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116-451: Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music . Common traits include fast tempos , a shrieking vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking , raw ( lo-fi ) recording, unconventional song structures , and an emphasis on atmosphere. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms . Venom initiated the genre's first wave, with their second album Black Metal (1982) giving it its name. In

232-463: A "foolish idea." According to Erik Danielsson, when his band Watain formed in 1998, there were very few bands who took black metal as seriously as the early Norwegian scene had. A newer generation of Swedish Satanic bands like Watain and Ondskapt , inspired by Ofermod , the new band of Nefandus member Belfagor, put this scene "into a new light." Kvarforth said, "It seems like people actually [got] afraid again." "The current Swedish black metal scene has

348-621: A 37-year-old man . It was said he was killed "out of anger" because he had "harassed" the two men. Nödtveidt received a 10-year sentence. As the victim was a homosexual immigrant, Dissection was accused of being a Nazi band, but Nödtveidt denied this and dismissed racism and nationalism. The Swedish band Shining , founded in 1996, began writing music almost exclusively about depression and suicide, musically inspired by Strid and by Burzum's albums Hvis lyset tar oss and Filosofem . Vocalist Niklas Kvarforth wanted to "force-feed" his listeners "with self-destructive and suicidal imagery and lyrics." In

464-494: A band who Johnathan Selzer of Terrorizer magazine says "represent the DIY aspect of black metal." In addition, lo-fi production was used to keep black metal inaccessible or unappealing to mainstream music fans and those who are not committed . Many have claimed that black metal was originally intended only for those who were part of the scene and not for a wider audience. Vocalist Gaahl said that during its early years, "Black metal

580-554: A bass intro on the song " Sweet Emotion " from their album Toys in the Attic . Thrash metal group Metallica 's 1983 debut album Kill 'Em All features a solo by bassist Cliff Burton on "(Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth", which some consider his greatest work. John McVie of Fleetwood Mac performed a notable bass solo on " The Chain " from the record-setting 1977 album Rumours . Manowar 's bassist Joey DeMaio uses special piccolo bass for his extremely fast bass solos like "Sting of

696-529: A bass solo on both their studio album Dude Ranch and their live album The Mark, Tom and Travis Show (The Enema Strikes Back!) , in which they must "prepare for the bass solo." Heavy metal bass players such as Geezer Butler ( Black Sabbath ), Alex Webster ( Cannibal Corpse ), Cliff Burton (Metallica), jazz fusion bassist Jaco Pastorius ( Weather Report ), and Les Claypool ( Primus , Blind Illusion ) used chime-like harmonics and rapid plucking techniques in their bass solos. Geddy Lee of Rush performed

812-530: A black metal band, vocalist Dani Filth said he considers them black metal in terms of philosophy and atmosphere, but not in other ways. Another English band called Necropolis never released any music, but "began a desecratory assault against churches and cemeteries in their area" and "almost caused Black Metal to be banned in Britain as a result". Dayal Patterson says successful acts like Cradle of Filth "provoked an even greater extremity [of negative opinion] from

928-662: A confrontation began and Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death. His body was found outside the apartment with 23 cut wounds—two to the head, five to the neck, and sixteen to the back. It has been speculated that the murder was the result of either a power struggle, a financial dispute over Burzum records or an attempt at outdoing a stabbing in Lillehammer the year before by Faust. Vikernes denies all of these, claiming that he attacked Euronymous in self-defense. He says that Euronymous had plotted to stun him with an electroshock weapon , tie him up and torture him to death while videotaping

1044-582: A disharmonic sound that is representative of that scene. The early American black metal bands remained underground. Some of them—like Grand Belial's Key and Judas Iscariot —joined an international NSBM organization called the Pagan Front, although Judas Iscariot's sole member Akhenaten left the organization. Other bands like Averse Sefira never had any link with Nazism. The US bands have no common style. Many were musically inspired by Burzum but did not necessarily adopt Vikernes's ideas. Profanatica's music

1160-656: A disposable camera and photographed the body, after re-arranging some items. One of these photographs was later used as the cover of a bootleg live album, Dawn of the Black Hearts . Euronymous made necklaces with bits of Dead's skull and gave some to musicians he deemed worthy. Rumors also spread that he had made a stew with bits of his brain. Euronymous used Dead's suicide to foster Mayhem's evil image and claimed Dead had killed himself because extreme metal had become trendy and commercialized. Mayhem bassist Jørn 'Necrobutcher' Stubberud noted that "people became more aware of

1276-405: A distinctive "lo-fi" quality. However, even when success allowed access to professional studios, many artists instead chose to continue making lo-fi recordings. Artists believed that by doing so, they would both stay true to the genre's underground roots as well as make the music sound more "raw" or "cold". A well-known example of this approach is on the album Transilvanian Hunger by Darkthrone ,

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1392-533: A drum solo all the time and make these complicated riffs". Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections. The Greek style—established by Rotting Christ , Necromantia and Varathron—has more death metal traits than Norwegian black metal. Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include techniques such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling,

