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21-527: The oldest part of the town lies on top of Jabal Arbi Mountains while the newer parts lie in the Wadi al-Taym valley and is referred to as Izza. Neighboring towns include Rafid , Kamed , Khirbet-Rouha , and Mdouckha . The town is located about 80 km from Beirut and 40 km from Damascus, Syria. More than 60% of the town’s population have emigrated to Brazil , Argentina , United States , Canada , France , Spain , Italy and Portugal . Residents of

42-625: A factory, noting several prepared flakes and a large Neolithic pick. The material is now held in the archives of the Saint Joseph University . Al-Bireh was the site where the French/Lebanese movie Le Cerf-Volant ( The Kite ) (Tayyara min waraq) was filmed. In January 2009 a street in town was named after president Hugo Chávez , after Venezuela expelled an Israeli ambassador due IDF attack in Gaza Strip . In

63-491: A result. Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the Sahara , as they travel in complex transhumance routes. The centrality of wadis to water – and human life – in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of wadi hydrology in

84-709: A wide range of sedimentary structures, including ripples and common plane beds. Gravels commonly display imbrications , and mud drapes show desiccation cracks. Wind activity also generates sedimentary structures, including large-scale cross-stratification and wedge-shaped cross-sets. A typical wadi sequence consists of alternating units of wind and water sediments; each unit ranging from about 10–30 cm (4–12 in). Sediment laid by water shows complete fining upward sequence. Gravels show imbrication. Wind deposits are cross-stratified and covered with mud-cracked deposits. Some horizontal loess may also be present. Modern English usage differentiates wadis from canyons or washes by

105-640: Is a wadi (dry river) that forms a large fertile valley in Lebanon , in the districts of Rachaya and Hasbaya on the western slopes of Mount Hermon . It adjoins the Beqaa Valley running north to south towards the Jordan Valley where it meets the northwest corner of Lake Huleh . Watered by the Hasbani river, the low hills of Wadi al-Taym are covered with rows of silver-green olive trees with

126-504: Is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a river valley . In some instances, it may refer to a wet ( ephemeral ) riverbed that contains water only when heavy rain occurs. Arroyo ( Spanish ) is used in the Americas for similar landforms. The term wādī is very widely found in Arabic toponyms . Some Spanish toponyms are derived from Andalusian Arabic where wādī

147-680: The Burid ruler of Damascus , who subsequently expelled Dahhak from his holdout in the fortified Tyron Cave east of Sidon . In 1149, Dahhak was himself murdered by Assassins, revenge for the slaying of the da'i . The Wadi al-Taym was taken over by the Shihabs , a Sunni Muslim clan in the army of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin , in 1173. The Shihab formed an alliance with the Druze Ma'n family of southern Mount Lebanon . Unlike other immigrants to

168-600: The 7th-century Muslim conquests . A small proportion of the tribe took up abode in the Wadi al-Taym at some point during the first centuries of Muslim rule. The Wadi al-Taym was the first area where the Druze appeared in the historical record under the name "Druze". According to many of the genealogical traditions of the Druze feudal families, the feudal Druze clans claimed descent from Arab tribes originally based in eastern Arabia and which entered Syria after periods of settlement in

189-469: The Euphrates Valley. According to the historian Nejla Abu-Izzedin , "ethnically", the "Wadi al-Taym has been authoritatively stated to be one of the most Arab regions of [geographical] Syria ". The area was one of the two most important centers of Druze missionary activity in the 11th century. For much of the early 12th century, the Wadi al-Taym and the southern Chouf were the territory of

210-725: The Jandal, a Druze clan. The leader of the clan, Dahhak ibn Jandal allied with the Crusaders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and engaged in a feud with the Assassins who ruled the Banias fortress in the western foothills of Mount Hermon just south of Wadi al-Taym. Dahhak had killed Assassin leader Bahram al-Da'i in retaliation for the murder of his brother Baraq ibn Jandal. In 1133, he entered into conflict with Shams al-Mulk Isma'il ,

231-607: The Lebanese Parliamentary elections of June 2009, Ziad Nazem Elkadri , son of the late Nazim Elkadri , won his seat running with the Future Movement in the March 14 coalition list. Ziad is the second MP to be elected from the village, the first being his father. Wadi al-Taym Wadi al-Taym ( Arabic : وادي التيم , romanized :  Wādī al-Taym ), also transliterated as Wadi el-Taym ,

