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92-450: It's got a cop motor, a 440-cubic-inch plant . It's got cop tires, cop suspension , cop shocks . It's a model made before catalytic converters so it'll run good on regular gas . The Bluesmobile has the ability to perform seemingly impossible stunts, such as jumping over an open drawbridge , flipping backwards in midair and even "flying" for very brief periods of time. However, its cigarette lighter does not work, and Jake throws it out

184-447: A bus plus some circuit breakers . The largest transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers, and a large amount of protection and control equipment ( voltage and current transformers , relays and SCADA systems). Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such as IEC Standard 61850 . A distribution substation transfers power from

276-544: A "ram induction" system increased the 413's torque up to 495 lb⋅ft (671 N⋅m) on the Chrysler 300F versions. The last 'B-RB' wedge-headed engine was produced in August 1978, ending the era of Chrysler "big-block" engines. All Low Block B-series engines have a 3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in (85.7 mm) stroke, a 9.98 in (253 mm) deck height and 6.358 in (161.5 mm) connecting rods , resulting in

368-422: A 1.88:1 rod ratio. The 350 cu in (5,735 cc) B engine was, along with the 361, the first production B engine, first available in 1958. It had a bore of 4 + 1 ⁄ 16  in (103 mm; 4.06 in). The 350 is classified as a big-block engine. All parts except for the pistons are fully compatible with the 361. Vehicles using the B 350: The 361 cu in B engine also introduced in 1958

460-757: A 1990 Ford LTD Crown Victoria, was marketed by the Johnny Lightning model car brand. Chrysler RB engine#440 The Chrysler B and RB engines are a series of big-block V8 gasoline engines introduced in 1958 to replace the Chrysler FirePower (first generation Hemi) engines. The B and RB engines are often referred to as "wedge" engines because they use wedge-shaped combustion chambers ; this differentiates them from Chrysler's 426 Hemi big block engines that are typically referred to as "Hemi" or "426 Hemi" due to their hemispherical shaped combustion chambers. The corporation had been seeking

552-617: A common component of the infrastructure. There are 55,000 substations in the United States. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid . As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from

644-413: A contractor for actual construction. Major design constraints for construction of substations include land availability and cost, limitations on the construction period, transportation restrictions, and the need to get the substation running quickly. Prefabrication is a common way to reduce the construction cost. For connecting the new substation, a partial outage at another substation may be required, but

736-706: A disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center. With overhead transmission lines , the propagation of lightning and switching surges can cause insulation failures into substation equipment. Line entrance surge arrestors are used to protect substation equipment accordingly. Insulation Coordination studies are carried out extensively to ensure equipment failure (and associated outages )

828-457: A large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors , voltage regulators , and reactors may also be located at

920-422: A larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station , where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station. Substations may be designed and built by a contractor or alternately all phases of its development may be handled by the electrical utility . Most commonly, the utility does the engineering and procurement while hiring

1012-522: A long lease such as a renewable 99-year lease, giving the utility company security of tenure . The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram , which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, transformers) arranged on

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1104-436: A long-tube ram induction system was made standard on the Chrysler 300. It continued as standard on the 1961 300-G, and remained on the option sheets for Chrysler 300s through 1964. In 1962, a special version known as the " Max Wedge " was made available for drag racing and street use; this version produced 420 bhp (313 kW) at 5,000 rpm. Not to be confused with the 426 Hemi , the 426 cu in (7.0 L) RB

1196-475: A reading of 118 miles per hour (190 km/h) on the car's speedometer, was actually filmed at that speed, a testament to the Monaco's police car heritage. He has also stated that he re-shot some of the scenes with pedestrians on the sidewalks, so viewers could see that the film had not been sped up to create the effect of speed. The vehicle's model is never referred to in the original film by Elwood, who purchased

1288-690: A ring bus, double bus, or so-called "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not interrupt power to other circuits, and so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small installations. Because of the risk of electrical shock, substations are inherently dangerous to electrical workers. To mitigate this hazard, substations are designed with various safety features. Live conductors and bare equipment are kept separate, either with protected equipment, or using screens or distance. Based on

1380-423: A smaller and lighter replacement for its FirePower engines, in part because new styling dictates meant moving the engine forward in the chassis which negatively affected weight distribution. Design features of the B and RB engines include 17 capscrews per cylinder head , a cylinder block that extends 3 in (76.2 mm) below the crankshaft centerline, an intake manifold not exposed to crankcase oil on