1508-402: A few other instruments or a large ensemble. The accompaniment musicians for a guitar solo can range from a small ensemble such as a jazz quartet or a rock band , to a large ensemble such as an orchestra or big band . Unaccompanied acoustic guitar music is found in folk and classical music dating as far back as the instrument's first use in western music, the use of an acoustic guitar as

1624-536: A few rare lead fills here and there, whilst grunge did not wholly abandon solos and included them from time to time. Guitar solos likewise became less prominent in many pop and popular rock music styles; either being trimmed down to a short four-bar transition or omitted entirely, in a vast departure from the heavy usage of solos in classic rock music from the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s. Classic rock revival music heavily features soloing, along with classic rock bands that are still active as of 2018. Occasionally,

1740-706: A grave in Toulon in June 1996, and a 19-year-old black metal fan stabbed a priest to death in Mulhouse on Christmas Eve 1996. According to MkM of Antaeus and Aosoth, the early French scene "was quite easy to divide: either you were NSBM, and you had the support from zine and the audience, or you were part of the black legions, and you had that 'cult' aura", whereas his band Antaeus, not belonging to either of these sub-scenes, "did not fit anywhere." Many French bands, like Deathspell Omega and Aosoth, have an avantgarde approach and

1856-494: A harsher extremity. In the majority of the world, extreme metal does not receive much radio-play or achieve high chart positions. Extreme metal's sonic excess is characterized by high levels of distortion (also in the vocals – growling, gargling or screaming), less focus on guitar solos and melody, emphasis on technical control, and fast tempos (at times, more than 200 beats per minute ). Its thematic transgression can be found in more overt and/or serious references to Satanism and

1972-477: A large number of muted (or 'ghost' tones) to normal notes to add to the rhythmic effect. Slapping and popping solos were prominent in 1980s pop and R&B, and they are still used by some 2000s-era funk and Latin bands. Bass effects such as fuzz bass or wah-wah pedals to produce a more pronounced sound can be used when playing bass solos, hard rock and heavy metal bassists. Notably, Cliff Burton of Metallica used both distortion and wah-wah. Bass guitar solos have

2088-497: A major influence on thrash metal and extreme metal in general. This early work by Venom, in combination with bands like Discharge , the Exploited and Amebix , as well as American hardcore punk, brought integral elements into the budding extreme metal landscape at the time. In 1983, Metallica would release their debut album Kill 'Em All , which fused elements of the new wave of British heavy metal with hardcore punk and

2204-565: A more abrasive, harsher, underground , non-commercialized style associated with the speed metal , thrash metal , black metal , death metal , and doom metal genres. Hardcore punk has been considered an integral part of the development of extreme metal in song structure and speed, apart from the case of doom metal. Extreme metal acts set themselves apart from traditional heavy metal acts, such as Iron Maiden , Judas Priest and Motörhead , by incorporating more abrasive musical characteristics such as higher tempos, increased aggression and

2320-429: A new blues style emerged on Chicago's West Side pioneered by Magic Sam , Buddy Guy and Otis Rush on Cobra Records . The 'West Side Sound' had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy, Freddie King , Magic Slim and Luther Allison was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar. Other blues artists, such as John Lee Hooker had influences not directly related to

2436-482: A number of solos, most notably in " YYZ ". Also, in both published Van Halen concert videos, Michael Anthony performs unique maneuvers and actions during his solos. Funk bassists, such as Larry Graham , began using slapping and popping techniques for their bass solos, which coupled a percussive thumb-slapping technique of the lower strings with an aggressive finger-snap of the higher strings, often in rhythmic alternation. The slapping and popping technique incorporates

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2552-431: A part of this wave included Germany's Kreator , Sodom and Destruction (from Germany), Italy's Bulldozer and Death SS , Japan's Sabbat and Colombia's Parabellum . In 1987, in the fifth issue of his Slayer fanzine, Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen wrote that "the latest fad of black/Satanic bands seems to be over", citing United States bands Incubus and Morbid Angel , as well as Sabbat from Great Britain as some of

2668-630: A particularly ambitious and articulate understanding of mysticism and its validity to black metal. Many Swedish black metal bands, most notably Watain and Dissection, are [or were] affiliated with the Temple of the Black Light, or Misanthropic Luciferian Order […] a Theistic , Gnostic , Satanic organization based in Sweden". Upon his release in 2004, Jon Nödtveidt restarted Dissection with new members whom he felt were able to "stand behind and live up to

2784-440: A range of techniques, such as plucking or finger picking. In the 1960s, The Who 's bassist, John Entwistle , performed a bass break on the song " My Generation " using a plectrum , though he intended to use his fingers—he simply could not drop the plectrum quickly enough. Many consider this one of the first bass solos in rock music, and one of the most recognizable. John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin , on " Good Times Bad Times ",

2900-762: A reaction against death metal bands, who at that time had begun to use brightly colored album artwork. Many purist black metal artists have continued this style. Black metal album covers are typically dark and tend to be atmospheric or provocative; some feature natural or fantasy landscapes (for example Burzum 's Filosofem and Emperor's In the Nightside Eclipse ) while others are violent, sexually transgressive, sacrilegious, or iconoclastic (for example Marduk 's Fuck Me Jesus and Dimmu Borgir 's In Sorte Diaboli ). The earliest black metal artists had very limited resources, which meant that recordings were often made in homes or basements, giving their recordings

