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92-581: The Binion Hoard was American gambling executive Ted Binion 's collection of silver and silver dollars. Binion had a safe installed 12 ft (3.7 m) deep in the ground of a vacant lot that he owned in Pahrump, Nevada , United States. In the safe he stored his 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg) of silver, including 135,000 silver dollars. In 1998, Binion died of an overdose and authorities determined that he had been murdered. Two days after his death Richard Tabish and four other people were arrested for digging up

184-400: A Carson City Mint mark were presumed stolen after his death. Chief Deputy District Attorney David Roger estimated that the missing coins were worth between US$ 10 and $ 15 million. Only one Carson City marked coin was found in the hoard of 135,000 silver dollars. Ted Binion's estate also said that an unknown number of double eagle $ 20 gold pieces, a collection of antique coins and currency from

276-512: A hair test that would reveal his history of usage. In May 1997, his gaming license was suspended when it was found that he had violated the drug testing agreement. In March 1998, after the GCB learned that Binion was associating with Blitzstein, it voted unanimously to permanently revoke his license. Binion was the first person to lose his license for violating a Nevada regulation that bans gaming licensees from associating with known criminals. Inside

368-431: A pathologist , testified in court that Binion was " burked " (suffocated) from someone covering his mouth and placing their weight on his chest. He also testified that the drugs ingested by Binion were not enough to kill him. A local medical examiner who testified for the prosecution gave a different account, stating that Binion died of a "forced overdose". In the retrial, the defense called a number of expert witnesses which

460-560: A connection between the death of Ted Binion and the theft of the silver and they did not suspect murder. Ken Hefner from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department homicide unit stated that Binion did not die violently and he appeared to have died of an overdose. The Times also reported on speculation that Binion's girlfriend was romantically linked to one of the suspects in the theft of the silver. In 1999, Ted Binion's brother Jack Binion offered

552-490: A drug test. One year later, in 1998, the Nevada Gaming Commission revoked Binion's license. They cited his ties to a murdered underworld figure named Herbert Blitzstein as the reason. Binion and Blitzstein were seen at adult nightclubs. Binion also gave Blitzstein a gold watch. The Gaming Commission voted 4–0 in favor of stripping Binion's license. After Binion lost his gaming license, he sold his share of

644-554: A form of manual suffocation . The suffocation theory was presented at trial by forensics pathologist Michael Baden , who testified for the prosecution. Baden postulated that Murphy and Tabish had resorted to suffocation because their effort to kill Binion by drugging him had taken too long, and that the pair feared discovery. Both Murphy and Tabish were charged with murder as well as burglary for attempting to remove Binion's silver fortune from its vault in Pahrump. A police report that

736-477: A former topless dancer named Sandy Murphy, to the theft of the silver. She was arrested on charges of stealing Binion's buried treasure. The police were able to romantically link her to Richard Tabish, who had been previously arrested for stealing the silver. Tabish, a trucking contractor and a convicted felon, became a suspect when he was seen by a sheriff's deputy removing the treasure from an in-ground safe on Binion's lot in Pahrump just two days after his death. In

828-406: A gradual reduction in dosage to minimize withdrawal effects when discontinuing. Not all withdrawal effects are evidence of true dependence or withdrawal. Recurrence of symptoms such as anxiety may simply indicate that the drug was having its expected anti-anxiety effect and that, in the absence of the drug, the symptom has returned to pretreatment levels. If the symptoms are more severe or frequent,

920-466: A positive outcome (100%), but of these, only one was actually positive and the other two were considered to have been inappropriately spun as positive. The effect size ( Hedges's g ) of alprazolam for treatment of panic disorder based on the five clinical trials was 0.33 (a small effect) and based on the published trials was 0.47 (a moderate effect), equating to an increase of 0.14 or 42%. The authors concluded that publication bias substantially inflated

1012-410: A possible 19, and GABA A receptors made up of different combinations of subunits have different properties, different locations within the brain, and, importantly, different activities with regard to benzodiazepines. Alprazolam and other triazolobenzodiazepines such as triazolam that have a triazole ring fused to their diazepine ring appear to have antidepressant properties. This is perhaps due to

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1104-412: A prescription for the drug Xanax . On the evening of the 16th, a drug dealer told investigators that he had sold Binion heroin in the past; he reported that Binion purchased twelve balloons filled with tar heroin. The dealer stated that Binion always smoked the drug, and never ingested it because of the bitter taste of tar heroin. That same day, Binion reportedly told his lawyer Jim Brown "Take Sandy out of

1196-435: A property in Pahrump, Nevada , once owned by Binion. The property manager was able to identify one of the people from the security video. The person who was identified had been previously accused of trespassing on the property in 2017. When deputies made contact with the man in 2017 he stated that there were millions of dollars in gold buried there. Many people, including investigative journalist Cathy Scott , believe that there