1472-679: A substation. Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from transformers, improve appearance, or protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution. Substations often use busbars as conductors between electrical equipment. Busbars may be aluminum tubing 3–6 inches (76–152 mm) thick, or else wires (strain bus). Outdoor, above-ground substation structures include wood pole, lattice metal tower, and tubular metal structures, although other variants are available. Where space

1564-422: A transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, companies aim at keeping the system up and running while performing maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, should be done while keeping the whole system running. Unplanned switching events are caused by a fault in a transmission line or any other component, for example: The function of

1656-479: A two-barrel/single-exhaust version producing 170 hp (127 kW; 172 PS) at 4,400 rpm and 305 lb⋅ft (414 N⋅m) of torque at 2,400 rpm, a four-barrel/single-exhaust version producing 205 hp (153 kW; 208 PS) at 4,400 rpm, and a high-performance four-barrel/dual-exhaust version rated at 260 hp (194 kW; 264 PS) at 4,800 rpm and 410 lb⋅ft (556 N⋅m) of torque at 3,200 rpm. All three versions used

1748-602: Is aimed at minimizing cost while ensuring power availability and reliability, and enabling changes to the substation in the future. Substations may be built outdoors, indoors, or underground or in a combination of these locations. Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of

1840-465: Is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV, depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either

1932-402: Is minimal. Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or more buses . These are sets of busbars , usually in multiples of three, since three-phase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world. The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers, and buses used affects the cost and reliability of the substation. For important substations

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2024-474: Is necessary to work on parts of the substation while energized, but employees must maintain a safe distance of at least 3 metres (9.8 ft). The aim to reduce substation footprints comes into conflict with ease of maintenance enhanced by including gaps where employees can safely work. Underneath a substation, a mat or grid of conductors laid around 0.5 or 0.6 metres (1 ft 8 in or 2 ft 0 in) underground provides grounding . This grid, which

2116-472: Is plentiful and appearance of the station is not a factor, steel lattice towers provide low-cost supports for transmission lines and apparatus. Low-profile substations may be specified in suburban areas where appearance is more critical. Indoor substations may be gas insulated substations (GIS) (at high voltages, with gas insulated switchgear), or use metal-enclosed or metal-clad switchgear at lower voltages. Urban and suburban indoor substations may be finished on

2208-451: Is typically copper although it may be galvanized iron in some countries, is used to ground circuits that are being worked on to prevent accidental re-energization while workers are in contact with a de-energized circuit. Often, earth rods are driven deeper into the ground from the grounding grid for lower resistance grounding, and may be surrounded by bentonite or marconite to further reduce resistance and ensure effective grounding for

2300-410: Is used as a protection device to interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off, or to cut off a line when power is flowing in the 'wrong' direction. When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this is detected through the use of current transformers . The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to trip the circuit breaker resulting in

2392-417: The horsepower ratings of vehicle engines from gross (engine only, without air cleaner, exhaust system, alternator, or other power-consuming components) to net (with alternator, air cleaner, mufflers, and other vehicle equipment installed). The new rating system produced lower, more realistic numbers for any given engine. At the same time, emissions regulations were demanding cleaner exhaust. Engines including

2484-416: The microprocessor made for an exponential increase in the number of points that could be economically controlled and monitored. Today, standardized communication protocols such as DNP3 , IEC 61850 and Modbus , to list a few, are used to allow multiple intelligent electronic devices to communicate with each other and supervisory control centers. Distributed automatic control at substations is one element of

2576-529: The 1960 model year, the 383 beat the 392 Hemi that had reached 435 lb⋅ft (590 N⋅m). The 1960 383 engines featured the same basic ram induction system as the Chrysler 300F's 413 RB engines (named Sonoramic Commando when sold in Plymouth form). The later 383 Magnum (starting in 1968) used the 440 Magnum heads, camshaft, and exhaust manifolds. This engine was advertised at 335 hp (250 kW; 340 PS). The 400 cu in (6.6 L) B engine

2668-415: The 383 B engine, the 383 RB had a 4 + 1 ⁄ 32  in (102.4 mm; 4.031 in) bore combined with the long stroke of 3 + 3 ⁄ 4 -inch (95.3 mm), for a displacement of 382.9 cu in (6,275 cc). It was only available in 1959 and 1960 on the U.S.-built Chrysler Windsors and Saratogas ; one of Trenton Engine's lines had been converted to the new RB engine (to make

