractions are

116-697: A million Bima speakers. Neither the Bima nor the Sumbawa people have alphabets of their own for they use the alphabets of the Bugis and the Malay language indifferently. Long thought to be closely related to the languages of Sumba Island to the southeast, this assumption has been refuted by Blust (2008), which makes Bima a primary branch within the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. Bima

145-492: A supersaturation of carbonate minerals. In surface waters, saturation index (SI) for calcite — which is a calcium carbonate polymorph, CaCo 3 — is above 0.8 and that for dolomite is above 2.8; both values decrease rapidly with depth, and undersaturation is reached below the chemocline. In the upper layer, the supersaturation allows microlithes to extract CaCo 3 , which explains the low amount of Ca; it seems that no enzymes are involved in this extraction. The amount of Ca

174-677: Is a lake that has helped gain some insight in the formation of organisms. Satonda is north of Sumbawa island and west of Mojo island , in the Flores Sea , 3 km east of Sanggar Strait that separates both these islands, and less than 30 km north-west of the Tambora volcano Administratively, it is in Pekat District, in Dompu Regency , The island is about 3 x 2 km in size, with an elongated axis oriented NW-SE. The caldera

203-475: Is about 2 x 2 km and its walls rise to about 300 m. A 77 hectares (190.3 acres) lake occupies the caldera. At one point on the south side, the height of the crater rim is reduced to 13 m altitude and its width is reduced to about 30 m. Satonda Island has a vast natural coral reef in the surrounding waters and was designated a Marine Nature Park (TWAL) in 1999 by the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia. The island

232-520: Is an Austronesian language spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia , which it shares with speakers of the Sumbawa language . Bima territory includes the Sanggar Peninsula , where the extinct Papuan language Tambora was once spoken. Bima is an exonym; the autochthonous name for the territory is Mbojo and the language is referred to as Nggahi Mbojo . There are over half

261-556: Is home to the Sultan Salahuddin mosque and the Sultan Salahuddin Museum (former Bima Sultanate palace). It is connected by a provincial road to Dompu and Sape . Bima City consists of five districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also includes the locations of

290-651: Is primarily spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island in Indonesia . It also spoken in the Banta , Sangeang , and Komodo islands. According to Ethnologue , dialects of the language include Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, and Mbojo. Donggo, spoken in mountainous regions to the west of Bima Bay , such as in Doro Ntika of the Doro Oromboha area, is closely related to the main dialect of Bima. It

319-439: Is proposed to be part of Moyo Satonda National Park along with neighbouring Moyo Island . The volcano rises from a depth of about 1,000 m underwater, with the steep slope typical of tuff cones. Its caldera is about 2 x 2 km large and the caldera walls rise up to 300 m above sea level. The eastern wall is very steep and has no vegetation. The Sangeang Api (island of Sangeang) and Satonda are eruption centers associated to

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348-609: Is served through Sultan Muhammad Salahudin Airport on the southern outskirt of Bima by NAM Air and Wings Air to Lombok , Denpasar , and Makassar . Bima was also a stop on Qantas Airways' pre-war route between Sydney and Singapore, serviced by C Class Empire flying boats. In the Middle Ages , Bima was the easternmost extent of the expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia , as a result of heavy Indian influence on

377-561: Is spoken by about 25,000 people who were formerly primarily Christians and animists; many have converted to Islam, mostly as a result of intermarriages. Vowels /i e o u/ can have shortened allophones as [ɪ ɛ ɔ ʊ] . This Austronesian languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Satonda Island Satonda is a volcanic island off the northern coast of Sumbawa, in West Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia ; It main feature

406-497: Is still significantly higher than that in sea water. As a succinct summary, it can be said that the high level of alkalinity causes a high supersaturation of calcium carbonate minerals and the formation of modern analogues of Precambrian microbialitic stromatolites along the fringes of the lake. This confers to the lake a significant scientific importance: the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event somme 6 M years ago saw

435-550: The Tambora volcano — and therefore to the phenomenal 10–15 April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora which ejected 50km of rock (150 km of pumice and pyroclastics ) and affected a large part of the Earth. Signs of erosion such as the marine terraces to the south of the island, and steep gullies (deep erosional ravines in the tuff ring), indicate that the volcano has been inactive since several thousand years, and maybe tens of thousands of years. The volcano may have been formed when

464-575: The District administrative centres and the number of administrative villages (all rated as urban kelurahan ) in each district, and its post codes. The city is located on the eastern shore of Bima Bay. Traditionally Bima was a port city that connected to other port cities in Eastern Indonesia such as Makassar and Ternate , as well as to ports in Lombok , Bali , and East Java. Bima has

493-576: The Sultan Salahuddin mosque, the Terapung mosque, and the Sultan Salahuddin Museum (former Bima Sultanate palace). Bima airport serves as the air hub for domestic and foreign visitors, who are more attracted to visiting Hu'u beach for surfing or Tambora Volcano for hiking . 8°27′36″S 118°43′36″E  /  8.46000°S 118.72667°E  / -8.46000; 118.72667 Bima language The Bima language , or Bimanese (Bima: Nggahi Mbojo , Indonesian : Bahasa Bima ),