1288-579: A reward of US$ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 187,000 in 2023) to find Ted Binion's killer. Binion's friends suspected he had been murdered, but five months after Binion's death, there had still been no arrests. A Clark County prosecutor stated that he was "looking at one or more individuals for their possible involvement in [Binion's] death." According to authorities, Binion was force-fed heroin and anti-anxiety pills. Both his ex-wife and his drug dealer stated that he exclusively smoked heroin and did not take it orally. Police were able to connect Binion's girlfriend,

1380-665: A statistically significant increase in extracellular dopamine D1 and D2 concentrations in the striatum . Alprazolam is taken orally, and is absorbed well – 80% of alprazolam binds to proteins in the serum (the majority binding to albumin ). The concentration of alprazolam peaks after one to two hours. Alprazolam is metabolized in the liver, mostly by the cytochrome enzyme CYP3A4 . Two major metabolites are produced: 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam, as well as an inactive benzophenone . The low concentrations and low potencies of 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam indicate that they have little to no contribution to

1472-783: A thorough forensic investigation, e.g., in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma alprazolam concentrations are usually in a range of 10–100 μg/L in persons receiving the drug therapeutically, 100–300 μg/L in those arrested for impaired driving, and 300–2,000 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage. Most of the commercial immunoassays used for the benzodiazepine class of drugs cross-react with alprazolam, but confirmation and quantitative determination are usually done by chromatographic techniques. Alprazolam regular release and orally disintegrating tablets are available as 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 2 mg tablets. Extended-release tablets are available as 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, and 3 mg tablets. Liquid alprazolam

1564-594: A week. Alprazolam is generally taken orally . Common side effects include sleepiness , depression , suppressed emotions , mild to severe decreases in motor skills , hiccups , dulling or declining of cognition , decreased alertness , dry mouth (mildly), decreased heart rate , suppression of central nervous system activity, impairment of judgment (usually in higher than therapeutic doses), marginal to severe decreases in memory formation, decreased ability to process new information , as well as partial to complete anterograde amnesia , depending on dosage. Some of

1656-403: Is a positive allosteric modulator of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor . When it binds to the receptor, effects of GABA are enhanced leading to inhibition of neurons in the brain. This results in effects including reduced anxiety, muscle relaxant, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activity. The activity of alprazolam in the central nervous system is dose dependent. Alprazolam

1748-434: Is a fast-acting, potent tranquilizer of moderate duration within the triazolobenzodiazepine group of chemicals called benzodiazepines . Alprazolam is most commonly prescribed in the management of anxiety disorders , especially panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Other uses include the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea , together with other treatments. GAD improvement occurs generally within

1840-416: Is associated with congenital abnormalities , and use in the last trimester may cause fetal drug dependence and withdrawal symptoms in the post-natal period as well as neonatal flaccidity and respiratory problems. However, in long-term users of benzodiazepines, abrupt discontinuation due to concerns of teratogenesis has a high risk of causing extreme withdrawal symptoms and a severe rebound effect of

1932-518: Is classed as a high-potency triazolobenzodiazepine : a benzodiazepine with a triazole ring attached to its structure. As a benzodiazepine, alprazolam produces a variety of therapeutic and adverse effects by binding to the GABA A benzodiazepine receptor site and modulating its function; GABA receptors are the most prolific inhibitory receptor within the brain. The GABA chemical and receptor system mediates inhibitory or calming effects of alprazolam on

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2024-549: Is controversial, with some expert reviews stating that the risk is low and similar to that of other benzodiazepine drugs. Others state that there is a substantial risk of misuse and dependence in both patients and non-medical users and that the short half-life and rapid onset of action may increase the risk of misuse. Compared to the large number of prescriptions, relatively few individuals increase their dose on their own initiative or engage in drug-seeking behavior . Alprazolam, like other benzodiazepines, binds to specific sites on

2116-545: Is more buried treasure on Binion's property. In 2022, a local Las Vegas news station reported that Binion's land had sold for $ 1.9 million. They stated that although the land had been repeatedly searched and no treasure was found, many people nonetheless believed there is more silver to be found. In 2022 Dateline NBC aired an episode about the Ted Binion case titled: "What Happened in Vegas". Ted Binion Ted Binion

2208-400: Is no history of tolerance or dependence. A 2023 meta-analysis of published and unpublished FDA-submitted regulatory trials of alprazolam extended-release for panic disorder found that only one of five clinical trials showed a positive efficacy outcome (20%), while the rest were negative and did not demonstrate effectiveness. In the published literature, three trials were published conveying