2760-555: The 413), and demand for the 383 B engine was too high for the remaining line. The solution was to create a 383 RB to fill the gap until the plant figured out how to quickly switch from one block to the other. The {{cvt|413|cuin|L|1} RB was used from 1959 to 1965 in cars. It was also used in medium and heavy trucks including truck-tractors such as the C-1000 , up until 1979. It has a bore of 4.1875 inches. During that period, it powered almost all Chrysler New Yorker and all Imperial models, and

2852-414: The 440 were made with reduced compression, modified cam timing, and other tuning measures to comply with the newly tightened emissions regulations. The 1972 440 produced 335 bhp (250 kW) (gross) at 4400 rpm; the new net rating was 225 hp (168 kW)—which very closely coincided with period German DIN ratings and TÜV measurements. The high-output 440 (4-barrel/mild cam/dual exhausts)

Bluesmobile - Misplaced Pages Continue

2944-432: The B engines. All RB engines have a 3 + 3 ⁄ 4  in (95.3 mm) stroke, with the bore being the defining factor in engine size. All RB wedge engines share a deck height of 10.725 in (272.4 mm), and were fitted with 6.768 in (171.9 mm) long connecting rods, resulting in a 1.80:1 rod ratio. Bore center distance is 4.8 in (120 mm). All RBs are oversquare . Not to be confused with

3036-571: The Bluesmobile, all of which were former police cars purchased from the California Highway Patrol , and were mocked up to look like former Mount Prospect, Illinois patrol cars, which had an identical black and white paint scheme, making the conversion more simple. Some were formatted for speed, and others in jumps or high-performance maneuvers, depending on the scene. One was designed simply to fall apart upon its arrival at

3128-514: The Cook County Building. A mechanic took several months to rig the car for that scene. Over 60 old police cars were purchased for the film's chase scenes, and the production kept a 24-hour body shop open to perform repairs as needed. At the time of the film's release, it set a world record for the most cars destroyed in one film; it held this distinction until 1998, when it was surpassed by its own sequel . According to Dan Aykroyd,

3220-465: The Czech Republic, where power is collected from nearby lignite -fired power plants. If no transformers are required for increasing the voltage to transmission level, the substation is a switching station. Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current , or interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to change

3312-557: The Plymouth version was called the Golden Commando . Both came with a dual point distributor in high-performance versions. The 383 became the standard model Mopar performance engine for the next decade. The big bore allowed for larger, 2.08 in (53 mm), intake valves, and the relatively short stroke helped it to be a free-revving and free-breathing engine. Producing a maximum of 330 hp (246 kW; 335 PS) ( gross ) and 460 lb⋅ft (624 N⋅m) of torque for

3404-555: The RB version—was essentially a larger bore version of the 350 and 361, using a 4.25 in (108.0 mm) bore for a 383.03 cu in (6,277 cc) displacement. This venerable engine was introduced in 1959. Dodge's version, the D500 , had a cross-ram induction manifold and dual four-barrel carburetors as options. In some Dodge applications, this engine was labeled as the Magnum , while

3496-633: The Stage III. The factory-advertised power rating never changed despite the Stage II and III improvements. A 426 Street Wedge block was also available in 1964 and 1965. It bears little relation to the Max Wedge except for basic architecture and dimensions. The Street Wedge was available only in B-body cars (Plymouth and Dodge) and light-duty Dodge D Series trucks. It was an increased-bore version of

3588-591: The amps exceed a certain amount over a period of time. Reclosers will attempt to re-energize the circuit after a delay. If unsuccessful for a few times, the recloser will have to be manually reset by an electrical worker. Capacitor banks are used in substations to balance the lagging current draw from inductive loads (such as motors, transformers, and some industrial equipment) with their reactive load . Additional capacitor capacity may be needed if dispersed generation (such as small diesel generators, rooftop photovoltaic solar panels , or wind turbines ) are added to

3680-522: The car from Malvern Gasperon's yard in Chicago for $ 500. The car was equipped with a 190 hp 351 cubic inch engine, 4-speed automatic transmission and full optional Police Package including front bullbar , canine cage insert, and Appleton spotlights . Livery is a classic "Black & White" paint theme common to many American police departments; in this case, very similar to the California Highway Patrol 's K-9 unit , with "safety and service" motto on

