Misplaced Pages

#130869

54-765: The Black Hawk Purchase , also known as the Forty-Mile Strip or Scott's Purchase , extended along the West side of the Mississippi River from the north boundary of Missouri North to the Upper Iowa River in the northeast corner of Iowa. It was fifty miles wide at the ends, and forty in the middle, and is sometimes called the "Forty-Mile Strip". The land, originally owned by the Sauk , Meskwaki (Fox), and Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Native American people,

108-678: A Sauk warrior of the Fox clan and his wife of mixed lineage. He lived in a village near what became Peoria, Illinois on the Illinois River , and although not of the traditional ruling elite, was elected to the tribal council as a young man. He had a wife, who may be buried in Schuyler County, Missouri . During the War of 1812 , Keokuk convinced fellow tribal members not to leave their principal village, Saukenuk , and also not to fight for

162-573: A captive to Washington, D.C. , and eastern cities), to the custody of Keokuk, who had been officially recognized as the principal chief of the Sauks and Foxes in that treaty. In 1837, with several of his nation's village chiefs, Keokuk visited Washington, where a peace was arranged between his people and their old-time adversaries, the Sioux . They also visited New York City , Boston , and Cincinnati , where Keokuk's speeches attracted attention. Black Hawk

216-596: A point 50 miles [80 km] from the Mississippi measured on said line; thence in a right line to the nearest point on the Cedar River , of Iowa, 40 miles [60 km] from the Mississippi; thence in a right line to a point in the northern boundary of the State of Missouri , 50 miles [80 km] measured on said boundary from the Mississippi River; thence by the last mentioned boundary to the Mississippi River, and by

270-524: Is now Davenport, Iowa , on the west bank of the Mississippi River . The agreement was ratified February 13, 1833, and officially went into effect on June 1, 1833, when the territory became the first section of what is now Iowa to be opened for settlement by non-Native Americans: United States citizens , or Europeans. In "Treaty With the Sauk and Foxes, 1832", the land was described as follows: all

324-407: Is than where the tract extended from Missouri nearly to Minnesota . It was 50 miles [80 km] wide at the ends, and 40 in the middle." According to The History of Jefferson County, Iowa (1879), "This was a strip of land on the west bank of the Mississippi River , the western boundary of which commenced at the southeast corner of the present county of Davis ; thence to a point on Cedar River, near

378-541: The Oskush/Askasa/Shkasha (male: Shkasha/Oshkashîwiwa , female: Shkashîhkwêwa/Oshkashîhkwêwiwa ) ("the brave"). The two moieties were each symbolized by two colors: The Askasa/Shkasha painted their faces and partly their bodies with charcoal in mahkatêwâwi (black) and the Ki-sko-ha/Kîshkôha painted their bodies with white clay in wâpeshkyâwi (white). This duality was also celebrated by

432-631: The Meskwaki people. Their Sauk language is part of the Algonquian language family . The Sauk or Sac called themselves Thâkîwaki, translating as "people coming forth [from the outlet]" or "[from the water]". Their autonym is written oθaakiiwaki in the current orthography. Ojibwe people called them Ozaagii(-wag) . The latter name was transliterated into French and English by European colonists. The neighboring Anishanabeg Ojibwe (Sauk name: Ochipwêwa) and Odawa peoples referred to them by

486-513: The Potawatomi (Pehkînenîha or Shîshîpêhinenîha). This relation has been found by borrowings of Sauk vocabulary that appear in the Potawatomi language . In a loose coalition of tribes – including Dakota (Ashâha), Ho-Chunk , Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi, Kickapoo (Kîkâpôwa), Meskwaki (Fox), and Sauk, along with the Shawnee (Shâwanôwa), Cherokee (Shanahkîha), and Choctaw (Châkitâha) from

540-543: The exonym Ozaagii(-wag) , meaning "those at the outlet". French colonists transliterated that as Sac and the English as "Sauk". The Sauk/Sac called themselves the autonym of Othâkîwa, Thâkîwa, Thâkîwaki or Asaki-waki/Oθaakiiwaki people of the yellow earth [("people coming forth [from the outlet]," i.e., "from the water")], which is often interpreted to mean "yellow-earth people" or "the Yellow-Earths", due to

594-560: The Americans.... (The) interpreter tells me that Keokuk's speeches are more easily translated than those of any other of his tribe...that he is not rash, but is willing to take advice and consults.... In the last war he took the part of the British and killed four Americans with his own hand.... Keokuk is not a head chief having rank by inheritance, but a warrior chief which rank is attained by prowess. ... He has three sisters for wives and I