3016-463: A rock context, bass guitar solos are structured and performed in a similar fashion as rock guitar solos, often with the musical accompaniment from the verse or chorus sections. While bass guitar solos appear on few studio albums from rock or pop bands, genres such as progressive rock, fusion -influenced rock, and some types of heavy metal are more likely to include bass solos, both in studio albums and in live performances. Players perform bass solos with

3132-459: A solo voice within an ensemble dates back at least to the Baroque concerto . The classical guitar is an acoustical wooden guitar with six strings, usually nylon, as opposed to the metal strings used in metal stringed acoustic guitars used in other genres. Classical guitar is typically played by plucking individual strings with the fingernails or the fingertips. A classical guitar solo concert

3248-511: A song contains a two-part guitar solo with both rhythm and lead guitar taking solos (e.g., " Master of Puppets " by Metallica), or dual solos with both lead and rhythm playing complementary solos—such as with Twisted Sister 's "30", Iron Maiden's " Hallowed Be Thy Name ", " The Trooper ", Megadeth 's " Holy Wars... The Punishment Due " or Deep Purple ’s " Highway Star ". Some rock bands use harmonized dual lead guitar solos as part of their signature sound, such as Wishbone Ash and Lovebites . This

3364-629: A vocal style influenced by Quorthon of Bathory . Death growls , common in the death metal genre, are sometimes used, but less frequently than the characteristic black metal shriek. Black metal lyrics typically attack Christianity and the other institutional religions, often using apocalyptic language and evoking anti-authoritarianism and anti-establishment messages against religious governments and societies. Satanic lyrics are common, and many see them as essential to black metal. For Satanist black metal artists, "Black metal songs are meant to be like Calvinist sermons; deadly serious attempts to unite

3480-416: Is also considered one of the first wave black metal albums that helped shape the genre. Their second album, The Laws of Scourge , was one of the first technical death metal records to be released. Genres influenced by extreme metal but usually not considered extreme themselves: Guitar solo Guitar solos range from unaccompanied works for a single guitar to compositions with accompaniment from

3596-722: Is close to death metal, while Demoncy were accused of ripping off Gorgoroth riffs. There also emerged bands like Xasthur and Leviathan (whose music is inspired by Burzum and whose lyrics focus on topics such as depression and suicide), Nachtmystium , Krallice , Wolves in the Throne Room (a band linked to the crust punk scene and the environmental movement ), and Liturgy (the style of whom frontwoman Hunter Hunt-Hendrix describes as 'transcendental black metal'). These bands eschew black metal's traditional lyrical content for "something more Whitman -esque" and have been rejected by some traditional black-metallers for their ideologies and

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3712-726: Is considered one of the most influential records for the war metal style. Fenriz of the Norwegian band Darkthrone called Master's Hammer's debut album Ritual "the first Norwegian black metal album, even though they are from Czechoslovakia". It was only during this post–1987 era of bands that the various extreme metal styles began to develop definitions distinct from one another, and the borders of what now consistues black metal were drawn. The second wave of black metal began in 1991, with Rock Hard magazine crediting Samael 's Worship Him (1 April 1991) as its beginnings, while, Metal Hammer writer Enrico Ahlig cited it as beginning with

3828-405: Is noted that their music can be seen to be potentially influenced by Viennese classicism. In the 19th century guitar composers such as Johann Kaspar Mertz (b. Slovakia, Austria 1806) were influenced by music written for the piano. I Francisco Tárrega (b. Spain 1852) wrote more uniquely guitar music, incorporating stylized aspects of flamenco's Moorish influences into his romantic miniatures. This

3944-475: Is typically called a recital ; it may include a variety of works, e.g. works written originally for the lute or vihuela by composers such as John Dowland (b. Ireland 1563) and Luis de Narváez (b. Spain c. 1500), and also music written for the harpsichord by Domenico Scarlatti (b. Italy 1685), for the baroque lute by Sylvius Leopold Weiss (b. Germany 1687), for the baroque guitar by Robert de Visée (b. France c. 1650) or even Spanish-inspired music written for

4060-592: Is usually fast and relies on double-bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute. These fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost ( Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad ) and Hellhammer ( Jan Axel Blomberg ). Even still, authenticity is still prioritized over technique. "This professionalism has to go," insists well-respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz (Gylve Fenris Nagell) of Darkthrone . "I want to de-learn playing drums, I want to play primitive and simple, I don't want to play like

4176-423: Is usually played with fast, un- muted tremolo picking and power chords . Guitarists often use dissonance —along with specific scales , intervals and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread. The tritone , or flat-fifth, is often used. Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal. The bass guitar is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is common for the bass to be muted against

4292-527: The post-rock and shoegazing influences some of them have adopted. Also, some bands like Agalloch started to incorporate "doom and folk elements into the traditional blast-beat and tremolo-picking of the Scandinavian incarnation", a style that later became known as Cascadian black metal , in reference to the region where it emerged. In Australia, a scene led by bands like Deströyer 666 , Vomitor, Hobbs' Angel of Death , Nocturnal Graves and Gospel of

