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89-1348: In the Expulsion of the Albanians during 1877 and 1878, many Albanians were forced to leave Blace and its surroundings and became muhaxhirs . Settlements that Albanians left include: Alabana , Barbatovac with 17 Albanian houses, Blace with 35 Albanian houses, Gornja Draguša with 75 Albanian houses, Donja Draguša , Mala Draguša with 64 Albanian houses, Gornje Grgure , Donje Grgure with 83 Albanian houses, Džepnica with 7 Albanian houses, Đurevac with 3 Albanian houses, Gornja Jošanica with 70 Albanian houses, Donja Jošanica with 16 Albanian houses, Kačapor , Kutlovac with 35 Albanian houses, Međuhana with 41 Albanian houses, Muzaće with 42 Albanian houses, Popova with 27 Albanian houses, Prebreza with 36 Albanian houses, Pretežana with 18 Albanian houses, Pretrešnja with 40 Albanian houses, Pridvorica with 60 Albanian houses, Čungula , Čučale with 16 Albanian houses, Rašica with 30 Albanian houses, Šiljomanja with 29 Albanian houses, Sibnica with 45 Albanian houses, Stubal with 30 Albanian houses, Suvi Do , Gornje Svarče with 35 Albanian houses, Donje Svarče with 23 Albanian houses, Trbunje with 19 Albanian houses, Vrbovac and Više Selo . Aside from

178-655: A large fortress in Podgorica, and the existing settlement, with its highly developed merchant connections, became the main Ottoman defensive and attacking bastion in the region. At the beginning of 1474 the Ottoman sultan intended to rebuild Podgorica and Baleč and settle them with 5,000 Muslim families (most of them of Albanian or Slavic origin), in order to stop cooperation between the Principality of Zeta and Albania Veneta . Podgorica fell again, but this time to

267-533: A 20 m or 66 ft deep canyon for the length of its course through the city. Except for the Morača and Zeta, other rivers have an appearance of small creeks. The richness in bodies of water is a major feature of the city. In contrast to most of Montenegro, Podgorica lies in a mainly flat area at the northern end of the Zeta plain, at an elevation of 40 m (130 ft). The only exceptions are hills which overlook

356-891: A battlefield and stranded Albanian refugees in nearby mountains. With Niš eventually taken, the refugees of the Toplica valley were unable to return to their villages. Other Serbian forces then headed south into the Morava valley and toward Leskovac. The majority of urban Muslims fled, taking most of their belongings before the Serbian army arrived. The Serbian army also took Pirot and the Turks fled to Kosovo, Macedonia and some went toward Thrace. Ottoman forces surrendered Niš on 10 January 1878 and most Muslims departed for Pristina , Prizren , Skopje and Thessalonika . The Albanian neighbourhood in Niš

445-556: A five-year term, but since the new law was introduced in Montenegrin municipalities mayors will be elected by the city assembly and will have to maintain its support during the term. Separate elections are held for the local sub-division of Golubovci since it is part of their administrative autonomy inside Podgorica municipality. Constant questions are raised by various politicians over gaining separate municipality status for Golubovci . In 2018, Tuzi became its own municipality after

534-459: A majority with DPS, similar to one they have in national government. While SDP is a longtime partner of DPS at the national level, it has been in opposition to Podgorica municipal assembly in 2010–2014 period. Since October 2014, the position of the mayor is held by DPS official, Slavoljub Stijepović, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years, Miomir Mugoša . Since October 2018, the position of the Mayor

623-564: A vote on the Montenegrin Parliament. On local elections held on 25 May 2014, the Democratic Party of Socialists won 29 seats in the municipal assembly, one short of 30 needed to form a majority. Democratic Front won 17 seats, SNP won 8 seats, while coalition made of Positive Montenegro and SDP won 5 seats. After lengthy negotiations, SDP dissolved coalition with Pozitivna and made an arrangement on forming

712-438: Is about 120, and those with a strong wind around 60. An occasional strong northerly wind influences the climate in the winter, with a wind chill effect lowering the perceived temperature by a few degrees. The all-time maximum snowfall record was beaten on 11 February 2012, when 58 cm (23 in) of snowfall were measured. Before that, the biggest snowfall in Podgorica was in 1954, when 52 cm (20 in) of snowfall

801-456: Is analogous to the metropolitan area, while 173,024 people live within the city proper. Out of the total population of Podgorica 48.73% are male and 51.27% are female. The average age of the population is 35.7. The town's population in 2023 census was 54.54% Montenegrins , 30.84% Serbs , 2.62% Bosniaks , and 12% are other ethnic minorities Montenegrin , Serbian , Bosnian , and Croatian are mutually intelligible as standard varieties of

