Blue Marvel ( Adam Bernard Brashear ) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Kevin Grevioux , who originally conceived the character as a child, and Mat Brome, the character first appeared in Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel #1 (November 2008).
94-697: Adam Brashear was created by Kevin Grevioux and Mat Broome. He first appeared in Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel #1. In 2013, Blue Marvel appeared as part of Luke Cage 's new team of superheroes during the "Infinity" crossover, in the Marvel NOW! relaunch of Mighty Avengers . Adam Brashear is a former fullback at Cornell University as well as a veteran of the Korean War , a member of
188-675: A spark-gap transmitter to produce a signal with a frequency of approximately 500 kHz and a power of 100 times more than any radio signal previously produced. The message received was three dits, the Morse code for the letter S . To reach Newfoundland the signal would have to bounce off the ionosphere twice. Dr. Jack Belrose has contested this, however, based on theoretical and experimental work. However, Marconi did achieve transatlantic wireless communications in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia , one year later. In 1902, Oliver Heaviside proposed
282-411: A bit to absorption on frequencies above. However, during intense sporadic E events, the E s layer can reflect frequencies up to 50 MHz and higher. The vertical structure of the E layer is primarily determined by the competing effects of ionization and recombination. At night the E layer weakens because the primary source of ionization is no longer present. After sunset an increase in the height of
376-678: A black superhero. Although Kennedy personally approved of Brashear's actions, the President reluctantly decided to ask Brashear to step down, and the Blue Marvel conceded. As his final mission as Blue Marvel, Brashear defeated the herald of an alien invasion armada. After the fight, he left the Medal of Freedom in the Blue Area of the Moon , where he first met Uatu the Watcher . His conversation with
470-619: A full-cast audio drama adapting the first 24 stories from the first six issues of the original EC comic series. In 2022, Grevioux directed, wrote, and produced the action film King of Killers , starring Alain Moussi and Frank Grillo , through his production company Channel 56 Films. It was based on his Darkstorm graphic novel. Grevioux is an avid NFL fan. His favorite team is the Minnesota Vikings . Ionosphere The ionosphere ( / aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər / )
564-698: A full-time superhero in Age of Heroes #3. After a discussion with Uatu the Watcher, he traveled to Uzbekistan to help the Winter Guard subdue the extra-dimensional King Hyperion . During the 2011 " Fear Itself " storyline, Blue Marvel was exploring the Negative Zone when he returned and discovered a submarine lodged in Kadesh, his undersea base. (Blue Marvel was the first person to discover and enter into
658-706: A geomagnetic storm the F₂ layer will become unstable, fragment, and may even disappear completely. In the Northern and Southern polar regions of the Earth aurorae will be observable in the night sky. Lightning can cause ionospheric perturbations in the D-region in one of two ways. The first is through VLF (very low frequency) radio waves launched into the magnetosphere . These so-called "whistler" mode waves can interact with radiation belt particles and cause them to precipitate onto
752-487: A high frequency (3–30 MHz) radio blackout that can persist for many hours after strong flares. During this time very low frequency (3–30 kHz) signals will be reflected by the D layer instead of the E layer, where the increased atmospheric density will usually increase the absorption of the wave and thus dampen it. As soon as the X-rays end, the sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) or radio black-out steadily declines as
846-600: A lifebringer. While in Exo-Space with the Ultimates within their ship the Aboena, Blue Marvel finds that his old enemy Anti-Man has reassembled there. As Blue Marvel wanted to kill Anti-Man where he deemed him too dangerous, he also discovered that his son Kevin was also in Exo-Space who persuaded his father to spare him. Blue Marvel does and has Anti-Man brought onto the Aboena so that he and the Ultimates can fix him. During
940-663: A mysterious being called the Infinaut who made various attempts to manifest on Earth. In the Infinaut's second manifestation in 1998, Adam and his son Kevin used an anti-matter powered rig to interrupt it. Adam discovered that if the Infinaut had manifested on Earth at his large size, he would have destroyed it. Conner Sims, the Anti-Man, was a radical who, partly because of his history with Adam Brashear, violently hated racism (he being Caucasian) and, in his power-fueled insanity, sought to eradicate it. When Anti-Man returned and defeated
1034-479: A nuclear detonation without any apparent physical trauma and is capable of surviving in the vacuum of space unaided. Because his character has not been expanded on much he could very well have similar invincibility to that of Superman or Thor. Blue Marvel flies by manipulation of gravitons , manipulation of magnetic fields , control of his absolute molecular movement, and utilizing his superhuman speed. Blue Marvel can easily attain escape velocity (or escape speed, which