4408-948: The synthesizer usually plays this role. In classic verse–chorus form , it often falls between the second chorus and third verse. Extended guitar solos are sometimes used as a song's outro, such as Christopher Cross ' " Ride Like the Wind ", Radiohead 's " Paranoid Android ", Lynyrd Skynyrd 's " Free Bird ", The Stooges ' " I Wanna Be Your Dog ", Pink Floyd 's " Comfortably Numb ", Guns N' Roses ' " November Rain ", Metallica 's " Fade to Black ", Led Zeppelin 's " Black Dog ", Journey 's " Who's Crying Now ", The Cult 's " Love Removal Machine ", The Beatles ' " While My Guitar Gently Weeps ", .38 Special 's " Hold On Loosely ", The Rolling Stones ' " Sway ", Pearl Jam 's " Alive ", Red Hot Chili Peppers ' " Dani California ", Cream 's " White Room ", AC/DC 's " Let There Be Rock ", Outlaws ' " Green Grass and High Tides ", The Alan Parsons Project 's " Eye in

4524-424: The "Arabic Anti-Islamic Legion." Another Lebanese band, Ayat , drew much attention with their debut album Six Years of Dormant Hatred , released through North American label Moribund Records in 2008. Some European bands have also begun expressing anti-Islamic views, most notably the Norwegian band Taake . Regarding the sound of black metal, there are two conflicting groups within the genre: "those that stay true to

4640-404: The 1960s, electric guitarists have often altered the timbre of their guitar adding electronic guitar effects such as reverb , distortion , delay , and chorus to make the sound fuller and add harmonic overtones. Other effects used in solos include the wah-wah pedal and the talk box . Rock bands often have two guitarists, designated " lead " and " rhythm ", with the lead player performing

4756-516: The 2000s, it has been noted that classical guitar is appearing more in classical music, as contemporary composers are increasingly writing guitar concertos. Composers of the Renaissance period who wrote for four course guitar include Alonso Mudarra , Miguel de Fuenllana , Adrian Le Roy and Guillaume de Morlaye . Composers of the baroque guitar include Gaspar Sanz , Robert de Visée and Francesco Corbetta . From approximately 1780 to 1850,

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4872-608: The 8 April 1991 suicide of Mayhem vocalist Dead . During 1990–1993 , a number of Norwegian artists began performing and releasing a new kind of black metal music; this included Mayhem , Darkthrone , Burzum , Immortal , Emperor , Satyricon , Enslaved , Thorns , and Gorgoroth . They developed the style of their 1980s forebears into a distinct genre. This was partly thanks to a new kind of guitar playing developed by Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch and Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth . Fenriz of Darkthrone described it as being "derived from Bathory" and noted that "those kinds of riffs became

4988-508: The Bumblebee" and "William's Tale". Green Day bassist Mike Dirnt played a bass solo on the song "No One Knows" from the 1992 album Kerplunk! and on the song "Makeout Party" from the 2012 album ¡Dos! . U2 includes a bass solo most notably on " Gloria ", in which Adam Clayton utilizes several techniques. Bassist Matt Freeman of Rancid has a very speedy, guitar-like bass solo in the song '"Maxwell Murder". Blink-182 's "Voyeur" has

5104-455: The Chicago style. John Lee Hooker's blues is more "personal," based on Hooker's deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. These and other blues guitarists as well as the fast-picking techniques derived from country and bluegrass inspired the appearance of many virtuoso blues rock fusion soloists, beginning in 1963 with Lonnie Mack 's first major recordings. Jimi Hendrix

5220-463: The Floor over You " was the first "hit" recording to feature and highlight a solo by a standard electric guitar—though earlier hits featured electric lap steel guitars . Howlin' Wolf , Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon , and Jimmy Reed played in Chicago in a style characterized by the use of electric guitar, sometimes slide guitar , harmonica , and a rhythm section of bass and drums. In the late 1950s,

5336-680: The Horns arose. This scene's typical style is a mixture of old school black metal and raw thrash metal influenced by old Celtic Frost, Bathory, Venom, and Sodom but also with its own elements. Melechesh was formed in Jerusalem in 1993, "the first overtly anti-Christian band to exist in one of the holiest cities in the world". Melechesh began as a straightforward black metal act with their first foray into folk metal occurring on their 1996 EP The Siege of Lachish . Their subsequent albums straddled black, death, and thrash metal. Another band, Arallu ,

5452-463: The NSBM scene, among others, see the Norwegian bands as poseurs whose "ideology is cheap", although they still respect Vikernes and Burzum, whom Grand Belial's Key vocalist Richard Mills called "the only Norwegian band that remains unapologetic and literally convicted of his beliefs." In France, besides Les Légions Noires (The Black Legions), an NSBM scene arose. Members of French band Funeral desecrated

5568-473: The Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has traditionally been applied to bands with widely differing sounds, such as Death SS , Mercyful Fate , Mayhem , Blasphemy , and the Greek and Finnish bands that emerged around the same time as the Norwegian scene. Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or trebly guitar tones and heavy distortion . The guitar