890-497: Is based on a mix of industries, including manufacturing, trade, and services. The city has seen a rise in the IT sector, with numerous startups and tech companies emerging. Podgorica serves as a central hub for Montenegro's transportation network, with an extensive road and rail system and the nearby Podgorica Airport . Tourism is also a growing sector, with the city being a gateway to Montenegro's natural and cultural attractions. Podgorica

979-409: Is held by DPS Vice president dr Ivan Vuković , replacing Slavoljub Stijepović. On 13 April 2023, Olivera Injac from PES was sworn in as mayor, thus becoming the first non-DPS mayor since 1998. The entire municipality of Podgorica is further divided into 66 local communities (мјесне заједнице, mjesne zajednice ), bodies in which the citizens participate in decisions on matters of relevance to

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1068-652: Is home to the University of Montenegro , the largest and most significant educational institution in the country. The city's cultural institutions include the Montenegrin National Theatre, the Natural History Museum of Montenegro, and several galleries and libraries. About one-third of the city's area is composed of parks, gardens, and natural landscapes, including the nearby Gorica Hill. Prominent landmarks in Podgorica include

1157-453: Is much smaller. Under the Köppen climate classification , Podgorica is transitional between a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ), since the driest summer month gets slightly less than 40 millimeters (1.6 in) of precipitation, with summer highs around 34 °C (93 °F) and winter highs around 11 °C (52 °F). Although the city

1246-557: Is often the place of origin. For example: Shulemaja from the village of Šiljomana , Gjikolli from Džigolj , Pllana from Velika and Mala Plana , Retkoceri from Retkocer , Huruglica from Oruglica , Hergaja from Rgaje , Byçmeti from Donji , Gornji and Srednji Bučumet , Nishliu from the city of Niš and so on. Within Serbia today though the Serbian-Ottoman wars of 1876–1878 are mentioned within school books,

1335-717: Is only some 35 km (22 mi) north of the Adriatic Sea , an arm of the Mediterranean, Mount Rumija acts as a natural barrier, separating Skadar Lake basin and Podgorica area from the sea, thus limiting temperate maritime influence on the local climate. The mean annual rainfall is 1,659 mm (65.3 in), making Podgorica by far the wettest capital in Europe, Ljubljana being second with 1,362 mm (53.6 in). The temperature exceeds 25 °C (77 °F) on about 135 days each year. The number of rainy days

1424-503: The Adriatic Sea . Historically, it was Podgorica's position at the confluence of the Ribnica and Morača rivers and at the meeting-point of the fertile Zeta Plain and Bjelopavlići Valley that encouraged settlement. The surrounding landscape is predominantly mountainous terrain. After World War II , Podgorica was first designated as the capital of Montenegro in 1946. At that time, it was renamed Titograd in honor of Josip Broz Tito ,

1513-562: The Austro-Hungarian consul reported Muslim refugees arriving into Ottoman Kosovo with occurrences of typhoid outbreaks and some refugees being abysmally resettled within Prizren and Gjakova districts that overall contributed to their miserable state. Jelinek also noted the refugees hostility to Kosovo Serbs, as they committed acts of violence against them. In the latter part of 1878 and complaining to Lord Salisbury regarding

1602-802: The Congress of Berlin . This expulsion was part of the wider persecution of Muslims in the Balkans during the geopolitical and territorial decline of the Ottoman Empire . On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the Sanjak of İşkodra . In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war that ensued, strong resistance in the towns of Podgorica and Spuž toward Montenegrin forces

1691-581: The Imperial hotel built in 1925 had two bathrooms, which was unprecedented at the time. It was one of at least six hotels built in the city during the interwar period. After the Yugoslav coup d'état on 27 March 1941, demonstrations supporting the coup took place in Podgorica. As a result of the coup, Yugoslavia turned against its previous alliance with the Axis powers and was subsequently invaded. Podgorica

1780-564: The Masurica region did not resist Serbian forces, and General Jovan Belimarković refused to carry out orders from Belgrade to deport these Albanians by offering his resignation. Ottoman sources state that Serbian forces during the war destroyed mosques in Vranje, Leskovac and Prokuplje. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Congress of Berlin acknowledged those territorial gains and

1869-727: The Samsun region of the Black Sea . Tensions within the Kosovo vilayet between Albanian refugees and local Albanians arose over resources, as the Ottoman Empire found it difficult to accommodate to their needs and meager conditions. These refugees also became a strong opposition group to governance by the Sultan. Tensions in the form of revenge attacks also arose by incoming Albanian refugees on local Kosovo Serbs that contributed to