3772-416: The car, or the various police officers and dispatch operators coordinating the manhunt. It is only referred to as a "1974 Dodge sedan" over the police two-way radios and as "that shitbox Dodge" by Illinois state trooper Mount, who is (along with his partner) pursuing Jake and Elwood throughout the film. In the extended version of the film, Elwood is seen parking the Bluesmobile in an electric substation that

Bluesmobile - Misplaced Pages Continue

3864-587: The complexity of distribution networks grew, it became economically necessary to automate supervision and control of substations from a centrally attended point, to allow overall coordination in case of emergencies and to reduce operating costs. Early efforts to remote control substations used dedicated communication wires, often run alongside power circuits. Power-line carrier , microwave radio , fiber optic cables as well as dedicated wired remote control circuits have all been applied to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) for substations. The development of

3956-492: The crank throw to avoid interfering with the steering linkage. The engineers moved the distributor to the front of the engine, at a 45-degree angle, which cleared the heater while allowing the oil pump to be located in front of the block - above the bottom of the crank's throw, clearing the steering linkage. The 'B' series wedge engine was introduced in 1958 with 350 cu in (5.7 L) and 361 cu in (5.9 L) versions. The 361 would continue in production until

4048-477: The current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure. An example is the switching stations for the HVDC Inga–Shaba transmission line. A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station . In this case the generators from the power station supply their power into the yard onto the generator bus on one side of

4140-573: The early B engine the Commando , variants of which included the Golden Commando and Sonoramic Commando . It produced 305 bhp (227 kW). DeSoto 's B engine was named Turboflash and produced 295 bhp (220 kW). The Dodge standard version was a 2-barrel with 295 bhp (220 kW) called the Super Red Ram with an optional variant that was called the D500 and produced 320 bhp (239 kW). The 361 would last until

4232-469: The end of the series, albeit for trucks only. In its early years, the 305-horsepower 361 was optional on many vehicles, and standard on, among others, the Dodge 880. The 361 had a fuel-injected version in 1958 only. Very few of the fuel-injected B engines were made and only a handful remain, since most were brought back to the dealer to be fitted with carburetors. The 383 cu in B engine—not to be confused with

4324-403: The end of the series, albeit only for truck installation. The RB ("raised B") arrived one year after the launch of the B series engines, in 383 cu in (6.3 L) and 413 cu in (6.8 L) displacements. Unlike the previous B-engines, which had a 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 -inch (85.7 mm) stroke , the RB engines had a 3 + 3 ⁄ 4 -inch (95.3 mm) stroke. For 1960,

4416-416: The equipment used to monitor, control, and protect the rest of the substation equipment. It often contains protective relays, meters, breaker controls, communications, batteries, and recorders that save detailed data about substation operations, particularly when there is any unusual activity, to help reconstruct what happened after the fact. These control rooms typically are heated and air conditioned to ensure

4508-414: The fenders. Blues Brothers 2000 sought to outdo the original by including a number of outrageous stunts. The new Bluesmobile was depicted as having abilities such as functioning like a submarine in deep Mississippi water, having radio-control capabilities, and jumping about 300 feet over a road construction site. The new film claimed the world record for the highest number of cars destroyed at 104, beating

4600-413: The film. According to Landis, there was no need to explain the car's powers. To him, it was simply "a magic car" and of course, they were on a mission from God. A power station was visible in the background of the film's poster. The name "Bluesmobile" was also given to another former police car, a 1990 Ford LTD Crown Victoria , used in the 1998 sequel, Blues Brothers 2000 . In the film, Elwood purchases

4692-425: The frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed frequency to interconnect two systems; nowadays such substations are rare. A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching

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4784-479: The horn-shaped loudspeaker atop the Bluesmobile was actually a duplicate of a massive Cold War -era air raid siren ( CLM Model 92729DP) installed in the schoolyard at "Our Lady of Annunciation" where Aykroyd attended elementary school while growing up in Ottawa , Canada. The siren was manufactured by a Canadian company called Canadian Line Materials , and Aykroyd specifically requested the same CLM model be used in

4876-408: The jurisdiction or company, there are safety standards with minimum required clearance between different live equipment or conductors or between live metal and the ground, which often varies with higher clearance being required for higher voltages because of the greater ability to generate flashover . To this is added the necessary space for employees to work safely and vehicles to pass. Sometimes it