SECTION 10

#1732780575131

648-554: The British and war chief Black Hawk. However, many warriors had already left to do so, so Keokuk was also elected a war chief and successfully protected his village through oratory. In 1824, he visited Washington, D.C., with other Native American leaders, including Chief Wapello also of the Meskwaki people (sometimes called the Fox tribe). Keokuk was noted for his personal bravery as well as oratorical skill. On several occasions, he persuaded tribal assemblies, although before he spoke every member but himself had been firmly determined to

702-637: The Dakota, Pawnee (Pânîha) and, most of all, the powerful Osage (Washâsha). The Sauk had good relations with the English (Thâkanâsha) through trading. At first, the Sauk had good relations with New France too, until their alliance with the Meskwaki (Fox) made them short-term enemies of the French (Mêmehtekôshîha, Wêmehtekôshîha). A closely allied tribe, the Meskwaki (Fox) , were noted for resisting French encroachment, having fought two wars against them in

756-688: The Dawes Act purposely broke collective tribal lands into small allotments designated for individual households. The remainder of land not allotted to the Sac and Fox was then sold to non-Native settlers in an attempt to gain Oklahoma statehood and the full assimilation of its Native American population. By 1889, 519 of the tribe were located in Indian Territory, what is now central Oklahoma. On June 10, 1891, they ceded these Indian Territory lands to

810-539: The Outlet Bay"). For many years, the Sauk are believed to have prospered in the fertile valley of Saginaw thereafter. They had been driven west by pressure from other tribes, especially the powerful Haudenosaunee , which sought control over hunting grounds in the area. Some Ojibwe oral histories also place the Sauk in the Saginaw Valley some time before the arrival of Europeans. Sauk traditions state that

864-504: The Sauk as once dwelling at this location near Lake Huron . There is little archaeological evidence that the Sauk lived in the Saginaw area. In the early 17th century, when natives told French explorer Samuel de Champlain that the Sauk nation was located on the west shore of Lake Michigan, Champlain mistakenly placed them on the western shore of Lake Huron . This mistake was copied on subsequent maps, and future references identified this as

918-585: The Sauk occupying the area of Saginaw Valley. The Ojibwe allied with the Odawa, who resided south of the Sauk, and sprung a series of attacks on the Sauk, which practically decimated their people. One such attack, the Battle of Skull Island, occurred on a peninsula in the Saginaw River, which then was called Skull Island. (Its name came from the many skulls and bones supposedly found in mounds on that island over

972-405: The Sauk. At first, Keokuk accepted the loss of land as inevitable in the face of the vast numbers of white soldiers and settlers coming west. He tried to preserve tribal land and his people, and to keep the peace. Having failed to receive expected supplies from the Americans on credit, Black Hawk wanted to fight, saying his people were "forced into war by being deceived". Led by Black Hawk in 1832,

1026-865: The Southeast – they attacked the tribes of the Illinois Confederation (Mashkotêwa) and tried to invade their tribal areas. The Illinois (Inoca) became their worst common enemies. The coalition warred for years until they destroyed the Illinois Confederation. Later they moved out on the prairie (Mashkotêwi) along the Mississippi and adopted the semi-sedentary lifestyle of Plains Indians (Mashkotêwineniwa). In addition to hunting buffalo , they lived in villages, raised crops, and actively traded with other tribes. The Sauk and allied eastern tribes had to compete with tribes who already occupied this territory. Disputes and clashes arose with

1080-605: The U.S. government. Keokuk moved his tribe several times and always acted as an ardent friend of the Americans . His policies were contrary to fellow Sauk leader Black Hawk , who led part of their band to defeat in the Black Hawk War , was later returned by U.S. forces to Keokuk's custody, and who died a decade before Keokuk. Keokuk was born around 1780 on the Rock River in what soon became Illinois Territory to

1134-630: The United States (and white settlers). When Black Hawk returned from a foray (or attempted settlement in Iowa) and found white settlers in his ancestral village, he took up arms, and solicited general co-operation from his tribe. However, Keokuk succeeded in keeping the majority of the band at peace, and he became one of three "money chiefs" who distributed payments under this and other treaties. Keokuk took every opportunity to attempt to persuade Black Hawk to withdraw from his aggressive position before it