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#17327757008071128-528: A pilot episode for a concept series, Monster Tracker , on Discovery Channel . He sold the original screenplay for the film adaptation of his Darkstorm Comics Studios graphic novel, I, Frankenstein , to Lakeshore Entertainment , which also produced the Underworld films. The story follows the original monster of Victor Frankenstein who is the only force that stands between the human race and an uprising of supernatural creatures determined to overthrow
1222-417: A radio wave reaches the ionosphere, the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere into oscillation at the same frequency as the radio wave. Some of the radio-frequency energy is given up to this resonant oscillation. The oscillating electrons will then either be lost to recombination or will re-radiate the original wave energy. Total refraction can occur when the collision frequency of
1316-479: A result of lightning activity. Their subsequent research has focused on the mechanism by which this process can occur. Due to the ability of ionized atmospheric gases to refract high frequency (HF, or shortwave ) radio waves, the ionosphere can reflect radio waves directed into the sky back toward the Earth. Radio waves directed at an angle into the sky can return to Earth beyond the horizon. This technique, called "skip" or " skywave " propagation, has been used since
1410-532: A tenured professor of physics at the University of Maryland . Although retired as the Blue Marvel, Brashear continued to have adventures, in the following decades, operating both alone (under the guise of 'Doc Brashear') or with his eldest son Kevin when the boy grew old enough. One adventure in 1972 saw him team up with the vampire hunter known as Blade and the dark magician Kaluu to battle shapeshifting 'Deathwalkers'. At some point, Adam Brashear studied
1504-476: A writer in earnest. He has written several spec scripts in various genres. He also started a graphic novel company called Darkstorm Comic Studios in 2003. As an actor, he has been seen in such films as The Mask , Steel , Congo , Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes remake, and the 2003 vampire vs. werewolf film, Underworld . Underworld was Grevioux's first produced writing credit. He came up with
1598-529: Is Groome's fault, as much as how he was told to draw him. In the end, I can't think of a better time for this type of story to surface. We're at a crossroads in America and in some ways Legend of the Blue Marvel can help to accentuate both past sins and the resurgence of hope. The story itself suffers at times, specifically in the opening pages, but the message at its heart is thought provoking enough to make up for any shortcomings." Haiden Sayne of CBR.com ranked
1692-453: Is a stable "antimatter reactor," but from his broader explanation what he appears to do is channel exotic particles generated by a stable event horizon caused by the interaction of opposing positive matter and negative matter ( Negative Zone ) universes. Because Brashear has retained his abilities all this time, it would seem that either the specific generative reaction, that granted him his powers continues at an unseen or subatomic level in
1786-748: Is able to create portals from technology that he invented that far exceeds any technology currently on earth. Blue Marvel's main weakness is Neutronium , a substance from the Exo-Space. Adam Barnhardt of ComicBook.com asserted, "Adam Brashear has been a fan-favorite since his introduction some 13 years ago and has been a heavy-hitter cosmic character that could make a major splash in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ." Brandon Bush of Syfy referred to Blue Marvel as Marvel's "Black Superman ," writing, "Blue Marvel's rivalry with his BFF-turned-nemesis, his relationships with other characters of diverse racial backgrounds and political alignments, and
1880-423: Is about 34 times the speed of sound) and fly far beyond supersonic speeds, but it is not known if he can achieve speeds beyond the speed of light . Blue Marvel possesses the ability to sense and comprehend things on levels that far exceed human capabilities. Blue Marvel has the ability to generate and control negative matter energy based on antimatter . This is a very powerful energy source, one gram of antimatter
1974-404: Is actually lower in the local summer months. This effect is known as the winter anomaly. The anomaly is always present in the northern hemisphere, but is usually absent in the southern hemisphere during periods of low solar activity. Within approximately ± 20 degrees of the magnetic equator , is the equatorial anomaly. It is the occurrence of a trough in the ionization in the F 2 layer at
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#17327757008072068-460: Is also common, sometimes to distances of 15,000 km (9,300 mi) or more. The F layer or region, also known as the Appleton–Barnett layer, extends from about 150 km (93 mi) to more than 500 km (310 mi) above the surface of Earth. It is the layer with the highest electron density, which implies signals penetrating this layer will escape into space. Electron production
2162-426: Is angry they never consulted the other heroes on this, saying they could have prevented all this if they had all worked together. As part of the 2015 All-New, All-Different Marvel initiative, Blue Marvel appeared as a member of the Ultimates. Blue Marvel's first mission with the Ultimates involved retrieving the incubator that Galactus was brought out of prematurely. Once they put him back into it, he fully emerged as