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252-947: The Wadi al-Taym, the Shihabs did not embrace the Druze faith, which was the dominant religion of the areas between the Gharb district of southern Mount Lebanon southward to the Wadi al-Taym. In 1287, the Shihab emir Sa'ad ibn Qurqmaz, now allied with the Mamluk successors of the Ayyubids, confronted a Mongol incursion into the Wadi al-Taym. 33°26′N 35°42′E  /  33.433°N 35.700°E  / 33.433; 35.700 Wadi Wadi ( Arabic : وَادِي , romanized :  wādī , alternatively wād ; Arabic : وَاد , Maghrebi Arabic oued , Hebrew : וָאדִי , romanized :  vadi , lit.   'wadi')

273-425: The action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis are generally dry year round, except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall, often resulting in flash floods . Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous as

294-504: The distal portions of alluvial fans and extend to inland sabkhas or dry lakes . In basin and range topography , wadis trend along basin axes at the terminus of fans. Permanent channels do not exist, due to lack of continual water flow. They have braided stream patterns because of the deficiency of water and the abundance of sediments . Water percolates down into the stream bed, causing an abrupt loss of energy and resulting in vast deposition. Wadis may develop dams of sediment that change

315-523: The late 1970s, then by Israeli forces in the early 1980s.. A Heavy Neolithic archaeological site of the Qaraoun culture was discovered by Auguste Bergy along a south to west track that lead from the road to a small spring. Bergy originally suggested it was a " Chellean factory site" before the Heavy Neolithic was defined by Henri Fleisch . Lorraine Copeland agreed that it was probably

336-428: The mountain. Ruins of other more modern civilizations are still visible. The locals usually come across artifacts dating back to Phoenician , Byzantine, Roman and Canaanite eras. Many artifacts and archaeological pieces were illegally excavated out of the caves and burial grounds. In 1838, Eli Smith noted el-Bireh as a Sunni Muslim village in the Beqaa Valley . The town was occupied first by PLO forces in

357-614: The population in the area being predominantly Druze and Sunni , with a high number of Christians , mostly Greek Orthodox . Wadi al-Taym is generally considered the "birthplace of the Druze faith ". Wadi al-Taym is named after the Arab tribe of Taym Allat (later Taym-Allah) ibn Tha'laba. The Taym-Allat entered the Euphrates Valley and adopted Christianity in the pre-Islamic period before ultimately embracing Islam after

378-485: The stream patterns in the next flash flood . Wind also causes sediment deposition. When wadi sediments are underwater or moist, wind sediments are deposited over them. Thus, wadi sediments contain both wind and water sediments. Wadi sediments may contain a range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely. Thus, wadi sediments are the most diverse of all desert environments. Flash floods result from severe energy conditions and can result in

399-557: The town have left to the US as early as the 18th Century and have aggregated in cities like Dearborn, Michigan . Many others emigrated to São Paulo , Brazil; Buenos Aires , Argentina; Montreal, Quebec and Calgary, Alberta , Canada. The economy of the town relies on agriculture. Eight main families inhabit the town, namely the Elkadri, Jeha (جحا), Jumaa, Abou Hussein, Zeineddine, Abdallah, Salem and Omar families. Other families also live in

420-535: The village, however increased emigration has completely dispersed some families and no members are currently residents. Al-Bireh is the birthplace of the late Nazem Elkadri (MP, minister and prime minister of Lebanon) who was born in Al-Bireh. The Mufti of Bekaa , Sheikh Raouf Elkadri was also born in Al-Bireh. Nassouh Elkadri (an anti-French occupation revolutionary leader) was also from Al-Bireh. Caves dating back to pre-historic times can be found all over

441-428: Was used to mean a permanent river, for example: Guadalcanal from wādī al-qanāl ( Arabic : وَادِي الْقَنَال , "river of refreshment stalls"), Guadalajara from wādī al-ḥijārah ( Arabic : وَادِي الْحِجَارَة , "river of stones"), or Guadalquivir , from al-wādī al-kabīr ( Arabic : اَلْوَادِي الْكَبِير , "the great river"). Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on

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