SECTION 20

#1732780575131

1188-405: The civil chiefs were hereditary. The other two chiefs were recognized by bands after they demonstrated their ability or spiritual power. This traditional manner of selecting historic clan chiefs and governance was replaced in the 19th century by the United States appointing leaders through their agents at the Sac and Fox Agency, or reservation in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). In the 20th century,

1242-526: The contrary. At one time, in May 1832, Keokuk broke in upon a war dance that his band was holding preparatory to uniting with Black Hawk against the whites, and convinced the warriors in the heat of their fury that such would be suicidal and must not be undertaken. Keokuk moved his tribe across the Mississippi River to a site on the Iowa River by 1828, and the following year Caleb Atwater met him: Keokuk,

1296-461: The early 18th century. After a devastating battle of September 9, 1730, in Illinois, in which hundreds of warriors were killed and many women and children taken captive by French allies, Fox refugees took shelter with the Sac. This made the Sauk subject to French attack in turn. The Sauk continued moving west to Iowa and Kansas . Keokuk and Black Hawk were two important leaders who arose among

1350-572: The federal government. Many of the latter treaties listed have little to no information regarding their details, besides the date. The Sauk signed a total of 39 treaties from 1758 to 1891 The Sauk and Fox peoples were divided into two moieties or "divisions", which in turn were subdivided into Patri-lineages and Clans as local subgroups (segments). The moieties were known as the Kishko/Ki-sko-ha/Kîshkôha (male: Kîshkôha , female: Kîshkôhkwêha ) ("the long-haired") and as

1404-567: The fine looking man..., whom I spoke of yesterday, was the principal speaker.... They all spoke without embarrassment, and fluently, but I thought Keokuk was an orator. His countenance was really noble, intellectual and firm, occasionally relaxing with grace, and altogether commanding. ... He was five feet eleven, erect and stout, with a stately step and free. ... His voice was manly and full volumed as he spoke, and his utterance peculiarly distinct and rapid. His eyes and whole face were calm as he spoke, inspiring respect." ... Last evening Keokuk...went up

1458-512: The garrison when he met them. I informed him that for this act he was entitled to a bounty in money, to which he proudly replied that he acted from motives of friendship towards the United States and would accept no money for it. In July 1830, Keokuk was one of several native leaders who entered into the Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien with Indian Agent William Clark . This ceded territory including Saukenuk (Black Hawk's home village) to

1512-451: The lands to which the said tribes have title, or claim, (with the exception of the reservation hereinafter made,) included within the following bounds, to wit: Beginning on the Mississippi River at a point where the Sac and Fox northern boundary line, as established by the second article of the Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien , July, 1830, strikes said river; thence up said boundary line to

1566-473: The mainly Sac band resisted the continued loss of lands (in western Illinois, this time.) Their warfare with United States forces resulted in defeat at the hands of General Edmund P. Gaines in the Black Hawk War . From 1832 to 1837, debt and poverty were tools used to coerce the Sauk and Meskwaki to relocate three times following successive cessions of territory. The population of the two tribes living in Iowa

1620-541: The mouth of the Rock River ( Sinnissippi – "rocky waters") into the Mississippi ( Mäse'sibowi – "great river"), the most important Sauk settlement in the 18th and 19th centuries with about 4,000 inhabitants, was divided into 12 districts, which were assigned to the respective clans. The tribe was governed by a council of sacred clan chiefs, a war chief, the head of families, and the warriors. Chiefs were recognized in three categories: civil, war, and ceremonial. Only

1674-652: The northeast corner of Johnson County ; thence northwest to the neutral grounds of the Winnebagoes ; thence to the Mississippi to a point above Prairie du Chien ..." Still another history describes it as extending from the Yellow River in the north to the Des Moines River in the south. Two areas were held back as special awards; one was assigned to the chief Keokuk and his Sauk people in thanks for their neutrality (later known as Keokuk's Reserve);

Black Hawk Purchase - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-764: The other was given to " half-breed " translator Antoine LeClaire . (Note: LeClaire's reserve was different from the Half-Breed Tract , which was designated and set aside west of the Missouri River before the Black Hawk Purchase.) The land of the purchase was successively governed by the legislatures of the Michigan Territory , the Wisconsin Territory , Iowa Territory and finally Iowa . The Black Hawk Purchase

1782-473: The place of the Sauk. Champlain never visited what is now Michigan. Anishinaabe expansion and the Huron attempting to gain regional stability drove the Sac out of their territory. The Huron were armed with guns supplied by their French trading partners. The Sac moved south to territory in parts of what are now northern Illinois and Wisconsin . In the 17th century the Sauk also maintained close relations with