2256-677: Is currently used to compensate for ionospheric effects in GPS . This model was developed at the US Air Force Geophysical Research Laboratory circa 1974 by John (Jack) Klobuchar . The Galileo navigation system uses the NeQuick model . GALILEO broadcasts 3 coefficients to compute the effective ionization level, which is then used by the NeQuick model to compute a range delay along the line-of-sight. The open system electrodynamic tether , which uses
2350-448: Is dominated by extreme ultraviolet (UV, 10–100 nm) radiation ionizing atomic oxygen. The F layer consists of one layer (F 2 ) at night, but during the day, a secondary peak (labelled F 1 ) often forms in the electron density profile. Because the F 2 layer remains by day and night, it is responsible for most skywave propagation of radio waves and long distance high frequency (HF, or shortwave ) radio communications. Above
2444-508: Is enough to absorb most (if not all) transpolar HF radio signal transmissions. Such events typically last less than 24 to 48 hours. The E layer is the middle layer, 90 to 150 km (56 to 93 mi) above the surface of the Earth. Ionization is due to soft X-ray (1–10 nm) and far ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation ionization of molecular oxygen (O 2 ). Normally, at oblique incidence, this layer can only reflect radio waves having frequencies lower than about 10 MHz and may contribute
2538-523: Is equal to an atomic bomb and Blue Marvel can expel millions of tons of antimatter with relative ease. He can manipulate this energy for various effects, including creating energy constructs. He can release his energy in the form of energy blasts, including Concussive Force Bolts, Stun Bolts and Energy Pulses Blue Marvel is able to affect matter at a molecular level with a great degree of precision and control, as he did when he not only healed Monica Rambeau , but further boosted her electromagnetic abilities. It
2632-537: Is higher than the plasma frequency of the ionosphere, then the electrons cannot respond fast enough, and they are not able to re-radiate the signal. It is calculated as shown below: where N = electron density per m and f critical is in Hz. The Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) is defined as the upper frequency limit that can be used for transmission between two points at a specified time. where α {\displaystyle \alpha } = angle of arrival ,
2726-512: Is not known if this ability is limited to electromagnetic particles only, or if the Blue Marvel is able to affect all matter, allowing him to alter an object's molecular composition or transmute elements. Brashear/Blue Marvel has exhibited the ability to emit light from his body. Blue Marvel ages much slower and lives much longer than normal human beings. He has been trained by the US Marines in armed and unarmed combat. According to Brashear, he
2820-411: Is sufficient to affect radio propagation . This portion of the atmosphere is partially ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. Ultraviolet (UV), X-ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation are ionizing, since photons at these frequencies contain sufficient energy to dislodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule upon absorption. In this process
2914-591: Is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth , from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level , a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere . The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation . It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere . It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on Earth . It also affects GPS signals that travel through this layer. As early as 1839,
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3008-405: Is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves , particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies. This effect peaks around noon and is reduced at night due to a decrease in the D layer's thickness; only a small part remains due to cosmic rays . A common example of the D layer in action is the disappearance of distant AM broadcast band stations in
3102-502: Is useful in crossing international boundaries and covering large areas at low cost. Automated services still use shortwave radio frequencies, as do radio amateur hobbyists for private recreational contacts and to assist with emergency communications during natural disasters. Armed forces use shortwave so as to be independent of vulnerable infrastructure, including satellites, and the low latency of shortwave communications make it attractive to stock traders, where milliseconds count. When
3196-740: The Underworld film series, which he co-created, as well as his voicework in the cartoon Young Justice as the villain Black Beetle . Grevioux graduated from Howard University in Washington, D.C. in 1987 with a degree in microbiology with minors in both chemistry and psychology, afterwards attending graduate school working towards a master's degree in genetic engineering. Grevioux began taking screenwriting and cinematography classes as well, and after his first semester of grad school had finished, he moved to Los Angeles to begin to work as
3290-541: The Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel comic book series 9th in their "10 Marvel Comics That Deserve A Sequel" list. Blue Marvel appears briefly in What If? Secret Invasion #1 (February 2010). Kevin Grevioux Kevin Grevioux ( / ˈ ɡ r ɛ v juː / ; born September 9, 1962) is an American actor, screenwriter , director , and comic book writer . He is best known for his role as Raze in
