46-574: (Redirected from Birom ) Berom or Birom may refer to: Berom people Berom language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Berom . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berom&oldid=1019283840 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
92-660: A Berom district on the Jos Plateau. They emigrated during the British Colonial Government of Nigeria. A large number of this tribe, if not all, are Christians (about 99% of the populace of the Berom people are estimated to be practising Christianity). Statistics also have it that a large number of the population of Plateau State is made up of Berom people. The Berom speak the Berom language , which belongs to
138-426: A correlation exists between body size and diet. Larger animals have more robust digestive systems , stronger jaws, and wider necks, which allow them to consume lower-quality foods and larger fruits and seeds. Similarly, bay and Peters' duikers can coexist because of their different sleep patterns. This allows Peters' duikers to eat fruits by day, and the bay duikers to eat what is left by night. In consequence of such
184-567: A fondness for dense cover; those that tend to live in more open areas, for example, are quick to disappear into thickets for protection. Because of their rarity and interspersed population, not much is known about duikers; thus, further generalizations are widely based on the most commonly studied red forest , blue , yellow-backed , and common grey duiker . In tropical rainforest zones of Africa , people nonselectively hunt duikers for their hide, meat, and horns at highly unsustainable rates. Population trends for all species of duikers, excluding
230-412: A given habitat, distinguishing between the numerous species of duikers based purely on distribution and abundance is often difficult. For example, the blue duiker and red forest duiker coexist within a small area of Mossapoula ( Central African Republic ). While blue duikers are seen more frequently than red forest duikers in the heavily hunted area of Mossapoula, red forest duikers are more observed in
276-425: A less exploited regions such as the western Dja Reserve of Cameroon . Conservation of duikers has a direct and critical relationship with their ecology. Disruption of balance in the system leads to unprecedented competition , both interspecific and intraspecific . Before intervention, the system of specialized resources in which larger duikers exploit a particular type of food and smaller duikers on another,
322-400: A life pattern, the bay duiker's digestive system has evolved to consume remaining, rather poor-quality foods. Another critical influence that duikers have on the environment is acting as “seed dispersers for some plants”. They maintain a mutualistic relationship with certain plants; the plants serve as a nutritious and abundant food source for the duikers, and simultaneously benefit from
368-568: A primary part of Berom diet. Tuk chun is served with any soup of choice; katai chun (rich soup of mostly wild vegetables) and bwirik chun (gruel). Maize grits are sometimes used as a substitute for chun in katai . As time went, the Beroms adopted pwana and ngai (millet) for gruel. Berom ancestral lands are all located on high ground on the Jos plateau ; beautiful scenery and undulating terrains. One prominent plant found in all Berom localities
414-574: Is ryep or cactus The Berom have a paramount ruler called the Gbong Gwom Jos . The traditional stool was created in 1935 by the British colonial administration of Northern Nigeria . Northern Nigeria was composed of completely different linguistic and cultural features between the ethnicities on the Plateau and the other groups. This ignorance of ethnic differences had initially encouraged
460-655: Is a major festival celebrated in Berom land to usher in the rainy season. The festivals normally take place in March/ April. In the past the Berom regard Mandyeng/Nshok (they are very similar) the most vital festivals which ensured a good farming and hunting period and harvest. Not all the Berom communities celebrate Mandyeng and Nshok. Those that perform 'Mandyeng' claim their roots from Riyom, they include; Vwang, Kuru, Zawan, Gyel, Rim, Bachit, Bangai, Lwa, Sop, Jol, Wereng Kwi, Gwo, Kakuruk, Kuzeng, Kurak, Kuchin, Rahos and Tahoss. Nshok: Nshok slightly varies from Mandiyeng due to
506-407: Is active during both day and night. Duikers are found sympatrically in many different regions. Most species dwell in the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa , creating overlapping regions among different species of forest duikers. Although "body size is the primary factor in defining the fundamental niches of each species", often dictating the distribution and abundance of duikers in
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#1732776220087552-728: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Berom people The Berom (sometimes also spelt as Birom ; exonyms : Tyap : A̱kuut ) is one of the largest autochthonous ethnic group in Plateau State , central Nigeria . Covering about four local government areas , which include Riyom , Jos North , Jos South and Barkin Ladi (Gwol) . Berom people are also found in some southern Kaduna State local government areas like Fadan Karshe with Berom settlers tracing their origins to Za'ang