5684-491: The Sky " and Eagles ' " Hotel California ". Solos can take place in the intro, such as " Voodoo Child (Slight Return) " by Jimi Hendrix , " Since I've Been Loving You " by Led Zeppelin, " One " by Metallica, " Lazy " by Deep Purple , " I Want It All " by Queen , " Johnny B. Goode " by Chuck Berry , " Don't Take Me Alive " by Steely Dan , " Sails of Charon " by Scorpions and " Wish You Were Here " by Pink Floyd. In rarer cases,

5800-531: The Swedish black metal band Marduk has commonly referenced the Nazi Panzer tanks, which can be seen in works such as Panzer Division Marduk (1999). The British band Venom are one of the first bands to venture into extreme metal territory, due to their ideological shift into themes of evil , the devil and hell . Their first two albums, Welcome to Hell (1981) and Black Metal (1982), were

5916-454: The Swedish black metal scene started to burn churches as well in 1993. Those convicted for church burnings showed no remorse and described their actions as a symbolic "retaliation" against Christianity in Norway. Mayhem drummer Hellhammer said he had called for attacks on mosques and Hindu temples , on the basis that they were more foreign. Today, opinions on the church burnings differ within

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6032-580: The United States. Black Funeral, from Houston , formed in 1993, was associated with black magic and Satanism . A notable black metal group in England was Cradle of Filth , who released three demos in a black/death metal style with symphonic flourishes, followed by the album The Principle of Evil Made Flesh , which featured a then-unusual hybrid style of black and gothic metal . The band then abandoned black metal for gothic metal, becoming one of

6148-547: The actions and ideologies associated with the genre. Some artists express misanthropic views, and others advocate various forms of extreme anti-Christian sentiment , Satanism , or ethnic paganism . In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murders. There is also a neo-Nazi movement within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists. Generally, black metal strives to remain an underground phenomenon. Although contemporary black metal typically refers to

6264-411: The advent of blues rock and psychedelic rock in the mid-late 1960s, became a characteristic part of rock music. Later still, guitar solos became a defining feature of the rock genre of heavy metal , in which most songs feature a solo. Metal solos often showcase the virtuosity of the guitarists, especially in metal styles that use shred guitar techniques for rapid playing of scales and arpeggios. Since

6380-419: The band. Fellow musicians described Dead as odd, introverted and depressed. Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer , said that Dead was the first to wear the distinctive corpse paint that became widespread in the scene. He was found with slit wrists and a shotgun wound to the head. Dead's suicide note began with "Excuse all the blood", and apologized for firing the weapon indoors. Before calling the police, Euronymous got

6496-469: The bass tracks recorded by Vikernes, but Hellhammer said: "I thought it was appropriate that the murderer and victim were on the same record. I put word out that I was re-recording the bass parts. But I never did". In 2003, Vikernes failed to return to Tønsberg prison after being given a short leave. He was re-arrested shortly after while driving a stolen car with various weapons. Vikernes was released on parole in 2009. Japanese band Sigh formed in 1990 and

6612-426: The beginning, he used the term "suicidal black metal" for his music. However, he stopped using the term in 2001 because it had begun to be used by a slew of other bands, whom he felt had misinterpreted his vision and were using the music as a kind of therapy rather than a weapon against the listener as Kvarforth intended. He said that he "wouldn't call Shining a black metal band" and called the "suicidal black metal" term

6728-510: The black metal community. Many musicians, singers, and songwriters in the early Norwegian black metal scene, such as Infernus and Gaahl of Gorgoroth , continue to praise the church burnings, with the latter saying "there should have been more of them, and there will be more of them". Others, such as Necrobutcher and Kjetil Manheim of Mayhem and Abbath of Immortal, see the church burnings as having been futile. Manheim claimed that many arsons were "just people trying to gain acceptance" within

6844-537: The black metal scene after Dead had shot himself ... I think it was Dead's suicide that really changed the scene". Two other members of the early Norwegian scene later committed suicide: Erik 'Grim' Brødreskift (of Immortal , Borknagar , Gorgoroth ) in 1999 and Espen 'Storm' Andersen (of Strid ) in 2001. During May–June 1991, Euronymous of Mayhem opened an independent record shop named " Helvete " ( Norwegian for "Hell") at Schweigaards gate 56 in Oslo . It quickly became

6960-532: The black metal scene. Watain vocalist Erik Danielsson respected the attacks, but said of those responsible: "the only Christianity they defeated was the last piece of Christianity within themselves. Which is a very good beginning, of course". In early 1993, animosity arose between Euronymous and Vikernes. On the night of 10 August 1993, Varg Vikernes (of Burzum) and Snorre 'Blackthorn' Ruch (of Thorns) drove from Bergen to Euronymous's apartment in Oslo. When they arrived

7076-497: The buildings were hundreds of years old and seen as important historical landmarks. The first to be burnt down was Norway's Fantoft Stave Church . Police believe Varg Vikernes of Burzum was responsible. The cover of Burzum's EP Aske ("ashes") is a photograph of the destroyed church. In May 1994, Vikernes was found guilty for burning down the Holmenkollen Chapel , Skjold Church , and Åsane Church . In addition, he