3384-671: The Avengers , Tony Stark ( Iron Man ) tracked down Brashear and with the help of Mister Fantastic they came up with a plan to stop Anti-Man. After a surprise confrontation with Sims on the moon, Brashear was left unconscious. Later an extended fight with Anti-Man resulted in Candace Brashear's death. At the conclusion of their battle, Brashear took Anti-Man up to the edge of the ionosphere and siphoned off his remaining "anti-matter energy", which caused his waveform to permanently decohere and collapse. Afterward, Brashear returned as
3478-601: The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). The major data sources are the worldwide network of ionosondes , the powerful incoherent scatter radars (Jicamarca, Arecibo , Millstone Hill, Malvern, St Santin), the ISIS and Alouette topside sounders , and in situ instruments on several satellites and rockets. IRI is updated yearly. IRI is more accurate in describing
3572-618: The Marine Corps with two Silver Stars . While in the Marine Corps he met Conner Sims, the friend he would later know as Anti-Man . Brashear later became the project lead on a scientific attempt to harness anti-matter through the creation of a Negative Reactor which created a bridge between the Negative Zone and the positive matter universe. This reactor would be a source of unlimited clean energy by allowing devices to tap
3666-503: The Presidential Medal of Freedom from President John F. Kennedy and on that same day the President asked him to retire, since it had been discovered by the public that he was an African American. As the Blue Marvel, Brashear wore a full-face helmet, but when it was damaged in a battle, his identity was revealed. There was massive controversy as the era of 1962 was in the midst of segregation, making them too hesitant to accept
3760-448: The troposphere , extends from the surface to about 10 km (6 mi). Above that is the stratosphere , followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer . At heights of above 80 km (50 mi), in the thermosphere , the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion . The number of these free electrons
3854-399: The 1920s to communicate at international or intercontinental distances. The returning radio waves can reflect off the Earth's surface into the sky again, allowing greater ranges to be achieved with multiple hops . This communication method is variable and unreliable, with reception over a given path depending on time of day or night, the seasons, weather, and the 11-year sunspot cycle . During
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3948-434: The 2016 " Civil War II " storyline, the precognitive Ulysses Cain experiences a vision that warns Blue Marvel about the impending arrival of the inter-dimensional traveler Infinaut on Earth, which will endanger the planet. This warning gives sufficient time for Blue Marvel, Giant-Man , and the Ultimates to devise a Pym Particle accelerator with which they can shrink Infinaut down to human size, at which point Infinaut greets
4042-693: The Blue Marvel #1 was the 115th best selling comic book in November 2008. Daniel Crown of IGN gave Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel #1 a grade of 7.3 out of 10, writing, "The bulk of the issue serves as a tale of the times, exploring the decision making process behind issues that many of us would believe rather clear-cut, yet given the era at hand, made for tough discourse. Grevioux doesn't hold back any punches, but also never really dips into hyperbole in order to make his points, which I imagine would be hard to do given current public sentiment. There are times where specific characters seem like cardboard cutouts of
4136-470: The Blue Marvel , introducing Blue Marvel , a character he'd created in his teens. The miniseries was drawn by Mat Broome and Roberto Castro. He is also in the process of writing a story featuring Lee Falk 's characters The Phantom and Mandrake the Magician , co-written with Mike Bullock . He also wrote ZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction for Red 5 Comics . On December 2, 2009, Grevioux hosted
4230-443: The D layer, so there are many more neutral air molecules than ions. Medium frequency (MF) and lower high frequency (HF) radio waves are significantly attenuated within the D layer, as the passing radio waves cause electrons to move, which then collide with the neutral molecules, giving up their energy. Lower frequencies experience greater absorption because they move the electrons farther, leading to greater chance of collisions. This
4324-706: The E layer maximum increases the range to which radio waves can travel by reflection from the layer. This region is also known as the Kennelly–Heaviside layer or simply the Heaviside layer. Its existence was predicted in 1902 independently and almost simultaneously by the American electrical engineer Arthur Edwin Kennelly (1861–1939) and the British physicist Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925). In 1924 its existence
4418-532: The F 1 layer. The F 2 layer persists by day and night and is the main region responsible for the refraction and reflection of radio waves. The D layer is the innermost layer, 48 to 90 km (30 to 56 mi) above the surface of the Earth. Ionization here is due to Lyman series -alpha hydrogen radiation at a wavelength of 121.6 nanometre (nm) ionizing nitric oxide (NO). In addition, solar flares can generate hard X-rays (wavelength < 1 nm ) that ionize N 2 and O 2 . Recombination rates are high in