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1958-585: The Serbo-Croatian language . Montenegrin language speaks 44.43% and it's the most spoken language in the city. The second most spoken is Serbian (42.28%). Other languages ( Albanian , Romani , Bosnian , Croatian ) speak 5.1% of population. A total of 4.52% of the population have not declared their language. Religion in Podgorica (2023) Podgorica is home to three main religious groups: Orthodox Christians , Sunni Muslims and Catholic Christians . The Orthodox Christian population mostly originates from

2047-528: The parliament . Protests in the city continued through the 2016 Montenegrin parliamentary election . On 22 February 2018, a Yugoslav Army veteran killed himself at the US embassy in Podgorica . The city administration consists of a mayor, city assembly , and a number of secretariats and administrative bodies which together act as a city local government. The city assembly has 61 members, elected directly for four-year terms. The mayor used to be directly elected for

2136-490: The "Grdelica gorge and as far as Vranje and Kumanovo, you could see the abandoned corpses of children, and old men frozen to death". The journalist Manojlo Đorđević argued for peaceful reconciliation with the Albanians and condemned the policies undertaken by the Serbian state. In later years there were retrospective views regarding these events. Prior to the Balkan wars, Kosovo Serb community leader Janjićije Popović stated that

2225-489: The 60-year old Hotel Crna Gora was demolished to make way for the new Hilton in its place, which opened in 2016. Construction of the Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection finished after 20 years on 7 October 2013. In October 2015, protests took place in Podgorica ahead of Montenegro's accession into NATO . After a demonstration of at least 5,000 to 8,000 people, the police used tear gas to disperse demonstrators from

2314-758: The Albanian population who lived near the then southern border were expelled from the towns of Podgorica and Spuž . These populations resettled in Shkodër city and its environs. A smaller Albanian population formed of the wealthy elite voluntarily left and resettled in Shkodër after Ulcinj's incorporation into Montenegro in 1880. Toponyms such as Arbanaška River , Arbanaško Hill , Arbanaška Mountain , Arbanaška , Arbanasce , Arbanashka Petrila , Arnautski Potok, Alban , Arbanashka Brenica, Arbanas, Gjinofc Kulla, Marash, Gjinofc, Đake , Kastrat , Berišane , Mandi, Muzace, Mazarać etc. shows an Albanian presence in

2403-520: The Albanian population's expulsion by the Serbian army is omitted. This has limited Serbian students' knowledge of the events that led to bad relations amongst both peoples. Podgorica Podgorica ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Подгорица , pronounced [pǒdɡoritsa] ; lit.   ' under the hill ' ) is the capital and largest city of Montenegro . The city is just north of Lake Skadar and close to coastal destinations on

2492-411: The Albanians (1877–1878) refers to events of forced migration of Albanian populations from areas that became incorporated into the Principality of Serbia and Principality of Montenegro in 1878 after their initial expulsion from 1830–1876 . These wars, alongside the larger Russo-Ottoman War (1877–78) ended in defeat and substantial territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire which was formalised at

2581-587: The Leskovac region complained in a petition that their properties and Muslim buildings had been demolished and could no longer return. According to Gëzim Alpion, from 1879 to 1880, over 300,000 Albanians were expelled from the Sanjak of Niš . The only other Muslim population permitted to remain were the Muslim Romani who in 1910 numbered 14,335 in all of Serbia with 6,089 located in Vranje. Most remaining Albanians were forced to leave in subsequent years for

2670-801: The Millennium Bridge, the Clock Tower, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ. The city also features historical sites such as the ancient Roman settlement of Doclea and the old Ottoman town of Stara Varoš. Podgorica is written in Cyrillic as Подгорица , pronounced [pǒdɡoritsa] ; UK : / ˈ p ɒ d ɡ ɒr ɪ t s ə , p ɒ d ˈ ɡ ɔːr -/ , US : / ˈ p ɒ d ɡ ə r iː t s ə , ˈ p ɔː d ɡ ɒr -/ ; Podgorica literally means "under

2759-551: The Montenegrin-Ottoman War in 1878 resulted in the Congress of Berlin recognizing vast territories, including that of Podgorica, as part of the newly recognized Principality of Montenegro . At that time there were about 1,500 houses in Podgorica, with more than 8,000 people living there – of Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim faiths flourishing together. After the Berlin Congress in 1878, Podgorica