2300-589: Is not recommended for the treatment of panic disorder because of concerns regarding tolerance , dependence , and abuse . Most evidence shows that the benefits of alprazolam in treating panic disorder last only four to ten weeks. However, people with panic disorder have been treated on an open basis for up to eight months without apparent loss of benefit. Alprazolam is recommended by the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) for treatment-resistant cases of panic disorder where there

2392-455: Is obtained. By substituting the bromine atom with an amino group conferred by ammonia, it forms alprazolam triazolobenzophenone , following which an intramolecular heterocyclization takes place to obtain alprazolam. Quantification of alprazolam in blood and plasma samples may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of intoxication in hospitalized patients, or to provide evidence in the case of crimes e.g., impaired driving arrest, or to assist in

2484-608: The Las Vegas Sun ) wrote a book about Ted Binion's death and the theft of his silver titled: Murder in Sin City: The Death of a Las Vegas Casino Boss . In 2002, Spectrum Numismatics International offered the coins for sale; they reported brisk sales. The coins were sold for a premium beyond their base value, due to the sensational story of the Binion hoard. In 2019 three men were caught on camera digging holes on

2576-548: The Associated Press referred to as "an army of forensic pathologists, toxicologists and dermatologists to contradict Baden's theory". In their 2004 retrial, the case was heard by Clark County District Judge Joseph Bonaventure. The jury was made up of seven men and five women. After hearing the case, they deliberated for four days before returning a verdict. Murphy and Tabish were acquitted of murder—but their convictions for larceny and burglary were not overturned. Murphy

2668-786: The Clark County Coroner 's office reclassified Ted's death a homicide on May 5, 1999. Although there were no specifics, law enforcement sources cited evidence that the death scene had been staged, as well as witness statements implicating Murphy and Tabish. Detectives had suspected for some time that Murphy and Tabish had been romantically involved and had learned that Binion suspected Murphy was cheating on him. In June 1999, Murphy and Tabish were arrested for Binion's murder, as well as for conspiracy , robbery , grand larceny and burglary . The prosecution contended that Murphy and Tabish had conspired to kill Binion and steal his wealth, drugging him into unconsciousness and burking him,

2760-532: The Nevada Supreme Court in 2003, and a new trial in 2004 resulted in their acquittals on the murder charge. All six were subsequently convicted of grand larceny and burglary for taking the silver. In 2001 the Ted Binion estate sold the silver coins. Spectrum Numismatic International purchased the entire collection of silver dollars for US$ 3.3 million (equivalent to $ 6,168,804 in 2023). The coins were certified and sealed in coin slabs by

2852-555: The Numismatic Guaranty Company (NGC). Spectrum Numismatic International priced individual coins from the hoard between US$ 50 and US$ 10,000. In 1951, Benny Binion opened a casino on Fremont Street in Las Vegas , which he named Binion's Horseshoe. In the 1950s, he was convicted for tax evasion. To finance his legal defense, he had to sell his majority interest in the casino. As a result of his conviction, he

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2944-741: The anticholinergic tropane alkaloids of Datura ( scopolamine and atropine ). The discontinuation of this medication may also cause rebound anxiety. In a 1983 study, only 5% of patients who abruptly ceased taking long-acting benzodiazepines after less than eight months demonstrated withdrawal symptoms, but 43% who had been taking them for more than eight months did. With alprazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, taken for eight weeks, 65% of patients experienced significant rebound anxiety. To some degree, these older benzodiazepines are self-tapering. The benzodiazepines diazepam and oxazepam have been found to produce fewer withdrawal reactions than alprazolam, temazepam , or lorazepam . Factors that determine

3036-453: The concomitant administration of alprazolam tablets. Combined oral contraceptive pills reduce the clearance of alprazolam, which may lead to increased plasma levels of alprazolam and accumulation. Alcohol is one of the most common interactions; alcohol and alprazolam taken in combination have a synergistic effect on one another, which can cause severe sedation, behavioral changes, and intoxication. The more alcohol and alprazolam taken,

3128-499: The Case covered the case in its episode #12 which aired in 2009. It includes interviews with Sandra Murphy and footage of her lawyer Tony Serra during the second trial. The seventh episode of the CBS legal comedy-drama The Defenders , titled "Las Vegas v. Johnson" is a loosely depicted version of the trial. Xanax Alprazolam , sold under the brand name Xanax among others,

3220-457: The Civil War era were also missing. The silver from the hoard was evidence in the criminal proceedings. While the trial was proceeding through the courts, Judge Joseph Bonaventure did not allow the estate of Ted Binion to sell the silver. The estate had to wait to sell the hoard until after the penalty hearing in the convictions which took place May 23, 2000. In July of 2000, the Binion estate