4512-458: The F 2 layer daytime ion production is higher in the summer, as expected, since the Sun shines more directly on the Earth. However, there are seasonal changes in the molecular-to-atomic ratio of the neutral atmosphere that cause the summer ion loss rate to be even higher. The result is that the increase in the summertime loss overwhelms the increase in summertime production, and total F 2 ionization
4606-488: The F layer, the number of oxygen ions decreases and lighter ions such as hydrogen and helium become dominant. This region above the F layer peak and below the plasmasphere is called the topside ionosphere. From 1972 to 1975 NASA launched the AEROS and AEROS B satellites to study the F region. An ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location, altitude, day of year, phase of
4700-682: The German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss postulated that an electrically conducting region of the atmosphere could account for observed variations of Earth's magnetic field. Sixty years later, Guglielmo Marconi received the first trans-Atlantic radio signal on December 12, 1901, in St. John's, Newfoundland (now in Canada ) using a 152.4 m (500 ft) kite-supported antenna for reception. The transmitting station in Poldhu , Cornwall, used
4794-596: The Negative Zone). Both the Chinese and American forces blamed the other, and they seemed on the brink of war. Blue Marvel managed to save his anti-matter samples from being exposed to water, and relations between the Chinese and Americans returned to normal. Blue Marvel wondered where the submarine came from, and he soon discovered that the sea dragon guarding the Serpent 's undersea prison was responsible for sending
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#17327757008074888-453: The Sun at any one time. Sunspot active regions are the source of increased coronal heating and accompanying increases in EUV and X-ray irradiance, particularly during episodic magnetic eruptions that include solar flares that increase ionization on the sunlit side of the Earth and solar energetic particle events that can increase ionization in the polar regions. Thus the degree of ionization in
4982-416: The Watcher was interrupted by the late arrival of the alien armada, which he defeated. The United States government used this final mission to fake his death. The government later set up S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Marlene Frazier as Brashear's monitor under the cover name Candace. Frazier eventually became his wife and the mother of their three children: sons Kevin and Max, and daughter Adrienne. Brashear later became
5076-441: The angle of the wave relative to the horizon , and sin is the sine function. The cutoff frequency is the frequency below which a radio wave fails to penetrate a layer of the ionosphere at the incidence angle required for transmission between two specified points by refraction from the layer. There are a number of models used to understand the effects of the ionosphere on global navigation satellite systems. The Klobuchar model
5170-399: The archetypal bigot, but it's also fair to say that these sorts of walking clichés actually existed/exist, so these portrayals aren't just justified, but also accurate. Matt Broome's pencils are clean and consistent, though his character designs, specifically in regards to the main antagonist, are fairly customary. The Anti-Man is downright awkward in scheme, though I'm not sure how much of that
5264-449: The atmosphere near the magnetic poles increasing the ionization of the D and E layers. PCA's typically last anywhere from about an hour to several days, with an average of around 24 to 36 hours. Coronal mass ejections can also release energetic protons that enhance D-region absorption in the polar regions. Geomagnetic storms and ionospheric storms are temporary and intense disturbances of the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. During
5358-412: The daytime. During solar proton events , ionization can reach unusually high levels in the D-region over high and polar latitudes. Such very rare events are known as Polar Cap Absorption (or PCA) events, because the increased ionization significantly enhances the absorption of radio signals passing through the region. In fact, absorption levels can increase by many tens of dB during intense events, which
5452-539: The discovery of HF radio propagation via the ionosphere in 1923. In 1925, observations during a solar eclipse in New York by Dr. Alfred N. Goldsmith and his team demonstrated the influence of sunlight on radio wave propagation, revealing that short waves became weak or inaudible while long waves steadied during the eclipse, thus contributing to the understanding of the ionosphere's role in radio transmission. In 1926, Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt introduced
5546-423: The electrons in the D-region recombine rapidly and propagation gradually returns to pre-flare conditions over minutes to hours depending on the solar flare strength and frequency. Associated with solar flares is a release of high-energy protons. These particles can hit the Earth within 15 minutes to 2 hours of the solar flare. The protons spiral around and down the magnetic field lines of the Earth and penetrate into