598-431: Is difficult. Duikers prefer to live alone or as pairs to avoid the competition that comes from living in a large group. They have also evolved to become highly selective feeders, feeding only on specific parts of plants. In fact, in his study regarding the relationship between group size and feeding style, P.J. Jarman found that the more selective an organism's diet is, the more dispersed its food will be, and consequently,
644-442: Is functional as modeled in the diurnal and nocturnal nature of the duikers; this allows the niche to be shared by others without distinct interspecific competition . Similarly, they decrease intraspecific competition by being solitary, independent, and selective in eating habits. In consequence, disruption of the competitive balance in one habitat often cascades its effect on to the competitive balance in another habitat. Also,
690-444: Is not easy. The smaller species, for example the blue duiker, generally tend to eat various seeds, while larger ones tend to feast more on larger fruits. Since blue duikers are very small, they are more efficient in digesting small, high-quality items. Receiving most of their water from the foods they eat, duikers do not rely on drinking water and can be found in waterless areas. Duikers can be diurnal , nocturnal , or both. Since
736-518: Is proportional to the amount of food intake and the size of food. Anatomical features such as the head and neck shape also limit the amount and size of food intake. “Anatomical variations... impose further constraints on ingestion ” causing differences in the food sources among different species of duiker. In 2001, Helen Newing's study in West Africa on the interactions of duikers found that body size, habitat preference, and activity patterns were
782-484: Is the deciding factor, various locations of food sources often dictate the distribution of duikers. While they feed on a wide range of plants, they choose to eat specific parts of the plant that are most nutritious. Therefore, to feed efficiently, they must be familiar with their territory and be thoroughly acquainted with the geography and distribution of specific plants. For such reasons, duikers readjusting to novel environments created by human settlements and deforestation
828-494: The Afrikaans word duik , or Dutch duiken - both mean "to dive", which refers to the practice of the animals to frequently dive into vegetation for cover. Duikers are split into two groups based on their habitat – forest and bush duikers. All forest species inhabit the rainforests of sub-Saharan Africa, while the only known bush duiker, grey common duiker occupies savannas . Duikers are very shy, elusive creatures with
874-627: The Gbong Gwom in 1952 to help coordinate the activities of the natives. The first chief Dachung Gyang of Riyom assumed leadership from 1935 to 1941. Under Dachung Gyang, the traditional institution was designated as the Berom Tribal Council composing of local chiefs within the Jos Native Authority. Its authority then only included mainly the Berom and excluded the chiefs of Buji, Naraguta, Jos and Bukuru. However,
920-739: The Plateau branch of Benue–Congo , a subfamily of the large Niger–Congo language family . It is not related to the Hausa language (which belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family ) or other Afroasiatic languages of Plateau State, which are Chadic languages . The Berom people have a rich cultural heritage. They celebrate the Nzem Berom festival annually in March or April. Other festivals include Nzem Tou Chun (worongchun) and Wusal Berom . Its one of
966-460: The subfamily Cephalophinae) comprises three genera and 22 species , three of which are sometimes considered to be subspecies of the other species. The three genera include Cephalophus (15 species and three disputed taxa), Philantomba (three species), and Sylvicapra (one species). The subfamily was first described by British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1871 in Proceedings of
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#17327762200871012-523: The Governor General. In response to the circular, the Resident wrote back to the secretary Northern Province Kaduna via a memo No. 24/1916 [JOSPROF NAK 473/1916] dated 27 October 1917, recommended a paramount ruler to superintend the native areas. In the pre-colonial period, the Berom were divided into autonomous political groups based on regions, but the colonial authority merged them under
1058-692: The Zoological Society of London . The scientific name "Cephalophinae" probably comes from the combination of the New Latin word cephal , meaning head, and the Greek word lophos , meaning crest. The three disputed species in Cephalophus are Brooke's duiker ( C. brookei ), Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ), and the white-legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ). Considered to be a subspecies of Ogilby's duiker ( C. nigrifrons ), Brooke's duiker
1104-421: The cases of blue duikers, pedal glands on their hooves . Males use secretions from these glands to mark their territories. Besides reproduction, duikers behave in highly independent manner and prefer to act alone. This may, in part, explain the limited sexual size dimorphism shown by most duiker species, excluding the common duiker, in which the females are distinctly larger than the males. Also, body size
1150-531: The common duiker and the smallest blue duiker, are significantly decreasing; Aders' and particularly the larger duiker species such as the Jentink's and Abbott's duikers, are now considered endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Duikers range from the 3-kilogram ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 -pound) blue duiker to the 70 kg (150 lb) yellow-backed duiker . With their bodies low to