1836-409: The principal warrior of the Sauks, is a shrewd politic man as well as a brave one and he possesses great weight of character in their national councils. He is a high minded, honorable man and never begs of the whites. While ascending the Mississippi to join us at the head of his brave troops, he met, arrested, and brought along with him to Fort Crawford two United States soldiers who were deserting from

1890-505: The purchase was completed. The Black Hawk Purchase contained an area of 6 million acres (24,000 km²), and the price was equivalent to 11 cents/acre ($ 26 per km²). The region is bounded on the East by the Mississippi River and includes Dubuque, Fort Madison, and present-day Davenport. The treaty was made by General Winfield Scott and the Governor of Illinois , John Reynolds , at what

1944-501: The red earth"). The Sauk, an Algonquian languages people, are believed to have developed as a people along the St. Lawrence River , which is now northern New York. The precise time is unknown, but around the time of the year 1600, they were driven from the area of the St. Lawrence River . Some historians believe that the Sauk migrated to what is now eastern Michigan , where they settled around Saginaw Bay (Ojibwe: Zaagiinaad-wiikwed – "Of

1998-760: The remains thus interred were of a much younger man. The Chief Keokuk Statue, designed by Nellie Walker and erected in 1913, stands in Keokuk's Rand Park, as erected by the Keokuk chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . In May 1832 Scottish traveller William Richard Grahame, facilitated by his acquaintance with Governor Coles of Illinois whom he had met on board a steamer, was able to observe two conferences between Governor Clark and Keokuk in St. Louis and records his impressions in his diary: "Keokuk,

2052-545: The river in a steamboat. ... (he) had a long weapon...a spear...he...vociferated...His gestures and the tones of his voice were those of defiance and menace: to me it was a splendid piece of pantomime and rhapsody, but to his companions it appeared from the cheers to be a splendid piece of eloquence. ... I have been told that (Keokuk said that the Americans have been helpful and friendly to the Indians) and that by deeds as well as words he and his tribe would prove their gratitude to

2106-475: The shores of Lake Osakis. They had been banished from their tribe for murder. According to Anishinaabe oral tradition, these five Sac were killed by local Dakota in the late 18th century. Place names with "Sauk" references include: Keokuk (Sauk chief) Keokuk (circa 1780–June 1848) was a leader of the Sauk tribe in central North America , and for decades was one of the most recognized Native American leaders and noted for his accommodation with

2160-964: The supporters of the Republican Party are associated with the Shkasha/Shkashîhkwêwa . Originally, the Sauk had a patrilineal and exogamous clan system , in which descent and inheritance was traced through the father. Clans or Mîthonî distinguished and named on the basis of totem animals, which are: Mahkwithowa (Bear Clan), Amehkwithowa (Beaver Clan), Peshekethiwithowa (Deer Clan), Ketiwithowa / Mekethiwithowa (Eagle Clan), Nemêthithowa (Fish Clan), Wâkoshêhithowa (Fox Clan), Kehchikamîwithowa (Ocean/Sea/Great Lake Clan), Keshêhokimâwithowa (Peace Clan), Ahpenîthowa (Potato Clan), Akônithowa (Snow Clan), Nenemehkiwithowa (Thunder Clan), Manethenôkimâwithowa (Warrior Clan), and Mahwêwithowa (Wolf Clan). Saukenuk or Saukietown (today: Black Hawk State Historic Site ) near

2214-482: The tribe adopted a constitutional government patterned after the United States form. They elect their chiefs. Today, the federally recognized Sac and Fox tribes include: Lake Osakis in west-central Minnesota , the Sauk River , ^ which flows from Lake Osakis, and the towns of Osakis , Sauk Centre , and Sauk Rapids all were named for association historically with a small party of Sac who made camp on

Black Hawk Purchase - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-597: The tribe occupied the vicinity of Saginaw river. (In this tradition, the name 'Saginaw' comes from the Ojibwe "O-Sauk-e-non," meaning "land of the Sauks" or "where the Sauks were.") Approximately from the years 1638 to 1640, it is believed that a fierce battle ensued, nearly annihilating the entire Sauk Tribe. According to the legend, the Ojibwe inhabited the lands north of the Saginaw Bay, and the harsher northern climate caused more difficulty in prosperity compared to that of