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2848-434: The Niš region converted to Islam after the area became part of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of the outbreak of a second round of hostilities between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire in 1877, a notable Muslim population existed in the districts of Niš, Pirot , Vranje, Leskovac, Prokuplje and Kuršumlija. The rural parts of Toplica , Kosanica , Pusta Reka and Jablanica valleys and adjoining semi-mountainous interior

2937-698: The Ottoman Empire and Kosovo in particular. Serbs from the Llapi river region moved to Serbia during and after the war of 1876 and incoming Albanian refugees ( muhaxhirë ) repopulated their villages. Apart from the Llapi river region, sizeable numbers of Albanian refugees were resettled in other parts of northern Kosovo alongside the new Ottoman-Serbian border. Most Albanian refugees were resettled in over 30 large rural settlements in central and southeastern Kosovo. Many refugees were also spread out and resettled in urban centers that increased their populations substantially. Western diplomats reporting in 1878 placed

3026-688: The Ottoman Sultan. In 1864, Podgorica became a kaza of the Scutari Vilayet called Böğürtlen ("blackberry", also known as Burguriçe). On 7 October 1874, in a violent reaction over the murder of a local named Juso Mučin Krnić, Ottoman forces killed at least 15 people in Podgorica. The massacre was widely reported outside of Montenegro and ultimately contributed to the buildup to the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . The end of

3115-571: The Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the Sanjak of İşkodra . In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war, the Montenegrin army managed to capture certain areas and settlements along the border, while encountering strong resistance from Albanians in Ulcinj , and a combined Albanian-Ottoman force in the Podgorica-Spuž and Gusinje - Plav regions. As such, Montenegro's territorial gains were much smaller. Some Slavic Muslims and

3204-535: The Ottomans in 1484, and the character of the town changed extensively. The Ottomans fortified the city, building towers, gates, and defensive ramparts that give Podgorica the appearance of an Ottoman military city. Most of today's Montenegro and Podgorica fell under the rule of the Albanian Bushati Family of Shkodra between 1760 and 1831, which ruled independently from the Imperial authority of

3293-589: The Toplica and Southern Morava regions (located north-east of contemporary Kosovo) and in the Preševo Valley since the late Middle Ages. Albanians in the region were Orthodox Christians, were in contact with Slavic populations and as such many also bore Orthodox Slavic names such as in the village Arbanas, the name of the inhabitants were: Stojan, Dajin, Dane Stojan, Mati Marko, Andrija Marko, Dimsha Marko, Luka Gjurko, Nikolla Luka, Pjetri Dimja, Stojan Pjetri, Gjura Marko, Lazar Stepa, Gjura Pejash etc. Albanians in

3382-559: The acquiescence of Ottoman authorities. In the aftermath of the war and expulsions, British diplomatic pressure for some time was applied to Serbia to allow the Albanian refugees to go and return to their homes, though it later subsided. The Ottoman Empire was lukewarm about returning refugees to Serbia as the refugees were seen as integral in demographically strengthening the Muslim element in its remaining territories such as Kosovo vilayet still under its sovereignty. In April 1878, Jelinek,

3471-523: The area became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, known as Novi Krajevi/Novi Oblasti or new areas. Due to depopulation and economic considerations some small numbers of Albanians were allowed to stay and return though not to their previous settlements and instead were designated concentrated village clusters in the Toplica, Masurica and Jablanica areas. Of those only in the Jablanica valley centered around

3560-578: The area reacted differently to incoming Serbian forces by either offering resistance or fleeing toward nearby mountains and Ottoman Kosovo . Although most of these Albanians were expelled by Serbian forces, a small number were allowed to remain in the Jablanica valley where their descendants live today. Serbs from Llap moved to Serbia during and after the first round of hostilities in 1876, while incoming Albanian refugees thereafter 1878 repopulated their villages. Albanian refugees also settled alongside

3649-520: The beginnings of the ongoing Serbian-Albanian conflict in coming decades. The expulsions also triggered the emergence of the League of Prizren (1878–1881) as a reaction to prevent further territories with Albanian populations from being awarded to Serbia and Montenegro. Amidst these events, during spring/summer 1879, multiple violent and predatory raids were conducted into Serbia by groups of Albanian refugees into former areas of residence, at times with

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3738-491: The bomb detonated but no one was killed. Otherwise, the Yugoslav wars largely bypassed Podgorica, but the entire country was greatly affected with severe economic stagnation and hyperinflation lasting throughout the 1990s due to international sanctions . In 1999, Podgorica was subject to airstrikes during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia . On 13 July 2005, the newly constructed Millennium Bridge opened for traffic. Following