4968-486: The later versions, resembled steel tube headers. The Max Wedge was factory rated at 415 or 425 bhp (309 or 317 kW) (depending on compression), and 480 lb⋅ft (651 N⋅m) at 4400 rpm. Before the end of the 1963 model year, Chrysler introduced the Stage II Max Wedge with improved combustion chamber design and an improved camshaft. The last performance year for the Max Wedge came in 1964 with

5060-590: The lifetime of the substation. Above ground, the grounding conductors may be steel, aluminum, or copper. They must be thick enough to carry the expected current of a fault for 1-3 seconds and remain undamaged. Substation fences, typically at least 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in height, both protect the public from electrical hazards and also protect the substation from vandalism. Internal fences can also be incorporated to protect employees from areas that are unsafe when energized. Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In

5152-411: The low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side. In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm or photovoltaic power station , a collector substation may be required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind turbines or inverters up into

5244-439: The movie to portray the loudspeaker the characters affixed to the top of the Bluesmobile and used as a public address system . The Blues Brothers use the Bluesmobile to evade pursuers in a number of high-speed chases throughout the film, culminating in a police pursuit/race to Chicago after the band's performance north of the city. Even though the car throws a connecting rod during this pursuit, they are still able to outrun both

5336-493: The newly-released Jake. When Jake asks about their previous Bluesmobile, Elwood tells him he traded it for a microphone. Elwood explains the Dodge Monaco is a decommissioned Mount Prospect police car, which he purchased at a surplus auction the previous spring. After proving its worthiness by jumping it over the 95th St. Bridge in Chicago, Jake approves it as their new Bluesmobile. The film used 13 different cars to depict

5428-411: The outside so as to blend in with other buildings in the area. A compact substation is generally an outdoor substation built in a metal enclosure, in which each item of the electrical equipment is located very near to each other to create a relatively smaller footprint size of the substation. High-voltage circuit breakers are commonly used to interrupt the flow of current in substation equipment. At

5520-407: The page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station. In a common design, incoming lines have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker . In some cases, the lines will not have both, with either a switch or a circuit breaker being all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker

5612-536: The police and a group of Neo-Nazis in a pair of Ford station wagons. After they crash through the Richard J. Daley Center and arrive at the Cook County Building to pay the property taxes on the orphanage where they grew up, the car falls to pieces on the sidewalk. Director John Landis has claimed that the portion of the final chase sequence beneath the elevated train tracks, which briefly showed

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5704-661: The public grid. Sometimes they are also transmission substations or collector substations if the railway network also operates its own grid and generators to supply the other stations. A mobile substation is a substation on wheels, containing a transformer, breakers and buswork mounted on a self-contained semi-trailer , meant to be pulled by a truck . They are designed to be compact for travel on public roads, and are used for temporary backup in times of natural disaster or war . Mobile substations are usually rated much lower than permanent installations, and may be built in several units to meet road travel limitations. Substation design

5796-411: The record set by The Blues Brothers . In the film's major crash scene, 63 cars were destroyed. While filming another scene, stuntman Bob Minor suffered serious head injuries and a crew member required a leg amputation after a car rolled on to him. The first Bluesmobile, a 1974 Dodge Monaco, was marketed by various manufacturers in a number of die-cast versions. A die-cast model of the second Bluesmobile,

5888-411: The reliable operation of this equipment. Additional equipment is necessary to handle power surges associated with intermittent renewable energy such as dispersed generation from wind or solar. Most transformers lose between 5 and 1.5 percent of their input as heat and noise. Iron losses are no-load and constant whenever the transformer is energized, while copper and auxiliary losses are proportionate to

5980-399: The reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. They are

6072-407: The same 8.2:1 compression ratio. The 400 was used in car, truck, and motorhome chassis. Horsepower and torque ratings gradually declined through the years because of the addition of more federally mandated emissions controls, until all Chrysler passenger vehicle big-block production ceased in 1978. For its last year of production, it only produced 190 hp (142 kW) (although a heavy-duty version

6164-637: The same compression ratios). For 1963, horsepower ratings would slightly increase (see below), and it became optional in B-bodied Dodges and Plymouths. After 1963, it would be used only in Dodges and Plymouths. The Max Wedge was a race-only version of the 426 Wedge engine offered from the factory. Known as the Super Stock Plymouth and Ramcharger Dodge, the Max Wedge featured high-flow cylinder heads developed through state-of-the-art (at