5640-431: The equator and crests at about 17 degrees in magnetic latitude. The Earth's magnetic field lines are horizontal at the magnetic equator. Solar heating and tidal oscillations in the lower ionosphere move plasma up and across the magnetic field lines. This sets up a sheet of electric current in the E region which, with the horizontal magnetic field, forces ionization up into the F layer, concentrating at ± 20 degrees from
5734-609: The existence of the Kennelly–Heaviside layer of the ionosphere which bears his name. Heaviside's proposal included means by which radio signals are transmitted around the Earth's curvature. Also in 1902, Arthur Edwin Kennelly discovered some of the ionosphere's radio-electrical properties. In 1912, the U.S. Congress imposed the Radio Act of 1912 on amateur radio operators , limiting their operations to frequencies above 1.5 MHz (wavelength 200 meters or smaller). The government thought those frequencies were useless. This led to
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#17327757008075828-703: The facility where he first gained his abilities, or exotic particles generated by the experiment somehow became quantum entangled with Brashear. Brashear holds a PhD in Theoretical Physics and a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from Cornell University . He maintains a massive undersea headquarters in the Marianas Trench at a location known only to Namor the Sub-Mariner. Brashear normally wears gauntlets on both arms that channel and augment his vast powers. Blue Marvel
5922-842: The fascinating aspect of the character is his backstory." Screen Rant included Blue Marvel in their "10 Strongest Avengers Still Missing From The MCU" list, and in their "MCU: 10 New Heroes Who Should Be Introduced In Phase Five" list. CBR.com ranked Blue Marvel 1st in their "Marvel Comics: The Most Powerful African American Characters" list, 1st in their "10 Marvel Heroes We Want To See In The MCU's Phase 5" list, 4th in their "10 Best New Avengers Of The Decade" list, 4th in their "10 Strongest Male Avengers" list, 5th in their "The 8 Fastest Avengers" list, 7th in their "10 Strongest Black Superheroes" list, 8th in their "Most Powerful Marvel Characters Not Yet Seen In The MCU" list, and 19th in their "25 Smartest Characters In The Marvel Universe" list. According to Diamond Comic Distributors , Adam: Legend of
6016-415: The first half of the 20th century it was widely used for transoceanic telephone and telegraph service, and business and diplomatic communication. Due to its relative unreliability, shortwave radio communication has been mostly abandoned by the telecommunications industry, though it remains important for high-latitude communication where satellite-based radio communication is not possible. Shortwave broadcasting
6110-457: The first radio modification of the ionosphere; HAARP ran a series of experiments in 2017 using the eponymous Luxembourg Effect . Edward V. Appleton was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1947 for his confirmation in 1927 of the existence of the ionosphere. Lloyd Berkner first measured the height and density of the ionosphere. This permitted the first complete theory of short-wave radio propagation. Maurice V. Wilkes and J. A. Ratcliffe researched
6204-450: The forefront of these conversations on the comic book pages and on our silver screens can be helpful toward showcasing more diversity and increasing empathy." Marco Vito Oddo of Collider included Blue Marvel in their "7 Most Powerful Avengers Who Aren't in the MCU" list, saying, "While there's no doubt that Blue Marvel is one of the most powerful Avengers to be ever presented by Marvel Comics,
6298-558: The heroes. During the 2015 "God Butcher" storyline, Blue Marvel and the Mighty Avengers, along with the rest of humanity , have been killed by Loki . Blue Marvel's reanimated corpse appears as part of a legion of undead heroes sent against Old King Thor by the God of Mischief, but are ultimately defeated by The God of Thunder. Blue Marvel has the ability to absorb energy from matter-anti-matter annihilation , which originates from
6392-600: The inter-dimensional universe called the Negative Zone . Blue Marvel possesses vast superhuman strength. He has been observed moving a meteor the size of Arkansas and routinely lifting and flying an aircraft carrier a considerable distance with ease. The uppermost limits of Blue Marvel's strength is unknown, but it is in the same ballpark as Hulk , Sentry and Thor . He possesses nigh-invulnerability and durability, being capable of withstanding tremendous impact forces, exposure to temperature and pressure extremes, and powerful energy blasts without sustaining injury. He has withstood
6486-508: The interactions of the ions and electrons with the neutral atmosphere and sunlight, or it may be a statistical description based on a large number of observations or a combination of physics and observations. One of the most widely used models is the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), which is based on data and specifies the four parameters just mentioned. The IRI is an international project sponsored by
6580-465: The ionosphere and decrease the ionization. Sydney Chapman proposed that the region below the ionosphere be called neutrosphere (the neutral atmosphere ). At night the F layer is the only layer of significant ionization present, while the ionization in the E and D layers is extremely low. During the day, the D and E layers become much more heavily ionized, as does the F layer, which develops an additional, weaker region of ionisation known as