3827-483: The border with Kosovo. Today, the descendants of these Albanian refugees ( Muhaxhirë ) make up part of Kosovo's Albanian population and they are an active and powerful subgroup in Kosovo 's political and economic spheres. They have also established local associations that document and aim to preserve their regional Albanian culture of origin. Many can also be identified by their surname which following Albanian custom

3916-485: The city was named Titograd ( Cyrillic : Титоград , [tîtoɡraːd] ) in honour of Josip Broz Tito , the President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980. In 1992 the city changed its name to "Podgorica", which it remains today. Podgorica is at the crossroads of several historically important routes, near the rivers Zeta , Morača , Cijevna , Ribnica , Sitnica and Mareza in

4005-511: The city. The most significant is 130.3 m (427 ft) high Gorica Hill ( pronounced [ˈɡǒrit͜sa] ), city's namesake, which rises above the city centre. The other hills include Malo brdo ("little hill", 205.4 m or 674 ft), Velje brdo ("big hill", 283 m or 928 ft), Ljubović (101 m or 331 ft) and Dajbapska gora (172 m or 564 ft). Podgorica city proper has an area of 108 square kilometres (42 sq mi), while actual urbanized area

4094-502: The course of the war. On 12 July 1946, Josip Broz Tito made one of his early visits to Podgorica from the Radovče hotel, where he spoke to a crowd. It was the first of fifteen total visits made by Tito to the city after World War II. "Podgorica is destroyed. We will build her altogether because it's our responsibility, because that's what's required of us by the sacrifices which Podgorica gave! We will do it, that's what I promise you in

4183-435: The end of dynamic development for Podgorica, which by then was the largest city in the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Montenegro . On 10 August 1914, nine military personnel and 13 civilians were killed in Podgorica from an aerial bombardment by Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops . The city was bombed three more times in 1915. Along with the rest of the Kingdom, Podgorica was occupied by Austria-Hungary from 1916 to 1918. After

4272-617: The expulsions, the British Resident in Belgrade Gerald Francis Gould reported that the "peaceful and industrious inhabitants" of the " Toplitza and Vranja Valley were ruthlessly driven forth from their homesteads by the Servians". Gould also noted that the refugees were "wandering about in a starving condition" and was instrumental for a time in applying British diplomatic pressure on Serbia to allow

4361-457: The figure for the Albanian population of the area as numbering around 110,000. Albanian historians such as the late Sabit Uka postulate that 110,000 is a conservative estimate based on Austro-Hungarian statistics and gives a higher figure of 200,000 for the total Albanian population of the area. Other Albanian researchers like Emin Pllana, Skënder Rizaj and Turkish historian Bilal Şimşir place

4450-589: The hill". Gorica ( Cyrillic : Горица ), a diminutive of the word Gora (Cyrillic: Гора) which is another word for Mountain or Hill, means "little/small hill", is the name of one of the cypress -covered hillocks that overlooks the city center. Some three kilometres (1.9 miles) north-west of Podgorica lie the ruins of the Roman-era town of Doclea , from which the Roman Emperor Diocletian 's mother hailed. In later centuries, Romans "corrected"

4539-537: The largest employers in Titograd. In 1964, Radoje Dakić guaranteed hired workers an apartment in the city. In the late 1960s, the cities of Titograd, Zadar , and Mostar competed to be selected as the location of Yugoslavia's expanding aluminum industry. In a highly politicized selection process, Titograd was ultimately chosen and the Kombinat was constructed in 1969. In 1974, the public Veljko Vlahović University

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4628-551: The leader of Yugoslavia . It served as the capital of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until Montenegro's declaration of independence in 2006, after which it was reaffirmed as the capital of an independent Montenegro. The city's original name, Podgorica, was restored in 1992 following the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The economy of Podgorica

4717-561: The liberation by the Allies in 1918, the controversial Podgorica Assembly marked the end of Montenegrin statehood, as Montenegro was merged with the Kingdom of Serbia and incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes . The population of urban Podgorica during this interwar period was approximately 14,000. During the interwar period (1918–1941), Podgorica had public bathrooms as most residents did not have their own. However,

4806-671: The local Montenegrin and Serb population, which accepted Orthodox Christianity in Middle Ages after a major split during The Great Schism . They represent the major religious group. There are various Eastern Orthodox churches in the city including St. George Church which originates from the 11th century, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ which is the largest church in the city to have been recently erected. The Muslim population mostly originates from local Bosniaks as well as Albanians . There are several mosques in Podgorica. The Catholic population mainly consists of