3312-484: The GABA A ( gamma-aminobutyric acid ) receptor. When bound to these sites, which are referred to as benzodiazepine receptors, it modulates the effect of GABA A receptors and, thus, of GABAergic neurons. Long-term use causes adaptive changes in the benzodiazepine receptors, making them less sensitive to stimulation and thus making the drugs less potent. Withdrawal and rebound symptoms commonly occur and necessitate

3404-495: The Horseshoe after previously selling his interest to cover his legal costs in defending himself on tax evasion charges. Since he was a convicted criminal, Benny was no longer allowed to hold a gaming license . His sons Jack and Ted — aged only 23 and 21, respectively — took over the day-to-day operation of the casino while Benny remained on the payroll, assuming the title of Director of Public Relations. Jack became president of

3496-426: The Horseshoe casino's vault. The Pahrump underground vault would play a major role in the investigation into Binion's death. After Binion was banned from the casino, he contracted the construction of the Pahrump underground vault with MRT Transport, a trucking company owned by Rick Tabish. An MRT tractor-trailer was used to transport the silver from the casino to the underground vault, and the only two people who had

3588-620: The Horseshoe, while Ted became casino manager. For the next thirty years, Ted Binion was the face that was most seen during the peak evening hours of the Horseshoe's casino operation and became well known as the host of its poker tournaments. He loved living the high life and partying, schmoozing with high-profile guests of the Horseshoe and flirting with attractive women. Ted Binion was arrested in 1986 on drug trafficking charges and began drawing attention for his connection to organized crime figure Herbert "Fat Herbie" Blitzstein . The Nevada Gaming Control Board (GCB) also suspected that Binion

3680-528: The Nevada Supreme Court overturned the murder convictions of Murphy and Tabish and granted them a new trial. The retrial lasted six weeks. Cellphone records were presented by the prosecution in the retrial. The records revealed that Tabish spoke with Murphy three times while he was in the desert retrieving the silver. In the first trial, the evidence presented by the prosecution's medical expert Michael Baden helped convict Murphy and Tabish. Baden,

3772-1470: The US, alprazolam is indicated for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia . In the UK, alprazolam is indicated for short-term symptomatic treatment of anxiety in adults. Alprazolam may be used in combination with other medications for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting . Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in children and in alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals. Particular care should be taken in pregnant or elderly people, people with substance use disorder history, particularly alcohol dependence , and people with comorbid psychiatric disorders . Alprazolam should be avoided or carefully monitored by medical professionals in individuals with myasthenia gravis , acute narrow-angle glaucoma , severe liver deficiencies such as cirrhosis , severe sleep apnea , pre-existing respiratory depression, marked neuromuscular respiratory , acute pulmonary insufficiency , chronic psychosis , hypersensitivity , allergy to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines, and borderline personality disorder , where it may induce suicidality and dyscontrol . Like all central nervous system depressants , alprazolam in larger-than-normal doses can cause significant deterioration in alertness and increase drowsiness , especially in those unaccustomed to

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3864-621: The absence of a chlorine atom in the ortho position of the phenyl ring. It is slightly soluble in chloroform , soluble in alcohol , slightly soluble in acetone and insoluble in water. It has a melting point of 228–229.5 °C (442.4–445.1 °F; 501.1–502.6 K). For the synthesis of alprazolam the same method can be used as for triazolam , excepting that it starts from 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone. However, an alternative easier synthesis starting with 2,6-dichloro-4-phenylquinoline has been suggested, in which it reacts with hydrazine giving 6-chloro-2-hydrazino-4-phenylquinoline. Boiling

3956-506: The attorney's mind, not fact. The defendants were granted a new trial, which began on October 11, 2004 in Judge Bonaventure's courtroom. This time, Murphy was represented by Michael Cristalli, while Tabish was represented by Tony Serra and local Las Vegas attorney Joseph Caramagno. Each was acquitted of murder, but both were convicted on lesser charges of burglary (12 to 60 months) and grand larceny (12 to 60 months). Tabish

4048-472: The basement of the Horseshoe — housed in a floor-to-ceiling vault — was Binion's silver collection, later known as The Binion Hoard . When his ties to the family casino were severed, he was forced to move the collection from the casino property and was not allowed to be associated with the family business again. After the revocation of his license and the sale of his family's Montana ranch, he became even more involved in drugs, especially marijuana , Xanax , and

4140-405: The body, and an autopsy and toxicology report revealed that he died of a combination of the prescription sedative Xanax and heroin, with traces of Valium . The day before his death, Binion had purchased twelve pieces of tar heroin from a drug dealer and had gotten a prescription for Xanax from his next-door neighbor who was a doctor. Evidence introduced at trial showed that Binion personally took