6674-421: The ionosphere follows both a diurnal (time of day) cycle and the 11-year solar cycle . There is also a seasonal dependence in ionization degree since the local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes , and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb
6768-404: The ionosphere is less than the radio frequency, and if the electron density in the ionosphere is great enough. A qualitative understanding of how an electromagnetic wave propagates through the ionosphere can be obtained by recalling geometric optics . Since the ionosphere is a plasma, it can be shown that the refractive index is less than unity. Hence, the electromagnetic "ray" is bent away from
6862-444: The ionosphere, adding ionization to the D-region. These disturbances are called "lightning-induced electron precipitation " (LEP) events. Additional ionization can also occur from direct heating/ionization as a result of huge motions of charge in lightning strikes. These events are called early/fast. In 1925, C. T. R. Wilson proposed a mechanism by which electrical discharge from lightning storms could propagate upwards from clouds to
6956-474: The ionosphere. On July 26, 1963, the first operational geosynchronous satellite Syncom 2 was launched. On board radio beacons on this satellite (and its successors) enabled – for the first time – the measurement of total electron content (TEC) variation along a radio beam from geostationary orbit to an earth receiver. (The rotation of the plane of polarization directly measures TEC along the path.) Australian geophysicist Elizabeth Essex-Cohen from 1969 onwards
7050-678: The ionosphere. Around the same time, Robert Watson-Watt, working at the Radio Research Station in Slough, UK, suggested that the ionospheric sporadic E layer (E s ) appeared to be enhanced as a result of lightning but that more work was needed. In 2005, C. Davis and C. Johnson, working at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire, UK, demonstrated that the E s layer was indeed enhanced as
7144-445: The ionosphere. At the magnetic dip equator, where the geomagnetic field is horizontal, this electric field results in an enhanced eastward current flow within ± 3 degrees of the magnetic equator, known as the equatorial electrojet . When the Sun is active, strong solar flares can occur that hit the sunlit side of Earth with hard X-rays. The X-rays penetrate to the D-region, releasing electrons that rapidly increase absorption, causing
7238-462: The light electron obtains a high velocity so that the temperature of the created electronic gas is much higher (of the order of thousand K) than the one of ions and neutrals. The reverse process to ionization is recombination , in which a free electron is "captured" by a positive ion. Recombination occurs spontaneously, and causes the emission of a photon carrying away the energy produced upon recombination. As gas density increases at lower altitudes,
7332-400: The magnetic equator. This phenomenon is known as the equatorial fountain . The worldwide solar-driven wind results in the so-called Sq (solar quiet) current system in the E region of the Earth's ionosphere ( ionospheric dynamo region ) (100–130 km (60–80 mi) altitude). Resulting from this current is an electrostatic field directed west–east (dawn–dusk) in the equatorial day side of
7426-424: The normal rather than toward the normal as would be indicated when the refractive index is greater than unity. It can also be shown that the refractive index of a plasma, and hence the ionosphere, is frequency-dependent, see Dispersion (optics) . The critical frequency is the limiting frequency at or below which a radio wave is reflected by an ionospheric layer at vertical incidence . If the transmitted frequency
7520-691: The original concept/premise and wrote the original screenplay along with director Len Wiseman , launching the Underworld franchise. He appears in the film itself as a lycan, Raze , and returned as the character in the Underworld prequel Underworld: Rise of the Lycans , which he will also be adapting into a comic book mini-series. He has also expressed an interest in telling more Underworld stories in comic form if this proves successful. Using Romeo and Juliet as an archetype , Grevioux based Underworld on his experiences with interracial dating and
7614-406: The recombination process prevails, since the gas molecules and ions are closer together. The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present. Ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray irradiance which varies strongly with solar activity . The more magnetically active the Sun is, the more sunspot active regions there are on
7708-426: The stable event horizon balanced between the two universes. Due to the unexpected explosion of the reactor, both Brashear and Sims were subjected to mutagenic radiation generated by the destabilized event horizon. While Sims' body dissolved into energy, Brashear became a stable "antimatter reactor" with superhuman abilities, which he used to fight crime under the superhero alias Blue Marvel. In 1962, Adam received
7802-484: The submarine into his base. During the 2013 " Infinity " storyline, Uatu visited Blue Marvel in his Undersea Science Fortress which he had previously modified. Blue Marvel talked with Uatu about his family life and how he could have taken up the opportunity to join the Avengers. After a one-sided conversation, Blue Marvel took up his costume and flew through Shuma-Gorath 's head during its fight with Luke Cage's team. He