2322-498: The tribe to Oklahoma Territory . Keokuk County, Iowa and the town of Keokuk, Iowa are named after him, although chief Keokuk had never visited the town before it was incorporated in 1834. Keokuk Street in Petaluma, California is also named after him. Pursuant to the efforts of Iowa judge Caleb Davis, a collector of Native American relics, Chief Keokuk was reburied in Keokuk in 1883, although modern forensics have determined that

2376-673: The two moieties in Lacrosse , which was often played extremely brutally to toughen young warriors for combat, for recreation, as part of festivals, and used as preparation for imminent wars or raids. This division has survived to the present day, but is now more related to the political system of the United States: the supporters of the Democratic Party are associated with the Kîshkôha/Kîshkôhkwêha , while

2430-621: The two tribes together since their residency in the Midwest. A number of Meskwaki returned to the Midwest from Oklahoma (or resisted leaving.) They joined the Meskwaki at the Meskwaki Settlement in Tama County, Iowa . The land currently occupied by the Sauk is only a section of what used to be the Sac and Fox Reservation from 1867 to 1891. This reservation was established by the U.S. and spanned 480,000 acres. In 1886, however,

2484-469: The western shore of said river to the place of beginning." According to The Making of Iowa (1900), "The Black Hawk Purchase extended along the west side of the Mississippi River from the north boundary of Missouri north to the Upper Iowa River . The Upper Iowa River is in the northeast corner of Iowa , and must not be confounded with the Iowa River in the southern half of the state. This

2538-449: The years.) In this battle, it is said that the Sauk had used their boats to cross part of the river, escape to the island, and were temporarily free from their attackers. But when morning came, ice had solidified the river enough for the Ojibwe to cross. They killed every member of the Sauk tribe who had fled to that island besides 12 women whom they later sent west of the Mississippi River. But later Europeans may have mistakenly recorded

2592-463: The yellow-clay soils found around Saginaw Bay. This interpretation possibly derived from the Sauk words Athâwethiwa or Athâw(i) ("yellow") and Neniwaki ("men, people"). This was later shortened to "Asaki-waki". In addition, the Fox (Meskwaki) were generally known among neighboring tribes as the "people of the red earth" - the Sauk and Fox also used this term: Êshkwîha or Meshkwahkîha ("people of

2646-405: Was acquired by treaty following their defeat by the United States in the Black Hawk War . After being defeated the Sauk and Meskwaki were forced to relinquish another 2.5 million hectares or (6 million acres) and give up their rights to plant, hunt, or fish on the land. The purchase was made for $ 640,000 on September 21, 1832 and was named for the chief Black Hawk , who was held prisoner at the time

2700-499: Was followed by the so-called Second Black Hawk Purchase (1837) and New Purchase (1842). Sauk people The Sauk or Sac are Native Americans and Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands . Their historical territory was near Green Bay, Wisconsin . Today they have three tribes based in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Their federally recognized tribes are: They are closely allied with

2754-574: Was halved in the twelve years from 1833 to 1845. About this time, one group of Sac moved into Missouri, and later to Kansas and Nebraska. In 1869, after the Civil War, the United States forced the larger group of Sac to move into a reservation in Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma ). They formed the federally recognized Sac and Fox Nation , which is misnamed and is primarily Sauk. The United States had been making treaties with

SECTION 50

#1732780575131

2808-520: Was moved further west into Kansas. Keokuk and his people arrived at their new reservation near Ottawa, Kansas in 1845, and Keokuk there died in June 1848. Alternate sources describe the cause of his death as dysentery , alcoholism, or poison administered by a disaffected surviving member of the Black Hawk band who was soon executed. His son Moses Keokuk succeeded him as chief, and would later move

2862-479: Was too late, but the U.S. Army and Illinois militia soon defeated Black Hawk's warriors. A four hundred square mile strip surrounding Keokuk's village in Iowa was exempted from the 1832 Black Hawk Purchase , a treaty which ended the war and which was negotiated at Fort Armstrong, Illinois (near Rock Island ) in September 1832,. In August 1833, U. S. authorities formally delivered Black Hawk (who had been taken as

2916-474: Was with the party, as Keokuk feared leaving him to scheme during his own absence. Black Hawk died the following year. In August 1842, Keokuk and several tribal members (including wives), visited Nauvoo, Illinois , and he soon negotiated the sale of the tribe's land across the river in Iowa (his friend Chief Wapello having died in March). Thus, in 1845, despite the land reservation in the 1832 treaty, Keokuk's band

#130869