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7192-595: The darker aspects of human existence that are considered out of bounds or distasteful, such as death, suicide and war. "Visual transgression [can include] ... medieval weaponry [and] bloody/horrific artwork." According to ethnographer Keith Kahn-Harris , the defining characteristics of extreme metal can all be regarded as clearly transgressive : the "extreme" traits noted above are all intended to violate or transgress given cultural, artistic, social or aesthetic boundaries. Kahn-Harris states that extreme metal can be "close to being ... formless noise", at least to

7308-514: The death threats he received from him. Vikernes was arrested on 19 August 1993, in Bergen. Many other members of the scene were taken in for questioning around the same time. Some of them confessed to their crimes and implicated others. In May 1994, Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison (Norway's maximum penalty) for the murder of Euronymous, the arson of four churches, and for possession of 150 kg of explosives. However, he only confessed to

7424-560: The demands of Dissection's Satanic concept." He started calling Dissection "the sonic propaganda unit of the MLO" and released a third full-length album, Reinkaos . The lyrics contain magical formulae from the Liber Azerate and are based on the organization's teachings. After the album's release and a few concerts, Nödtveidt said that he had "reached the limitations of music as a tool for expressing what I want to express, for myself and

7540-664: The demo Burning Quran Ceremony in 2010. Its frontwoman, Anahita, claimed her parents and brother were killed by a suicide bomb during the Iraq War . Another Iraqi band, Seeds of Iblis, also fronted by Anahita, released their debut EP Jihad Against Islam in 2011 through French label Legion of Death. Metal news website Metalluminati suggests that their claims of being based in Iraq are a hoax. These bands, along with Tadnees (from Saudi Arabia), Halla (from Iran), False Allah (from Bahrain), and Mosque of Satan (from Lebanon), style themselves as

7656-491: The event. He said Euronymous planned to use a meeting about an unsigned contract to ambush him. Vikernes claims he intended to hand Euronymous the signed contract that night and "tell him to fuck off", but that Euronymous panicked and attacked him first. He also claims that most of the cuts were from broken glass Euronymous had fallen on during the struggle. The self-defense story is doubted by Faust, while Necrobutcher confirmed that Vikernes killed Euronymous in self-defense due to

7772-471: The few continuing the genre. However, black metal continued in the underground, with scenes developing in Brazil with Sepultura , Vulcano , Holocausto and Sarcófago , Czechoslovakia with Root , Törr and Master's Hammer , and Sweden with Grotesque , Merciless , Mefisto , Tiamat and Morbid . Sarcófago's debut album I.N.R.I. (1987), was widely influential on subsequent acts in the genre, especially

7888-419: The first song on their first album , uses two bass solos in an influentially dynamic way, as a bridge (when the band drops out after the choruses) to the next verse (after the first chorus) and the guitar solo-driven coda (after the third chorus). Queen 's bassist, John Deacon , occasionally played bass solos, notably in " Under Pressure " and " Liar ". In the 1970s, Aerosmith 's bassist, Tom Hamilton , played

8004-590: The first wave black metal style with elements of death metal and grindcore ; this included Beherit , Archgoat and Impaled Nazarene , whose debut album Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz Rock Hard journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann considers a part of war metal's roots. Bands such as Demoncy and Profanatica emerged during this time in the United States, when death metal was more popular among extreme metal fans. The Norwegian band Mayhem's concert in Leipzig with Eminenz and Manos in 1990, later released as Live in Leipzig ,

8120-427: The focal point of Norway's emerging black metal scene and a meeting place for many of its musicians; especially the members of Mayhem, Burzum, Emperor and Thorns. Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen, writer of the fanzine Slayer , said that the opening of Helvete was "the creation of the whole Norwegian black metal scene". In its basement, Euronymous founded an independent record label named Deathlike Silence Productions . With

8236-415: The genre had not been set, instead, black metal bands existed in a broader extreme metal umbrella alongside the earliest groups in death metal , grindcore and thrash metal . Hellhammer , from Switzerland, "made truly raw and brutal music" with Satanic lyrics, and became an important influence on later black metal; "Their simple yet effective riffs and fast guitar sound were groundbreaking, anticipating

8352-437: The genre to subvert most traditional rock tropes, in a way that led journalist Dayal Patterson that "undoubtedly... create[d] the black metal sound as we know it". The Danish band Mercyful Fate influenced the Norwegian scene with their imagery and lyrics. Frontman King Diamond , who wore ghoulish black-and-white facepaint on stage, may be one of the inspirators of what became known as ' corpse paint '. Other artists that were

8468-426: The genre's roots, and those that introduce progressive elements". The former believe that the music should always be minimalist —performed only with the standard guitar-bass-drums setup and recorded in a low fidelity style. One supporter of this train of thought is Blake Judd of Nachtmystium , who has rejected labeling his band black metal for its departure from the genre's typical sound. Snorre Ruch of Thorns , on

8584-477: The guitar had composers and performers including: Filippo Gragnani (1767–1820), Antoine de Lhoyer (1768–1852), Ferdinando Carulli (1770–1841), Francesco Molino (1774–1847), Fernando Sor (1778–1839), Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829), Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), Dionisio Aguado (1784 – 1849), Luigi Legnani (1790–1877), Matteo Carcassi (1792–1853), Napoléon Coste (1805–1883) and Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806–1856). Guitar soloist Andrés Segovia popularized