6256-430: The square of the current. Auxiliary losses are due to running fans and pumps which is noisy when the transformer is operating at maximum capacity. To reduce noise, enclosures are often built around the transformer and can also be added after the substation is built. Oil-based transformers are often built with bunded areas to prevent the escape of flaming or leaking oil. Fire separation areas or firewalls are built around

6348-482: The standard New Yorker 413 single 4-barrel engine. The 440 cu in (7.2 L) RB was produced from 1965 until 1978, making it the last version of the Chrysler RB block. It had a light wall construction, precision cast-iron block, with iron heads and a bore of 4.32 in (109.7 mm), for an overall displacement of 440 cu in (7.2 L). From 1967 to 1971, the high-performance version

6440-451: The substation must be considered, such as drainage , noise and road traffic effects. The substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. The site must be secure from intrusion by passers-by, both to protect people from injury by electric shock or arcs, and to protect the electrical system from misoperation due to vandalism. If not owned and operated by a utility company, substations are typically occupied on

6532-454: The substation where electrical energy is being converted to heat, which indicates a problem and can cause additional damage from the high heat. Dissolved gas analysis can tell when an oil-insulated transformer needs to have the oil filtered or replace, and also detect other issues. Early electrical substations required manual switching or adjustment of equipment, and manual collection of data for load, energy consumption, and abnormal events. As

6624-554: The switching station is to isolate the faulty portion of the system in the shortest possible time. De-energizing faulty equipment protects it from further damage, and isolating a fault helps keep the rest of the electrical grid operating with stability. Electrified railways also use substations, often distribution substations. In some cases a conversion of the current type takes place, commonly with rectifiers for direct current (DC) trains, or rotary converters for trains using alternating current (AC) at frequencies other than that of

6716-436: The system. Capacitors can reduce the current in wires, helping stem system losses from voltage drop or enabling extra power to be sent through the conductors. Capacitors may be left on in response to constant inductive load or turned on when inductive load is increased, such as in the summer for air conditioners . The switching may be remote and can be done manually or automatically. Larger substations have control rooms for

6808-466: The time of interruption, current could be normal, too high due to excessive load, unusual due to a fault, or tripped by protective relays prior to anticipated trouble. The most common technologies to extinguish the power arc from separating the conductors in the breaker include: Reclosers are similar to breakers, and can be cheaper because they do not require separate protective relays. Often used in distribution, they often are programmed to trip when

6900-530: The time) airflow testing. They had 1 + 7 ⁄ 8  in (48 mm) exhaust valves, which required the cylinder bores to be notched for clearance. The blocks were a special severe-duty casting with larger oil-feed passages than other RB engines, and the blocks were stress-relieved by the factory. Induction came by means of a cross-ram intake manifold tuned for peak power above 4000 rpm and two Carter AFB-3447SA 4-barrel carburetors. The Max Wedge also included high-flow cast-iron exhaust manifolds that, on

6992-429: The transformer to stop the spread of fire. Firefighting vehicles are allowed a path to access the area. Maintenance of substations involves inspections, data collection and analysis, and routine scheduled work. Using methods such as infrared scanning and dissolved gas analysis, it can be predicted when the substation will need maintenance and predict dangers before they materialize. Infrared technology finds hot spots in

7084-712: The transmission grid. Usually for economy of construction the collector system operates around 35 kV, although some collector systems are 12 kV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also provide power factor correction if it is needed, metering, and control of the wind farm. In some special cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC converter station. Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants of comparable output power are in proximity. Examples for such substations are Brauweiler in Germany and Hradec in

7176-401: The transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation , although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line. The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with high-voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on

7268-454: The transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub-transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever

7360-463: The underside, stamped-steel shaft-mounted rocker arms (race versions used forged steel rockers), and a front-mounted external oil pump driven by the camshaft. In order to provide a lower hood and center of gravity, the engine to be mounted lower than before. Apart from changing the engine dimensions and engine mount position, this also entailed reconsidering the distributor drive and oil pump locations. The oil pump could not be allowed to extend below

7452-826: The utility often tries to minimize downtime. Substations typically serve at least one of the following purposes: A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control / power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be little more than