4895-462: The local community. Podgorica is located in central Montenegro. The area is crossed with rivers and the city itself is only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Lake Skadar . The Morača and Ribnica rivers flow through the city, while the Zeta , Cijevna , Sitnica and Mareza flow nearby. Morača is the largest river in the city, being 70 m or 230 ft wide near downtown, and having carved

4984-541: The name of the Federal government." - Josip Broz Tito on 12 July 1946. On 25 July 1948, the vice president of the People's Parliament of Montenegro, Andrija Mugoša, along with secretary Gavron Cemović, signed a law changing the name of Podgorica into "Titovgrad". The law was "retroactively" activated such that the name change applied to any records starting from 13 July 1946, when it became the capital of Montenegro within

5073-480: The name to Dioclea , guessing wrongly that an i had been lost in vulgar speech. Duklja is the later South Slavic version of same word. At its foundation (some time before the 11th century), the town was called Birziminium  [ sr ] . In the Middle Ages , it was known as Ribnica ( Cyrillic : Рибница , [rîbnitsa] ). The name Podgorica was used from 1326. From 1946 to 1992,

5162-507: The nearby Radan and Majdan mountain ranges. Serbian forces took these villages one by one and most remained vacant. Albanian refugees continued to retreat toward Kosovo and their march was halted at the Goljak Mountains when an armistice was declared. The Serbian army operating in the Morava valley continued south toward two canyons: Grdelica (between Vranje and Leskovac) and Veternica (southwest of Grdelica). After Grdelica

5251-415: The newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . However, in a contradiction, the "Službeni list" or legal code of Yugoslavia recorded the name "Titograd" without the letter "v". Ultimately, "Titograd" was used over "Titovgrad". In addition to the new name, Titograd saw the establishment of new factories. The Radoje Dakić factory, built-in 1946 for the production of heavy machinery, became one of

5340-428: The north-eastern Ottoman-Serbian border, in urban areas and in over 30 settlements located in central and south-eastern Kosovo. Ottoman authorities had difficulties accommodating to the needs of the refugees and they were hostile to the local Serbian population committing revenge attacks. The expulsion of the Albanian population from these regions was done in a manner that today could be classed as ethnic cleansing as

5429-449: The number of Albanian refugees from Serbia was about 30,000 a figure which current day Serbian historians such as Dušan Bataković also maintain. That number was accepted by Serbian historiography and remained unquestioned for almost a century. Drawing upon Serbian archive and travelers documents historian Miloš Jagodić believes that the number of Albanians and Muslims that left Serbia was "much larger", agreeing with Đorđe Stefanović that

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5518-598: The number of Albanian refugees from the region as numbering between 60–70,000 in the vilayet of Kosovo and 60,000 Muslim or Albanian refugees in Macedonia. Albanologist Robert Elsie estimates the number of Albanian refugees in Kosovo at some 50,000. Albanian sociologist Gëzim Alpion asserts that over 100,000 Albanians were expelled from regions in Serbia and Montenegro. According to some Albanian scholars, 200,000 people were expelled and Hakif Bajrami claims that 350,000 people were expelled. Jovan Cvijić estimated that

5607-408: The number of refugee families at 60,000 families in Macedonia, with 60-70,000 refugees from Serbia spread out within the vilayet of Kosovo. The Ottoman governor of the Vilayet of Kosovo estimated in 1881 the refugees number to be around 65,000 with some resettled in the Sanjaks of Üsküp and Yeni Pazar . Some of these Albanian refugees were also resettled in other parts of the Ottoman Empire such as

5696-402: The number was 49,000 Albanian refugees out of at least 71,000 Muslims that left. There were multiple reasons held by the Serbian government for the expulsions. Serbian authorities intended to expel the Muslim population, as they were deemed unreliable and undesirable that needed to be substituted with other inhabitants. Retaliation for attitudes held toward Christians within the Ottoman state

5785-489: The overall motivation for the expulsion was to "create a pure Serbian nation" through "cleansing" the area of non-Christians. These events in later years would also serve as a possible Serbian solution to the Albanian question in Kosovo and Macedonia for individuals such as Vaso Čubrilović , who advocated similar measures due to their success. The regions vacated by Albanians were soon repopulated by Serbs from central and eastern Serbia and some Montenegrins who settled along

5874-425: The plum to be a very important fruit. On that day, there are many plum cultivators who show off their fruit. Many festival attendees listen to folk and other Serbian music. This Toplica District , Serbia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877%E2%80%931878 Modern estimates: 49,000–130,000 Albanian refugees The expulsion of