4232-455: The buried silver. After an investigation into Binion's death, his girlfriend Sandy Murphy and her purported lover Richard Tabish were arrested and convicted of his murder: they were also charged in the theft of his silver. Four other people were also arrested and charged with grand larceny and burglary for helping Richard Tabish enter the safe and take the silver from Binion's property. The murder convictions of Murphy and Tabish were overturned by

4324-417: The casino to his sister Becky Behnen. The license ban was permanent, and Ted Binion made plans to move his silver from the casino vaults. He did not know where to store the silver, so he first had it moved to the garage at his home. His attorney attempted to find a place to properly store the silver but was unsuccessful. Binion came up with the idea to bury the silver on an empty lot he owned in Pahrump, along

4416-452: The characters surrounding Binion's death and aftermath. The second edition of Death in the Desert , released in 2012, covers the re-trial and acquittals. An Early Grave' s re-release in 2005 includes appendices about the re-trial and acquittals. Coverage can also be found at trutv.com under "Ted Binion", and in the 48 Hours Mystery episode "Buried Secrets of Las Vegas." The TV show On

4508-431: The chest and in the head at the base of Sunrise Mountain on the east side of Las Vegas. Binion was an avid reader of magazines and books. He was a history buff, particularly American Civil War history, and enjoyed watching History Channel and Discovery Channel programming. In addition, he was mathematically gifted — easily able to mentally calculate odds or the "house take" in gambling transactions with no aid. He

4600-425: The coins remained in the original mint bags. In 2002, the coins were marketed by the company for between US$ 50 and US$ 10,000. The coins were certified in coin slabs by the Numismatic Guaranty Company (NGC). According to NGC, there were 100,000 high quality US silver dollars in the collection. Coin retailer Goldline International was selected to market the coins. In 2001, Jeff German , (investigative reporter for

4692-402: The combination to the vault were Binion and Tabish. The vault was secured three days after Binion's death when Nye County sheriff's deputies discovered that Tabish and two other men were attempting to unearth the silver using an excavator and dump truck . Binion hid millions in and around his Las Vegas home, all of which went missing after his death. The riches are rumored to be buried on

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4784-876: The drug is administered in a higher dosage than recommended, or if a person stops taking the medication altogether without slowly allowing the body to adjust to a lower-dosage regimen. In 1992, Romach and colleagues reported that dose escalation is not a characteristic of long-term alprazolam users and that the majority of long-term alprazolam users change their initial pattern of regular use to one of symptom control only when required. Some common symptoms of alprazolam discontinuation include malaise , weakness, insomnia , tachycardia , lightheadedness, and dizziness. Those taking more than 4 mg per day have an increased potential for dependence. This medication may cause withdrawal symptoms upon abrupt withdrawal or rapid tapering, which in some cases have been known to cause seizures, as well as marked delirium similar to that produced by

4876-417: The drug's effects. Sedative drugs, including alprazolam, have been associated with an increased risk of death. Possible side effects include: In September 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required that boxed warnings for all benzodiazepine medications be updated to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all

4968-467: The early morning hours on September 19, 1998, Nye County sheriff's deputies discovered Tabish and other men digging in the vacant lot where Binion had buried his silver and when questioned Tabish said that Binion asked him to get the silver, in the event of his death, and give it to his daughter. He and three others were arrested at 3am that same day. The Washington Post reported that the day before Binion died, his physician, Enrique LaCoya, gave Binion

5060-469: The effectiveness of alprazolam for panic disorder. Anxiety associated with depression is responsive to alprazolam. Clinical studies have shown that the effectiveness is limited to four months for anxiety disorders . However, the research into antidepressant properties of alprazolam is poor and has only assessed its short-term effects against depression. In one study, some long term, high-dosage users of alprazolam developed reversible depression. In

5152-399: The effects of alprazolam. The metabolites and some unmetabolized alprazolam are filtered out by the kidneys and are excreted in the urine. Alprazolam is a triazole and benzodiazepine derivative substituted with a phenyl group at position 6, with a chlorine atom at position 8 and with a methyl group at position 1. It is an analogue of triazolam , the difference between them being

5244-500: The empty lot along a busy highway because he thought anyone digging in such a busy location would attract attention. The hoard was said to weigh 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg) and have a value of US$ 4M (equivalent to $ 7,000,000 in 2023). Cathy Scott, an investigative journalist who wrote Death in the Desert: The Ted Binion Homicide Case , stated in an interview: "I think he didn't trust banks or he

5336-583: The family's Montana retreat, a cattle ranch in Jordan , to work with the ranch hands. Later, in the early 1960s, Benny sent his three grandsons — his daughter Barbara’s sons — to Montana to work on the ranch. According to the county recorder’s office, by the 1980s, Benny had expanded his holdings to 85000 acres (340 km2), with the last parcel purchased in 1985. The family sold all of the parcels in April 1998 to John Hillenbrand. In 1964, Benny regained full control of