522-546: The extinction of cyanobacterial stromatolithes along with 3/4 of all plant and animal species. Riding (1982) had suggested that their disappearance was due to a modification of the Mg/Ca ratio; Kempe & Kazmierczak 1990b suggested instead that it was more likely due to changes in the saturation index of calcite (both ideas are not mutually exclusive, because the solubility of calcite increases when its magnesium content rises — see page " Marine biogenic calcification "). Thus

551-663: The following species were noted (some of which may be endemic): one species of thin-shelled cerithiid gastropod; one species of monaxonid demosponge ; one species of amphipod crustacean; one species of small fish; one species of hydrozoa ; one species of infaunal oligochaet ; and three species of green algae. There were also, in reef and sediment samples, subfossil shells of two bivalve species ( Lioconcha sp.?, Pinctada sp.?); three gastropod species ( Cerithium sp., common; Ocenebra sp., seldom; and Neritina sp., rare); and dense aggregates of serpulid tubes. A population of monaxonid sponges ( Suberites sp.) colonizes

580-474: The lake is progressively respired at depth, releasing isotopically light CO2. The increase in pCO 2 causes weathering of the silicates at the bottom of the lake, as well as weathering of the 80 cm of ashes received during the eruption of the Tambora in 1815 . The weathering of silicates increases the alkalinity. The water degases at the surface, which increases the pH and, because of the high alkalinity, brings

609-589: The lake, large calcareous reefs extrude from rocky points; they are submerged for at least 23 m, are 1 to 2 m thick with very steep walls, and their tip emerge by about 50 cm at the end of the dry season. They are made of brittle, cavernous limestone composed of aragonite and low-Mg- calcite , partly silicified . Their structure alternates between layers of in vivo calcifying Pleurocapsales cyanobacteria and of red algae ( Peyssonnelia sp., Lithoporella sp.), often separated by accumulations of gastropod fecal pellets settled in cyanobacterial micrite — although

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638-496: The red algae are present only in the first 1 cm of the reefs. The pellets are produced by the Cerithium species; these and the gastropods' shells contribute significantly to the mass of the reef. The fauna in the lake is extremely poor in species; contrary to what one could expect, hardly any colonization seems to issue from the nearby reef only 100 m away and boasting a thriving diversity of tropical marine reef species. In 1990

667-407: The reefs surfaces, intertwinning with the green algae; and a dense population of Oligochaeta (worms) lives in the black sandy mud on the lakeshore. The lake has been extensively researched by biogeologists Stephan Kempe and Josef Kazmierczak since 1984. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the lake was invaded by sea water 4,000 years ago, maybe because of a collapse in part of the crater rim;

696-474: The region during the period. Bima was once one of the four sultanates on the island of Sumbawa. From the 17th to 20th centuries, it was the capital of the Bima Sultanate and is home to an old palace of the city's rulers. In the early 17th century, the Islamization of Bima had fallen off the old Hindu kingdom on the east coast of the island of Sumbawa. In 1792, Sultan Abdu'l Hamid Muhammad Shah signed

725-463: The rest are Protestant 0.89%, Catholic Christians 0.62%, and Hindus and Buddhists around 1.11%. Bima is connected through the trans-Sumbawa road to Sape Harbour in the east and Dompu in the Southwest to Sumbawa Besar and Taliwang in the western part of Sumbawa. Bus services connecting Bima to other neighboring cities in Sumbawa as far as Mataram in Lombok are available. Air transportation

754-423: The sea level was lower, during the last ice age There is a 77 hectares (190.3 acres) soda lake in the middle of the island, occupying two intersecting craters 39 and 69 meters deep as determined by echo-sounding. The southern crater is 950 m in diameter and the northern one is 400 m in diameter; at the bottom they are separated by a 10 m high ridge. The lake is surrounded by sandy beaches. At 13 sites around

783-409: The surface, it rises to 240,000 ppmv at the bottom of the lake. The two other layers underneath are anaerobic and more saline than seawater. Alkalinity increases considerably with depth: it goes from 3.4 meq/kg near the surface, to nearly 50 meq at the bottom of the lake. On the other hand, Ca concentration hardly increases. Kempe & Kazmierczak 1990b suggest that organic matter falling into

812-478: The water was quickly alkalised, and the reefs started growing soon after. Its water has three layers. The upper one is 22.8 m thick, it is oxygenated; compared to seawater, it is less saline but more alkaline , has a higher pH , and lower concentrations of Ca and Mg . The 22.8 m deep chemocline is marked by a sharp decrease of the pH, which indicates an increase in pCO 2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide): from 340 ppmv (part per million by volume) at

841-426: Was in the village of Paruga, which amounted to 12,275 people (11%) and the least was in the village of Kendo, with 1130 souls (1%). At the population census of 2010, the population in Bima numbered 142,443 – 69,841 men and 72,602 women, and at the population census of 2020, the population in Bima numbered 155,140 – 77,009 men and 78,131 women. The majority of the populace in Bima are Muslims, who form about 97.38%, and

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