7544-425: The window upon finding this out for himself. According to the book Blues Brothers: Private , published in 1980 and written by Judith Jacklin and Tino Insana to add substance to The Blues Brothers universe, the first Bluesmobile was a 1968 Cadillac Fleetwood Sixty Special license number SP2 153. In the opening scene of The Blues Brothers , Elwood arrives at Joliet Prison in the 1974 Dodge Monaco to pick up

7636-462: The yard, and the transmission lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard. An important function performed by a substation is switching , which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching events may be planned or unplanned. A transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction, for example, adding or removing

7728-573: Was a wedge-head RB block with a 4.25 in (108 mm) bore. The 426 Wedge served as Chrysler's main performance engine until the introduction of the 426 Hemi. It was initially offered as the "non-catalogued" option S42 in Chryslers (the number of such produced is uncertain), offered with 373 or 385 hp (278 or 287 kW) via a single 4-barrel carburetor (11.0:1 or 12.0:1 compression ratio , respectively), or 413 or 421 hp (308 or 314 kW) via ram-inducted dual four-barrel carburetors (with

7820-429: Was also available in marine and heavy-duty commercial applications until that year. Chrysler also offers complete new 'crate' engines through its Mopar parts division in various displacements. These engines are built from entirely new parts. Electrical substation A substation is a part of an electrical generation , transmission , and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or

7912-574: Was also available on the lesser Chryslers, Dodge Polara , Dodge Monaco , and Plymouth Fury as an alternative to the B-block 383 and the A-block 318 . It was also fitted to some European cars such as the later Facel Vega Facel II . In the 1959 Chrysler 300E, the 413 wedge was fitted with inline dual four-barrel carburetors; it was factory-rated at 380 bhp (283 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 525 lb⋅ft (712 N⋅m) at 3,600 rpm. In 1960,

8004-417: Was also available). Due to its large factory bore size, short (compared to RB engines) deck height, and bottom end strength that is greater than any other production B or RB engine due to extra material added around the main bearing caps, 400 B engine blocks have become a popular choice for high-performance engine build-ups. The RB engines, produced from 1959 to 1979, are raised-block (taller) versions of

8096-465: Was essentially the same as the 350 except with a larger 4 + 1 ⁄ 8  in (105 mm; 4.12 in) bore, for an actual displacement of 360.83 cu in (5,913 cc). In 1962, the Dodge Polara 500 came standard with a 305 bhp (227 kW) version of the 361 that had a four-barrel carburetor , dual-point distributor, and dual exhausts. Plymouth called their versions of

8188-454: Was introduced in 1972 to replace the venerable 383, and were power-rated via the net (installed) method. Chrysler increased the bore size of the 383 to create the 400. Its bore of 4.342-inch (110.3 mm) was the largest used in any production Chrysler V8 at the date of its introduction. All parts except for the pistons were interchangeable between the 383 and 400. Crankshafts were made of cast iron. Three versions of this engine were available:

8280-627: Was marketed as the Magnum in Dodges, the Super Commando in Plymouths, and the TNT in Chryslers. From 1972 to 1974, the engine (detuned to run on unleaded gasoline) was rated at 280 hp (209 kW) net, and dropped in horsepower each year until 1978, when it was rated at 255 hp (190 kW) (in police specification) and limited to Chrysler New Yorkers, Chrysler Newports, Dodge Monaco Police Pursuits, and Plymouth Fury Police Pursuits. It

8372-598: Was rated at 375 bhp (380 PS; 280 kW) (370 bhp (375 PS; 276 kW) in 1971) at 4,600 rpm and 480 lb⋅ft (651 N⋅m) at 3,200 rpm of torque with a single 4-barrel carburetor, and from 1969 to 1971, the highest-output version had an intake setup with 3×2-barrel Holley carburetors ("440 Six Pack" for Dodge, "440 6-BBL" for Plymouth) producing 390 bhp (395 PS; 291 kW) at 4,700 rpm (385 bhp (390 PS; 287 kW) in 1971) and 490 lb⋅ft (664 N⋅m) at 3,200 rpm of torque . In 1972, changes were made to

8464-517: Was used to power Chicago's elevated trains . In the documentary "Stories Behind the Making of the Blues Brothers", Dan Aykroyd suggested that the scene was intended to show the Bluesmobile was getting "power" from the substation, which would help explain how it was able to do impressive stunts. In the original theatrical release, director John Landis had cut that scene to shorten the length of

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