5428-552: The jury. The justices found that Tabish should have received a separate trial regarding a previous charge against him for assaulting and extorting businessman Leo Casey. While the prosecution was never able to prove a link between the previous charge against Tabish and the Binion murder charge, the justices ruled that testimony regarding the previous charge had prejudiced the jury against both Tabish and Murphy. The justices also ruled that jurors should have been instructed to consider statements by Binion's estate attorney as statements of

5520-405: The main highway. In April of 1998, Binion had an underground vault buried on the lot approximately 12 ft (3.7 m) deep. In July 1998, just two months before his death, Ted Binion hired Richard Tabish to move the silver. Binion hired Tabish because he was a trucking contractor. William Alder was one of the men who helped move the hoard out of the casino. Alder stated that Ted Binion supervised

5612-578: The medicines in the class. Although unusual, the following paradoxical reactions have been shown to occur: Alprazolam is primarily metabolized via CYP3A4 . Combining CYP3A4 inhibitors such as cimetidine , erythromycin , norfluoxetine , fluvoxamine , itraconazole , ketoconazole , nefazodone , propoxyphene , and ritonavir delay the hepatic clearance of alprazolam, which may result in its accumulation and increased severity of its side effects. Imipramine and desipramine have been reported to increase an average of 31% and 20% respectively by

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5704-465: The mixture with triethyl orthoacetate results in cyclization with the formation of the triazole ring. The product undergoes oxidative degradation in the presence of periodate and ruthenium dioxide in acetone solution, giving 2-[4-(3'-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo)]-5-chlorobenzophenone. Oxy-methylation with formaldehyde results in a product that is treated with phosphorus tribromide, when 2-[4-(3'-methyl-5'-bromomethyl-1,2,4-triazolo)]-5-chlorobenzophenone

5796-428: The nervous system. Binding of alprazolam to the GABA A receptor, a chloride ion channel, enhances the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter . When GABA binds the GABA A receptor the channel opens and chloride enters the cell which makes it more resistant to depolarisation. Therefore, alprazolam has a depressant effect on synaptic transmission to reduce anxiety. The GABA A receptor is made up of 5 subunits out of

5888-550: The news as "pretty wonderful". Tabish was released on May 18, 2010. His parole started on April 2, 2010, but negotiating the terms of his release delayed his actual exit from prison. The prosecution death theory, which the jury ultimately rejected, formed the basis for "Burked" , a 2001 episode of the TV series CSI . The case was covered extensively in Death in the Desert , a biographical true crime book by author Cathy Scott . It

5980-400: The operation in which two hundred carts of silver were moved from the casino. He stated that they began moving the silver at 1:00   a.m and did not finish until 6:00   a.m. The silver covered the floor of a trailer and measured 25 ft (7.6 m) x 8 ft (2.4 m); it was approximately 3 ft (0.91 m) or more deep. Ted Binion's lawyer Richard Wright said Binion chose

6072-441: The person may be experiencing a rebound effect due to the removal of the drug. Either of these can occur without the person actually being drug dependent. Alprazolam and other benzodiazepines may also cause the development of physical dependence , tolerance , and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms during rapid dose reduction or cessation of therapy after long-term treatment. There is a higher chance of withdrawal reactions if

6164-710: The prescription to a local pharmacy to be filled. Binion's death was initially treated as a probable suicide . His live-in girlfriend, Sandy Murphy, said that he had been suicidal ever since he lost his gaming license a few months earlier. His sister Barbara, who was also afflicted with drug problems like her brother, had committed suicide from an overdose in 1983. This contributed to the perception that Binion could have been vulnerable to suicide as well. However, Binion's other sister, Becky, discounted any talk of suicide, saying that in her conversations with him he did not sound despondent. Las Vegas homicide detectives suspected foul play in Binion's death, as his body did not show

6256-466: The property under odd mounds in the front and back yards. At the conclusion of the trial, much of Binion's silver was given to his daughter who had some of it offered for sale to the public. A large portion still remains unclaimed at the courthouse. On September 17, 1998, Binion was found dead on a small mattress on the floor of his Las Vegas estate home at 2408 Palomino Lane, near Rancho Drive and Charleston Boulevard . Empty pill bottles were found near

6348-444: The prosecution's point of view. However, the 2008 made-for-TV movie storyline was changed to allow for other theories about Binion's death. Las Vegas columnist John L. Smith published a pictorial summary of the case titled Quicksilver . The cable TV network A&E aired an hour-long video about the case titled Who Wants to Kill a Millionaire , which is part of its "American Justice" series, and includes interviews and film clips of