5963-480: The refugees to return home. On the other hand, Russia's vice-consul in the Kosovo vilayet Ivan Yastrebov advised the local Ottoman governor Nazif Pasha to prevent the return of refugees to Serbia as their presence within the Kosovo area would strengthen the local Muslim element. Josif H. Kostić, a local school headmaster from Leskovac witnessing the flight of refugees during winter 1877 noted that many of them had fled their homes with meagre clothing and that from

6052-432: The results of the independence referendum in May 2006, Podgorica saw significant development as the capital of an independent state, including the reconstruction and renaming of the former Ivan Milutinović Square to Independence Square . On 13 October 2008, at least 10,000 people protested against Kosovo's declaration of independence . On 19 December 2008, the Moscow Bridge opened for pedestrians. On 7 August 2013,

6141-426: The road that led to Podgorica through Trebinje and Nikšić . As a busy crossroads, Podgorica was a vibrant regional center of trade and communication. This boosted its development, economic power, military strength, and strategic importance. The Ottoman Empire captured Podgorica in 1474. Podgorica became a kaza of the Sanjak of Scutari (which was historically led by Albanian Pashas). In 1479, The Ottomans built

6230-571: The second to break the Niš- Sofia lines of communication for Ottoman forces. After besieging Niš, Serbian forces headed south-west into the Toplica valley to prevent a counterattack by Ottoman forces. Prokuplje was taken on the third day of the war and local Albanians fled their homes toward the Pasjača mountain range, leaving cattle and other property behind. Some Albanians returned and submitted to Serbian authorities, while others fled to Kuršumlija. Advancing Serbian forces heading to Kuršumlija also came across resisting Albanian refugees spread out in

6319-403: The surrounding mountain ranges and refusing to surrender. Many personal belongings such as wagons were strewn and left behind in the woods. Kuršumlija was taken soon after Prokuplje, while Albanian refugees had reached the southern slopes of the Kopaonik mountain range. Ottoman forces attempted to counterattack through the Toplica valley and relieve the siege at Niš, which turned the area into

6408-452: The town of Medveđa have small numbers of Albanians and their descendants remained. This was due to a local Ottoman Albanian commander Shahid Pasha from the Jablanica area negotiating on good terms with Prince Milan and thereby guaranteeing their presence. Some other Albanians such as merchants attempted to remain in Niš, but they left after murders occurred and their property was sold off at low values. In 1879, some Albanian refugees from

6497-583: The town of Blace, the following villages consist the municipality of Blace: According to the official census done in 2011, the municipality of Blace had 11,754 inhabitants. The urban population comprises 44.7% of the municipality's population. Most of Blace's population is of Serbian nationality (98.27%). The ethnic composition of the municipality: Every year in August, there is a 3-day festival named "Šljivijada" ("Plumday" in English); citizens of Blace consider

6586-767: The valley of Lake Skadar and near the Adriatic Sea, in fertile lowlands with favourable climate. The earliest human settlements were in prehistory: the oldest physical remains are from the late Stone Age . In the Iron Age , the area between the Zeta and Bjelopavlići valleys was populated by two Illyrian tribes, the Labeates and the Docleatae . The population of the town of Doclea was 8,000–10,000, in which all core urban issues were resolved. The high population density (in an area of about 10 km (6 mi) radius)

6675-422: The victims included civilians. These Albanian refugees and their descendants became known in Albanian as Muhaxhir ; plural: Muhaxhirë , a generic word for Muslim refugees (borrowed from Ottoman Turkish : Muhacir and derived from Arabic : Muhajir ). The events of this period led to tense relations and conflict between the Serbian and Albanian peoples. On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and

6764-545: The wars of 1876–1878 "tripled" the hatred of Turks and Albanians, especially that of the refugee population toward the Serbs by committing acts of violence against them. Belgrade Professor of Law Živojin Perić stated in 1900 that conciliatory treatment toward the Albanians by Serbia in allowing them to remain could have prevented such hostility and possibly gained Albanian sympathies. Scholar Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević noted in 1909 that

6853-561: The wider area. There was also a minority of Circassian refugees settled by the Ottomans during the 1860s, near the then border around the environs of Niš. Estimates vary on the size of the Muslim population within these areas. In his extensive studies of Ottoman population movements, American historian Justin McCarthy regarding the Muslim population of the Sanjak of Niş gives the figure of 131,000 Muslims in 1876, with only 12,000 remaining in 1882. Whereas historian Noel Malcolm gives

