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21-534: In "The Blue Juniata", bright Alfarata, the Indian girl, sings the praises of her warrior while she travels along the Juniata River . This character is the namesake of the city of Alpharetta, Georgia . "The Blue Juniata" as first published: This song-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Juniata River The Juniata River ( / ˌ dʒ uː n i ˈ æ t ə / )

42-612: A few elderly speakers remaining. The two languages with the most speakers, Mohawk (Kenien'kéha) in New York and Canada, and Cherokee in Oklahoma and North Carolina, are spoken by less than 10% of the populations of their nations. † — language extinct/dormant Evidence is emerging that what has been called the Laurentian language appears to be more than one dialect or language. Ethnographic and linguistic field work with

63-905: A program in Iroquois linguistics at Syracuse University , the Certificate in Iroquois Linguistics for Language Learners , is designed for students and language teachers working in language revitalization . Six Nations Polytechnic in Ohsweken, Ontario offers Ogwehoweh language Diploma and Degree Programs in Mohawk or Cayuga . Starting in September 2017, the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario started offering

84-657: A reprisal against the Lenape and Shawnee led by Lt. Col. John Armstrong , who burned Kittanning in September 1756. During the 19th century, the river was paralleled by the Juniata Division Canal , part of the canal system of Pennsylvania and a rival to the Erie Canal . The state sold the canal to the Pennsylvania Railroad , which abandoned the canal in 1889 after severe flooding . Parts of

105-478: Is Altoona . Steep slopes along much of the river's course have largely discouraged widespread development. Iroquoian The Iroquoian languages are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America . They are known for their general lack of labial consonants . The Iroquoian languages are polysynthetic and head-marking . As of 2020, almost all surviving Iroquoian languages are severely or critically endangered , with some languages having only

126-576: Is a tributary of the Susquehanna River , approximately 104 miles (167 km) long, in central Pennsylvania . The river is considered scenic along much of its route, having a broad and shallow course passing through several mountain ridges and steeply lined water gaps . It formed an early 18th-century frontier region in Pennsylvania and was the site of French-allied Native American attacks against English colonial settlements during

147-619: Is joined by three creeks in Millerstown in northeast Perry County. It receives Cocolamus Creek .7 miles (1.1 km) southeast, Raccoon Creek .5 miles (0.80 km) southeast, and Wildcat Run 2.8 miles (4.5 km) southeast of Millerstown. The river also receives Buffalo Creek .9 miles (1.4 km) northwest of Newport . The Juniata River joins the Susquehanna River in Reed Township, Dauphin County immediately northwest of

168-676: The Allegheny River , lay the Conestoga (Susquehannock). The Conestoga Confederacy and Erie were militarily powerful and respected by neighboring tribes. By 1660 all of these peoples but the Conestoga Confederacy and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy were defeated and scattered, migrating to form new tribes or adopted into others. The Iroquoian peoples had a practice of adopting valiant enemies into

189-542: The Clarks Ferry Bridge . This is northeast of Duncannon and approximately 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Harrisburg . Along the river's banks there are many access areas maintained by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission , as well as informal access areas and campground river access. The Juniata River is a popular spot for swimming, fishing, and boating. It even used to be the host of

210-592: The French and Indian War . The watershed of the river encompasses an area of approximately 3,400 square miles (8,800 km ), approximately one-eighth of the drainage area of the Susquehanna. Approximately two-thirds of the watershed is forested . It is the second largest tributary of the Susquehanna after the West Branch Susquehanna . The Juniata River forms in western Huntingdon County at

231-622: The Lenape until a treaty negotiated by William Penn opened the land to east of the Allegheny Ridge to white settlement. In 1755–1756, as a result of Lenape anger over loss of their lands, the white settlement in the valley suffered fierce raids and abductions from Lenape and Shawnee at Kittanning on the Allegheny River . Over 3,000 white settlers were killed in the raids. The burning of Fort Granville at present-day Lewistown in 1756 prompted Pennsylvania governor John Penn to launch

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252-582: The Juniata River Sojourn, which was held annually from 2001 (when the river was named Pennsylvania River of the Year ) through 2015. The word "Juniata" is thought to be a corruption of the Iroquoian word Onayutta , meaning "Standing Stone". There was a large standing stone where the town of Huntingdon now stands. It was reportedly 14.5 feet (4.4 m) tall and contained carvings recording

273-569: The Neutral people as Atiwandaronk, meaning 'they who understand the language'. The Wenro and Neutral are historically grouped together, and geographically the Wenro's range on the eastern end of Lake Erie placed them between the larger confederations. To the east of the Wenro, beyond the Genesee Gorge , were the lands of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. To the southeast, beyond the headwaters of

294-628: The Wyandot tribal elders ( Barbeau 1960 ) yielded enough documentation for scholars to characterize and classify the Huron and Petun languages. The languages of the tribes that constituted the tiny Wenrohronon , the powerful Conestoga Confederacy and the confederations of the Neutral Nation and the Erie Nation are very poorly documented in print. The Huron ( Wyandot people ) referred to

315-727: The confluence of the Frankstown Branch and the Little Juniata River , between the boroughs of Alexandria and Petersburg . The river flows southeast through Huntingdon and continues to the small village of Ardenheim , where the Raystown Branch , the longest of the Juniata's tributaries, enters from the southwest. The Juniata continues southeast, through a gap in the Jacks Mountain ridge. On

336-536: The history of the local Juniata Tribe . It disappeared in 1754, when the tribe left; tradition says they took it with them. A second stone was raised by the new settlers but destroyed in 1897. A two-foot (0.6 m) fragment of the second stone sits in Juniata College 's museum. The first known inhabitants of the river valley were the Onojutta-Haga Indians. The valley was later inhabited by

357-439: The original locks from the canal, as well as remnants of a dam approximately 1 mile (2 km) south of Millerstown , are still visible today. The river is a popular destination for recreational canoeing and fly fishing , in particular for smallmouth bass and channel catfish suited to the river's gentle course. The muskellunge was introduced as predatory sport fish and is now a prized catch. Attempts are underway by

378-627: The southeast side of the ridge it receives Aughwick Creek from the south, then flows northeast, along the eastern flank of the Jacks Mountain ridge to Lewistown , where it collects Kishacoquillas Creek and Jacks Creek . From Lewistown it flows southeast, in a winding course, receiving Tuscarora Creek from the south at the Port Royal river bridge and passing through a gap in the Tuscarora Mountain ridge. The Juniata River

399-590: The state to reintroduce the once-prevalent American shad , which went into decline largely because of dams on the river. Walleye is another game fish prevalent in the Juniata River. The National Book Award and Pulitzer prize-winning poet Galway Kinnell wrote of the river in a section of The Book of Nightmares (1971), entitled "Dear Stranger, Extant in Memory by the Blue Juniata" (" The Blue Juniata "

420-753: The tribe; they also adopted captive women and children to replace members who had died. The group known as the Meherrin were neighbors to the Tuscarora and the Nottoway ( Binford 1967 ) in the American South. They are believed to have spoken an Iroquoian language but documentation is lacking. Attempts to link the Iroquoian, Siouan , and Caddoan languages in a Macro-Siouan family are suggestive but remain unproven ( Mithun 1999 :305). As of 2012,

441-413: Was a well-known 19th-century parlor song). The river cuts through several southwest-to-northeast ridges, largely of sandstone between limestone valley floors. Several of the river's tributaries, including Kishacoquillas Creek , are degraded by pollution , but the main stem of the river is considered fairly clean by regional standards. The only city in the watershed with ten thousand or more residents

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