8700-476: The guitar solo may come after the first chorus as opposed to the second, such as " Beast and the Harlot " by Avenged Sevenfold , " The Importance of Being Idle " by Oasis and " Black Summer " by Red Hot Chili Peppers . The use of guitar solos in hard rock and heavy metal was notable during the 1980s, when rapid-fire "shredding" solos were common; a virtuoso lead guitarist of a band might be more well-known than

8816-597: The guitar with tours and early phonograph recordings in the 1920s. Modern classical guitar solo performers who are known for playing modern repertoire include Kazuhito Yamashita , Agustín Barrios , Paul Galbraith , and John Williams . The term "guitar solo" often refers to electric guitar solos played in blues and in rock . The use of a guitar solo as an instrumental interlude was developed by blues musicians such as Lonnie Johnson , John Lee Hooker , Muddy Waters , and T-Bone Walker , and jazz like Charlie Christian . Ernest Tubb 's 1940 honky tonk classic, " Walking

8932-431: The guitar, or for it to homophonically follow the low-pitched riffs of the guitar. While electronic keyboards are not a standard instrument, some bands, like Dimmu Borgir , use keyboards "in the background" or as "proper instruments" for creating atmosphere. Some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras . The drumming

9048-434: The handful of others that I care about" and disbanded Dissection before dying by suicide. A part of the underground scene adopted a Jungian interpretation of the church burnings and other acts of the early scene as the re-emergence of ancient archetypes, which Kadmon of Allerseelen and the authors of Lords of Chaos had implied in their writings. They mixed this interpretation with Paganism and Nationalism. Varg Vikernes

9164-401: The late 1950s, were relatively simple instrumental melodies. In the early 1960s, instrumental surf music represented a step forward in the sonic complexity of rock guitar melodies. In 1963, the dramatic, technically advanced electric guitar solo rose to the fore with Lonnie Mack's hit records, "Memphis" and "Wham!" (later covered by The Ventures , Stevie Ray Vaughan and others), and soon, with

9280-403: The late 1970s, punk rock came to influence the birth of black metal. Tom G. Warrior of Hellhammer and Celtic Frost credited English punk group Discharge as "a revolution, much like Venom", saying, "When I heard the first two Discharge records, I was blown away. I was just starting to play an instrument and I had no idea you could go so far." The use of corpse paint in the black metal imagery

9396-400: The late 1990s, the underground concluded that several of the Norwegian pioneers—like Emperor, Immortal, Dimmu Borgir , Ancient , Covenant/The Kovenant , and Satyricon—had commercialized or sold out to the mainstream and "big bastard labels." Dayal Patterson states that successful acts like Dimmu Borgir "provoked and even greater extremity [of negative opinion] from the underground" regarding

9512-462: The later trademark sound of early Swedish death metal". In 1984, members of Hellhammer formed Celtic Frost , whose music "explored more orchestral and experimental territories. The lyrics also became more personal, with topics about inner feelings and majestic stories. But for a couple of years, Celtic Frost was one of the world's most extreme and original metal bands, with a huge impact on the mid-1990s black metal scene". Another influential early band

9628-506: The latter. Two churches were burnt the day he was sentenced, "presumably as a statement of symbolic support". Vikernes smiled when his verdict was read and the picture was widely reprinted in the news media. Blackthorn was sentenced to eight years in prison for being an accomplice to the murder. That month saw the release of Mayhem's album De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas , which featured Euronymous on guitar and Vikernes on bass guitar. Euronymous's family had asked Mayhem's drummer, Hellhammer, to remove

9744-532: The members forming Celtic Frost in its place, which proved very influential on the progression of the genre. During this period, the line between extreme metal genres were blurred, as thrash metal bands such as Slayer, Sepultura , Sodom , Destruction and Kreator were integral to the first wave black metal scene. The front cover of the Sarcófago 's 1987 debut album, I.N.R.I. , was a major influence on black metal's corpse paint style make-up. That record

9860-427: The mid-1990s, the style of the Norwegian scene was being adopted by bands worldwide, and in 1998, Kerrang! journalist Malcolm Dome said that "black metal as we know it in 1998 owes more to Norway and to Scandinavia than any other particular country". Newer black metal bands also began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even full-symphony orchestras . By

9976-525: The most important recordings for the German scene. He said they were "not necessarily the best German releases, but they all kicked off something". In the beginning of the second wave, the different scenes developed their own styles; as Alan 'Nemtheanga' Averill says, "you had the Greek sound and the Finnish sound, and the Norwegian sound, and there was German bands and Swiss bands and that kind of thing." By

10092-408: The most stand-out trait is their use of corpse paint —black and white face paint sometimes mixed with real or fake blood, which is used to create a corpse-like or demonic appearance. The imagery of black metal reflects its lyrics and ideology. In the early 1990s, most pioneering black metal artists had minimalist album covers featuring xeroxed black-and-white pictures and/or writing. This was partly