1196-572: The danger of losing the socio-cultural practice of the ancestor, and the overall precolonial activities such as the Mandyeng, Nshok, Worom Chun, Vwana, ceremonies were brought into a single umbrella festival called Nzem Berom. Nzem Berom is held within the first week of April, to coincide with the period when Mandyeng, Nshok and Badu Festival was held. The Nzem is a period when different cultural displays are exhibited from different parts of Berom land, especially in music, dance, arts and culture. Mandyeng
1242-411: The extensive dispersal of their seeds by the duikers. Duikers live in an environment where even a subtle change in their life patterns can greatly impact the surrounding ecosystem . Two of the main factors that directly lead to duiker extinction are habitat loss and overexploitation . Constant urbanization and the process of “shifting agriculture” is gradually taking over many of duikers' habitats; at
1288-879: The fact that it also associates hunting with the rainy season farming. It is also held once a year around the months of April and May, to usher in the new season just as the Mandyeng. In the pre-colonial era the Berom regarded hunting as both an occupation and a sport. Although economically it was not as important as farming, hunting was regarded as a show of skill and bravery. So much so, that most Berom names are derived from game animals, most importantly duiker , due to their perceived beauty. Names such as Gyang, Pam, Dung, Davou, Chuwang, Badung etc. for boys are most common, while girls answer to Kaneng, Lyop, Chundung, Nvou, Kangyang. These are names for different species of duiker. Others, such as Bot (frog) Tok (fish), Tsok (toad) etc. are names for other animals that are non-domesticated, but not game. These names clearly typify how important game
1334-412: The formation of vassal Hausa heads to oversee the created Jos Native Authority, which proved tumultuous with the Berom due to conflicting views and interests. Through a circular; No. 24p/1916[JOS PROF NAK 473/1916], dated 15 August 1917, the Resident at Bauchi Province was instructed to send potentials from various native authorities including district and village heads to be elevated as chieftains by
1380-539: The giant duikers, east African red duikers, and west African red duikers. Abbott's duiker ( C. spadix ), the bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ), Jentink's duiker ( C. jentinki ) and the yellow-backed duiker ( C. silvicultor ) were classified as the giant duikers. The east African red duikers include the black-fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ), Harvey's duiker ( C. harveyi ), red-flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ), red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ), Ruwenzori duiker, and white-bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ). The third group,
1426-836: The government, in a Gazette of 7 February 1918, modified the list to include the Buji, Naraguta, Jos and Bukuru . The emergence of Da Rwang Pam (1947 to his death on 14 July 1969 saw the elevation of the head of the Tribal Council to the stool of the Gbong Gwom Jos . Since 1969, the stool has been held by the following: The former governors of Plateau State Michael Botmang and Jonah David Jang , are of Berom origin. The Berom people are Christians in soul and tradition as several aspects of Berom life and culture has been absorbed by Christian norms and ethics most demonstrably through their tremendous hospitality. Over 95% of Beroms are members of either COCIN or Roman Catholic and 2 of
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1472-505: The ground and with very short horns, forest duikers are built to navigate effectively through dense rainforests and quickly dive into bushes when threatened. Since the common grey duiker lives in more open areas, such as savannas, it has longer legs and vertical horns, which allow it to run faster and for longer distances; only the males, which are more confrontational and territorial, exhibit horns. Also, duikers have well-developed preorbital glands , which resemble slits under their eyes, or in
1518-481: The institutions listed below i.e BLTB and BOM are Christian institutions. There are also a record number of Berom Christian songs that trend on the Plateau. motto: Gasi ha yi bwei Duiker Cephalophus Philantomba Sylvicapra A duiker / ˈ d aɪ k ər / is a small to medium-sized brown antelope native to sub-Saharan Africa , found in heavily wooded areas. The 22 extant species , including three sometimes considered to be subspecies of
1564-428: The main differentiating factors among the seven species of duikers. These differences specific to each species of duiker allow them to coexist by limiting niche overlap . However, although some species are yet to be considered endangered, because of the repeated damage and habitat fragmentation of their habitat by human activities, such specialization of the niches are gradually becoming impaired and are contributing to
1610-652: The major aborigine groups in Nigeria (Plateau State) that believes in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic God (Dagwi) . Some Berom festivals include: Festivals in Berom culture are primarily related to agriculture and hunting, which have been the main events revolving around Berom livelihood and cosmology. Agriculture-related festivals are typically cycled around different villages. The influx of Christianity and western Education paved way for many socio-cultural changes in Berom culture. In order to avoid