6440-514: The risk of psychological dependence or physical dependence and the severity of the benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms during dose reduction of alprazolam include: dosage used, length of use, frequency of dosing, personality characteristics of the individual, previous use of cross-dependent/cross-tolerant drugs (alcohol or other sedative-hypnotic drugs), current use of cross-dependent/-tolerant drugs, use of other short-acting, high-potency benzodiazepines, and method of discontinuation. Alprazolam

6532-561: The sedation and drowsiness may improve within a few days. Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms may occur if use is suddenly decreased. Alprazolam was invented by Jackson Hester Jr. at the Upjohn Company and patented in 1971 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1981. Alprazolam is a Schedule IV controlled substance and is a common drug of abuse. It is available as a generic medication . In 2022, it

6624-418: The silver were arrested the same day. In May 2000, Murphy and Tabish were convicted of Binion's murder and sentenced to life in prison. In October 2000, four other men were convicted of grand larceny for helping Tabish dig up the treasure. In all, six people were convicted for the theft of the Binion hoard. Ted Binion added Murphy to his will two months before his death; the will awarded Murphy his home, which

6716-495: The similarities shared with tricyclic antidepressants , as they have two benzene rings fused to a diazepine ring. Alprazolam causes a marked suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis . The therapeutic properties of alprazolam are similar to other benzodiazepines and include anxiolytic , anticonvulsant , muscle relaxant , hypnotic and amnesic ; however, it is used mainly as an anxiolytic. Giving alprazolam, as compared to lorazepam , has been demonstrated to elicit

6808-468: The street drug tar heroin , which he smoked; he was known to " chase the dragon " (inhale the smoke). Casino dealers had known when Ted was present due to the telltale odor of marijuana smoke whenever he used the eye in the sky to monitor the casino floor. In 1967, Binion was the target of a kidnapping plot . The alleged perpetrator, cabdriver and petty criminal Marvin Shumate, was found dead, shot in

6900-460: The typical signs of a drug overdose. While his stomach contained heroin, police thought that neither a heroin addict, nor someone attempting suicide, would take heroin in that manner. However, despite the urgings of Becky and Jack Binion, law enforcement officials refused to open a full-scale homicide investigation. Six months later, chief medical examiner Lary Simms ruled Binion had died of a heroin and Xanax overdose. A few weeks after that, however,

6992-502: The underlying mental health disorder . Spontaneous abortions may also result from abrupt withdrawal of psychotropic medications, including benzodiazepines. The maximum recommended daily dose is 10 milligrams per day. Overdoses of alprazolam can be mild to severe depending on the quantity ingested and if other drugs are taken in combination. Alprazolam overdoses cause excess central nervous system (CNS) depression. The potential for misuse among those taking it for medical reasons

7084-621: The will, if she doesn't kill me tonight. If I am dead, you will know what happened." On June 24, 1999, Sandy Murphy and Richard Tabish were arrested and charged with the murder of Ted Binion. The two were arrested at a grocery store in Henderson, Nevada . The two were transported to the Clark County Detention Center in Las Vegas, where they were held without bail. The four men who assisted Richard Tabish in removing

7176-430: The worse the interaction. Combination of alprazolam with the herb kava can result in the development of a semi- comatose state. Plants in the genus Hypericum , including St. John's wort , conversely can lower the plasma levels of alprazolam and reduce its therapeutic effect. Benzodiazepines cross the placenta , enter the fetus , and are also excreted in breast milk . The use of alprazolam during pregnancy

7268-691: Was also convicted for the use of a deadly weapon (18 to 60 months). Murphy was sentenced to time served and did not return to prison. Tabish was originally sentenced to serve consecutive terms and was denied parole in 2001, 2004 and 2005. On January 26, 2009, he was brought into Las Vegas where the Nevada parole board granted him "Parole to Consecutive," meaning the three convictions were to run concurrently. Tabish received another parole hearing in Las Vegas on January 13, 2010. The Nevada Board of Parole Commissioners announced January 26, 2010 that Tabish (then 44) would be granted parole. His younger brother described

7360-597: Was also known to help people he knew to be in difficult financial straits. After his death, Nye County sheriff's deputies discovered that Binion had had a 12-foot-deep vault built on the desert floor on a piece of property he owned in Pahrump , 60 miles (97 km) west of Las Vegas. The concrete bunker contained six tons of silver bullion , Horseshoe casino chips , paper currency, and more than 100,000 rare coins, including Carson City silver dollars , many in mint condition. The rare coins were estimated to be worth between $ 7 million and $ 14 million, and were once housed in