6942-583: Was bombed over 80 times throughout the course of the war. The city was first bombed by the Luftwaffe on 6 April 1941. On 5 May 1944, Podgorica was bombed by the USAAF in an attack against Axis forces, although the bombardment that day killed approximately 400 civilians. The city was liberated on 19 December 1944. According to the Museum of Genocide Victims , a total of 1,691 people were killed in Podgorica over

7031-433: Was also used as a motive. Prime Minister Jovan Ristić wanted a homogeneous country, without Muslims and with a reliable population in the area. Ristić viewed Albanian populated territories as strategically important and representing a future base to expand into Ottoman Kosovo and Macedonia. General Kosta Protić , who led the Serbian army during the war, did not want Serbia to have "its Caucasus ", as an Albanian minority

7120-552: Was annexed to the Principality of Montenegro, marking the end of four centuries of Ottoman rule, and the beginning of a new era for Podgorica and Montenegro. The first forms of capital concentration were seen in 1902 when roads were built to all neighboring towns, and tobacco became Podgorica's first significant commercial product. In 1904, a savings bank named Zetska formed the first significant financial institution; this would soon grow into Podgorička Bank. World War I marked

7209-425: Was burned. Serbian forces continued their southwest advance entering the valleys of Kosanica, Pusta Reka and Jablanica. Serbian forces in the Morava valley continued to head for Vranje, with the intention of then turning west and entering Kosovo proper. The Serbian advance in the southwest was slow, due to the hilly terrain and much resistance by local Albanians who were defending their villages and also sheltering in

7298-474: Was followed by the expulsion of their Albanian and Slavic Muslim populations who resettled in Shkodër . On the eve of conflict between Serbia and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial, at times compact and mainly rural Albanian population alongside some urban Turks (some of Albanian heritage ) lived with Serbs within the Sanjak of Niş . Throughout the course of the war, the Albanian population depending on

7387-492: Was founded in Titograd. On 15 April 1979, the city suffered damage by a 6.9 magnitude earthquake . Titograd was the site of massive protests during Yugoslavia's anti-bureaucratic revolution . On 10 January 1989, over 10,000 people protested in the city. By the turn of the decade, Titograd was recognized as the city with the most greenery in Yugoslavia, along with Banja Luka . As Yugoslavia began to break up , Titograd

7476-650: Was inhabited by compact Muslim Albanian population while Serbs in those areas lived near the river mouths and mountain slopes and both peoples inhabited other regions of the South Morava river basin. The Muslim population of most of the area was composed out of ethnic Albanians and with Turks located in urban centres. Part of the Turks were of Albanian origin. The Muslims in the cities of Niš and Pirot were Turkish-speaking; Vranje and Leskovac were Turkish- and Albanian-speaking; Prokuplje and Kuršumlija were Albanian-speaking. Muslim Romani were also present within

7565-506: Was made possible by the geographical position, favorable climate, and economic conditions and by the defensive positions that were of great importance at that time. The name Podgorica was first mentioned in 1326 in a court document of the Kotor archives. The city was economically strong: trade routes between the Republic of Ragusa and Serbia, well developed at that time, were maintained via

7654-549: Was recorded. Maximum temperature was recorded on 24 August 2007, at 44.8 °C (112.6 °F), while all time minimum was −9.7 °C (14.5 °F), on 4 February 1956. Although medium-sized by European standards, Podgorica is by far the largest city in Montenegro : almost a quarter of Montenegrin citizens live there. According to the 2023 census, there are 186,827 people in Podgorica Capital City, which

7743-470: Was renamed to Podgorica after a referendum on 2 April 1992. On 25 May 1992, Podgorica was the site of a Serbian Radical Party rally of approximately 10,000 supporters, during which a Montenegrin Bosniak man named Adem Šabotić attempted to assassinate Vojislav Šešelj via hand bomb after his supporters chanted references to killing Muslims . Šešelj, his bodyguards, and a few bystanders were injured after

7832-509: Was taken, Serbian forces took Vranje. Local Muslims had left with their belongings prior to Serbian forces reaching the town, and other Muslims of the countryside experienced tensions with Serbian neighbours who fought against and eventually evicted them from the area. Albanian refugees defended the Veternica canyon, before retreating toward the Goljak mountains. Albanians who lived nearby in

7921-405: Was viewed as a possible security concern. Supporting Protić's views for expulsion of the Muslim population, including Albanians, were most of the senior Serbian army officers and Prince Milan . Hostilities broke out on 15 December 1877, after a Russian request for Serbia to enter the conflict. The Serbian military crossed the border in two directions. The first objective was to capture Niš and

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