1656-409: The majority of the food source is available in the daytime, duiker evolution has rendered most duikers as diurnal. A correlation exists between body size and sleep pattern in duikers. While smaller to medium-sized duikers show increased activity and scavenge for food during the daytime, larger duikers are most active at night. An exception to this is the yellow-backed duiker, the largest species, which
1702-607: The most hunted animals both in terms of number and biomass in Central Africa. For example, in areas near the African rainforests, because people do not raise their own livestock , many people of all classes rely on bushmeat as their source of protein For these people, if the trend of overexploitation continues at such a high rate, the effects of the population decrease in duikers will be too severe for these organisms to serve as
1748-545: The other species, form the subfamily Cephalophinae or the tribe Cephalophini . Bushbuck Sitatunga Royal antelope Klipspringer Kirk's dik-dik Common duiker Abbott's duiker Yellow-backed duiker Jentink's duiker Bay duiker Zebra duiker Aders's duiker Red-flanked duiker Black-fronted duiker Harvey's duiker Red forest duiker White-bellied duiker Black duiker Ogilby's duiker Peters' duiker Blue duiker Maxwell's duiker The tribe Cephalophini (formerly
1794-515: The same species, C. n. kivuensis , with which it is sympatric on the Ruwenzori mountain range, led Kingdon to suggest that it might be a different species altogether. Grubb treated the white-legged duiker as a subspecies of Ogilby's duiker in 1978, but regarded as an independent species by him and Groves after a revision in 2011. This was supported by a 2003 study. A 2001 phylogenetic study divided Cephalophus into three distinct lineages -
1840-564: The same time, overexploitation is also permitting the overgrowth of other interacting species, resulting in an inevitable disruption of coexistence. Overexploitation of duikers affects their population and organisms that rely on them for survival. For instance, plants that depend on duikers for seed dispersal may lose their primary method of reproduction, and other organisms that depend on these particular plants as their resources would also have their major source of food reduced. Duikers are often captured for bushmeat . In fact, duikers are one of
1886-649: The significant decrease in population. Due to their relative size and reserved nature, duikers' primary defense mechanism is to hide from predators . Duikers are known for their extreme shyness, freezing at the slightest sign of a threat and diving into the nearest bush. Duikers' social behavior involves maintaining sufficient distance between individuals. However, in contrast to their conserved nature, duikers are more aggressive when dealing with territories; they mark their territory and their mates with secretions from their preorbital glands and fight other duikers that challenge their authorities. Male common duikers, especially
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1932-406: The smaller the group becomes. Duikers are primarily browsers rather than grazers , eating leaves , shoots, seeds , fruit , buds, and bark, and often following flocks of birds or troops of monkeys to take advantage of the fruit they drop. They supplement their diets with meat: duikers consume insects and carrion from time to time and even manage to capture rodents or small birds. Since food
1978-528: The west African red duikers, comprises the black duiker ( C. niger ), Ogilby's duiker, Peters' duiker ( C. callipygus ), and Weyns's duiker ( C. weynsi ). However, the status of two species, Aders's duiker and zebra duiker , remained dubious. In 2012, Anne R. Johnston (of the University of Orleans ) and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker) based on mitochondrial analysis. The common name "duiker" comes from
2024-422: The younger males, mark their territories also by defecation . For those duikers that travel alone, they choose to interact with other duikers once or twice a year, solely for the purpose of mating. Although duikers occasionally form temporary groups to gather fallen fruit, because so little is known about how they interact and affect one another, determining which factors contribute the most to their endangerment
2070-487: Was elevated to species status by British ecologist Peter Grubb in 1998. Its status as a species was further seconded in a 2002 publication by Grubb and colleague Colin Groves . However, zoologists such as Jonathan Kingdon continue to treat it as a subspecies. The Ruwenzori duiker is generally considered to be a subspecies of the black-fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ). However, significant differences from another race of
2116-477: Was in pre-colonial Berom society. Nshok was not the only hunting festival in Berom land. Festivals such as Mado and Behwol existed but are not as important as Nshok. Some of the musical instruments among the Berom include: Berom musical instruments listed in Blench (2021): Berom dance equipment listed in Blench (2021): The ancient Beroms primary food staple was chun ( fonio ) which even to this day remains
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