7452-453: Was born in Dallas , Texas , in 1943, to casino executive Benny Binion . He had an older brother, Jack , president of the Horseshoe casino and former chairman of Wynn Resorts , and three sisters: Becky, Brenda, and Barbara. Ted moved to Las Vegas , Nevada , with his father in 1946. He was involved early on in his father's casino, Binion's Horseshoe. While growing up, Ted spent summers at

7544-627: Was covered as well in Positively Fifth Street by James McManus , which is about a poker tournament at Binion's Horseshoe casino; and in An Early Grave by Gary C. King, which was released in 2001 as part of the "St. Martin's True Crime Classics" series. The case was also covered in the 2008 made-for-TV movie Sex and Lies in Sin City , said to be based on the book Murder in Sin City by columnist Jeff German that took

7636-530: Was filing money from the IRS and so he put it in mattresses, buried it in the backyard, as did his father." Ted Binion was found dead lying on the floor face up in his home in Las Vegas on September 17, 1998. Authorities determined that he had died from a lethal cocktail of drugs, composed of Xanax and heroin . On September 23, 1998, the Los Angeles Times reported that the police did not initially see

7728-482: Was known to smoke tar heroin and take the anti- anxiety medication Xanax . Binion's gaming license was suspended several times over an 11-year period because of his drug use. He was also known to associate with mafia figures. Binion was also a collector of silver, silver coins and guns. In 1997, the Nevada Gaming Control Board gave Ted Binion a one year license suspension after he failed

7820-566: Was moving to sell the silver and other assets. The 38-acre (15 ha) vacant lot where Ted Binion kept the hoard was sold to two casino executives for US$ 6.5 million. The estate also began accepting sealed bids for the silver hoard. The proceeds of asset sales were to be placed in a trust for Ted Binion's nineteen year old daughter. In October of 2001, Ted Binion's estate sold the silver coins to Spectrum Numismatics International for US$ 3.3 million (equivalent to $ 6,200,000 in 2023). Approximately 50,000 silver coins were uncirculated, and some of

7912-551: Was not used in the first trial by Tabish's first attorney, Louie Palazzo , revealed that there was a drive-by shooting at the front of Binion's Las Vegas, Palomino Lane home on June 5, 1997. Included in the police report was a statement by Ted Binion alleging that Chance LeSueur and Benny Behnen (son of Ted's sister Becky Behnen) were the shooters. The trial of Murphy and Tabish attracted national media attention. In May 2000, after two months of trial and after nearly 68 hours of deliberation, Murphy and Tabish were found guilty. Tabish

8004-402: Was prohibited from holding a gaming license . Benny Binion's five children took over his share of the casino. In 1964 the family reacquired the majority stake in the casino, and Ted Binion assumed the role of manager. Ted Binion rebranded the casino Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel . In the casino vaults he stored his hoard of silver. He was a long time user of illicit drugs; for many years, he

8096-551: Was released shortly after her acquittal on the murder charge, but Tabish remained in prison. Tabish was released from prison in 2010, after which he began working in the field of cryptocurrency mining as the president of FX Solutions in Montana. As of 2018, Murphy and her husband were owners of an art gallery in Laguna Beach, California . In July of 2000, the Las Vegas Sun reported that some of Ted Binion's rare coins with

8188-513: Was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison , while Murphy received 22 years to life. Later that year, David Roger , who prosecuted the case, was elected Clark County district attorney , and David Wall, who second-chaired the prosecution, was elected district judge. However, in July 2003, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the murder convictions, ruling that Clark County District Court Judge Joseph Bonaventure erred in deliberation instructions to

8280-487: Was the 41st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 14   million prescriptions. Alprazolam is used in the management of anxiety disorders and nausea due to chemotherapy . Alprazolam is indicated for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults. Alprazolam is effective in the relief of moderate to severe anxiety and panic attacks . In Australia , alprazolam

8372-556: Was using his live-in girlfriend, Sandy Murphy, as a bagwoman . Binion had met Murphy while she was working at Cheetah's , a topless club. The relationship had caused Binion's estranged wife and daughter to pack up and leave for Texas. In 1996, the GCB provisionally banned Binion from any management role in the Horseshoe and he had to undergo regular drug testing. He was also banned from the casino's premises. Binion struggled to avoid running afoul of drug tests and, at one point, he shaved off all of his body hair in an attempt to circumvent

8464-496: Was valued at US$ 900,000, its contents, and US$ 300,000. After Murphy's conviction for Binion's murder, Nevada state law did not allow her to inherit any part of his estate. In 2002, the Murphy and Tabish lawyers petitioned the Nevada Supreme Court for a retrial. The court considered the petition for more than six months. To work on the appeal, Murphy hired legal professor Alan Dershowitz and Tabish hired attorney Tony Serra . In 2003,

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