7896-407: The sunspot cycle and geomagnetic activity. Geophysically, the state of the ionospheric plasma may be described by four parameters: electron density, electron and ion temperature and, since several species of ions are present, ionic composition . Radio propagation depends uniquely on electron density. Models are usually expressed as computer programs. The model may be based on basic physics of
7990-655: The suppression of such a powerful hero bring out another piece of Blue Marvel's relevance to the political discussions of today. While addressing the symbolic pitfalls of white savior complexes and the complicated nature of race relations in the '60s, his story augments the significance of political presence and action. Using characters such as Blue Marvel to discuss critical and even "touchy" subjects such as changing policy, leadership, behavior, and societal views helps to raise awareness of issues in African American communities. Showcasing powerful Black characters who are at
8084-439: The tension that it often causes. He also brought a scientific element to the world of vampires and werewolves by basing vampirism and lycanthropy on a viral mutagen rather than the mysticism typically associated with these two mythic creatures. Early 2006 saw Grevioux form two comic book imprints, Astounding Comics and Darkstorm Comics under his Darkstorm Comics and Media banner. Grevioux's Astounding Studios imprint
8178-537: The term ionosphere in a letter published only in 1969 in Nature : We have in quite recent years seen the universal adoption of the term 'stratosphere'..and..the companion term 'troposphere'... The term 'ionosphere', for the region in which the main characteristic is large scale ionisation with considerable mean free paths, appears appropriate as an addition to this series. In the early 1930s, test transmissions of Radio Luxembourg inadvertently provided evidence of
8272-483: The topic of radio propagation of very long radio waves in the ionosphere. Vitaly Ginzburg has developed a theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas such as the ionosphere. In 1962, the Canadian satellite Alouette 1 was launched to study the ionosphere. Following its success were Alouette 2 in 1965 and the two ISIS satellites in 1969 and 1971, further AEROS-A and -B in 1972 and 1975, all for measuring
8366-537: The variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content (TEC). Since 1999 this model is "International Standard" for the terrestrial ionosphere (standard TS16457). Ionograms allow deducing, via computation, the true shape of the different layers. Nonhomogeneous structure of the electron / ion - plasma produces rough echo traces, seen predominantly at night and at higher latitudes, and during disturbed conditions. At mid-latitudes,
8460-455: The world. Filming began on February 27, 2012, and the film was released in January 2014. Since November 6, 2017, Line Webtoon has been publishing Brothers Bond, an action webcomic collaboration with Ryan Benjamin in which they were both nominated for the esteemed Eisner Award for Best Webcomic. In 2019, Grevioux portrayed The Vault Keeper in " EC Comics Presents The Vault of Horror ",
8554-507: Was able to heal Spectrum (who had been incapacitated by Proxima Midnight's spear) and boost her powers temporarily. Subsequently, Blue Marvel was among those Luke Cage declared to be part of his Mighty Avengers . During the "Last Days" part of the 2015 " Secret Wars " storyline, Blue Marvel was seen with the Mighty Avengers where they fight the Illuminati . After the battle, Blue Marvel tells Mister Fantastic and Black Panther that he
8648-960: Was detected by Edward V. Appleton and Miles Barnett . The E s layer ( sporadic E-layer) is characterized by small, thin clouds of intense ionization, which can support reflection of radio waves, frequently up to 50 MHz and rarely up to 450 MHz. Sporadic-E events may last for just a few minutes to many hours. Sporadic E propagation makes VHF-operating by radio amateurs very exciting when long-distance propagation paths that are generally unreachable "open up" to two-way communication. There are multiple causes of sporadic-E that are still being pursued by researchers. This propagation occurs every day during June and July in northern hemisphere mid-latitudes when high signal levels are often reached. The skip distances are generally around 1,640 km (1,020 mi). Distances for one hop propagation can be anywhere from 900 to 2,500 km (560 to 1,550 mi). Multi-hop propagation over 3,500 km (2,200 mi)
8742-583: Was to focus on all-ages titles such as Valkyries , Guardian Heroes and The Hammer Kid . The Darkstorm Studios imprint was a more mature line, including the books Alivs Rex , Skull and Guns and Uzan, The Mighty . Grevioux's voice is distinctively deep . In the commentary track of Underworld , he relates that during the promotion and launch of the film, many fans asked him if his voice had been altered by computer, and were surprised to learn that it had not been. Grevioux wrote Marvel Comics ' New Warriors volume 4. Grevioux also wrote Adam: Legend of
8836-515: Was using this technique to monitor the atmosphere above Australia and Antarctica. The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km (30 mi) to more than 1,000 km (600 mi). It exists primarily due to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun . The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere ,
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