10208-518: The most successful extreme metal bands to date. John Serba of AllMusic commented that their first album "made waves in the early black metal scene, putting Cradle of Filth on the tips of metalheads' tongues, whether in praise of the band's brazen attempts to break the black metal mold or in derision for its 'commercialization' of an underground phenomenon that was proud of its grimy heritage". Some black metal fans did not consider Cradle of Filth to be black metal. When asked if he considers Cradle of Filth

10324-1229: The mythology and folklore of their homelands and promote a revival of pre-Christian, pagan traditions. A significant number of bands write lyrics only in their native language and a few (e.g. Arckanum and early Ulver ) have lyrics in archaic languages. Some doom metal -influenced artists' lyrics focus on depression, nihilism, introspection, self-harm and suicide. Many bands choose not to play live. Many of those who do play live maintain that their performances "are not for entertainment or spectacle. Sincerity, authenticity and extremity are valued above all else". Some bands consider their concerts to be rituals and often make use of stage props and theatrics. Bands such as Mayhem , Gorgoroth , and Watain are noted for their controversial shows, which have featured impaled animal heads, mock crucifixions, medieval weaponry and band members doused in animal blood. A few vocalists, such as Dead , Maniac and Kvarforth , are known for cutting themselves while singing onstage. Black metal artists often appear dressed in black with combat boots, bullet belts, spiked wristbands and inverted crosses and inverted pentagrams to reinforce their anti-Christian or anti-religious stance. However,

10440-579: The new order for a lot of bands in the '90s". The wearing of corpse paint became standard, and was a way for many black metal artists to distinguish themselves from other metal bands of the era. The scene also had an ideology and ethos. Artists were bitterly opposed to Christianity and presented themselves as misanthropic Devil worshippers who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil. They professed to be serious in their views and vowed to act on them. Ihsahn of Emperor said that they sought to "create fear among people" and "be in opposition to society". The scene

10556-444: The other hand, has said that modern black metal is "too narrow" and believes that this was "not the idea at the beginning". Extreme metal Extreme metal is a loosely defined umbrella term for a number of related heavy metal music subgenres that have developed since the early 1980s. It has been defined as a "cluster of metal subgenres characterized by sonic, verbal, and visual transgression ". The term usually refers to

10672-504: The piano by Isaac Albéniz (b. Spain 1860) and Enrique Granados (b. Spain 1867). Johann Sebastian Bach (b. Germany 1685) is another composer who did not write for the guitar specifically, but whose music is often played on it as his baroque lute works have proved highly adaptable to the instrument. Of music written originally for guitar, the earliest influential composers stem from the classical period. They include Fernando Sor (b. Spain 1778) and Mauro Giuliani (b. Italy 1781), it

10788-421: The rising popularity of his band and others like it, the underground success of Euronymous's label is often credited for encouraging other record labels, who had previously shunned black metal acts, to then reconsider and release their material. In 1992, members of the Norwegian black metal scene began a wave of arson attacks on Christian churches. By 1996, there had been at least 50 such attacks in Norway. Some of

10904-515: The same time in Finland ( Beherit , Archgoat , Impaled Nazarene ); Sweden ( Dissection , Abruptum , Marduk , Nifelheim ); the United States ( Profanatica , Demoncy , Grand Belial's Key , Judas Iscariot ); France ( Mütiilation , Vlad Tepes ); as well as leading to the formation of influential bands in other countries including Sigh and Cradle of Filth . Initially a synonym for "Satanic metal", black metal has often sparked controversy, due to

11020-595: The second wave Norwegian scene and groups in the war metal style. BrooklynVegan writer Kim Kelly calling it "a gigantic influence on black metal’s sound, aesthetics, and attitude." Furthermore, during this time other influential records in the genre were released by Von (from the United States), Rotting Christ (from Greece), Tormentor (from Hungary), Mortuary Drape (from Italy), Kat (from Poland), Samael (from Switzerland) and Blasphemy (from Canada). Blasphemy's debut album Fallen Angel of Doom (1990)

11136-537: The singer (although in a few cases one artist held both roles). During this time, players began to use advanced harmonics techniques more widely. Later, guitarists who had developed considerable technical facility began to release albums with instrumental-only guitar compositions . Guitar solos in popular music waned in fashion in the middle 1990s, coinciding with the rise in popularity of nu metal and grunge . Nu metal differed significantly from previous sub-genres of metal and abandoned guitar solos altogether, except for

11252-435: The solos and instrumental melody lines while the rhythm player accompanies with chords or riffs . In some cases, two guitarists share the lead role. Most rock music is based around songs in traditional forms . The main formal features are verses , choruses , and bridges . The guitar solo is usually the most significant instrumental section of a mainstream rock song. In other rock-related genres, such as pop and dance music,

11368-408: The style of Motörhead , becoming the first thrash metal album, and would eventually be certified triple platinum. A few months later, Slayer would release their own thrash metal album Show No Mercy , influenced by the sounds of Venom, Judas Priest , Iron Maiden , and Mercyful Fate . When extreme metal band Hellhammer first began making music, it was generally panned by critics, leading to

11484-528: The subsequent years, the style was expanded by Bathory , Mercyful Fate , Hellhammer and Celtic Frost . By 1987, this wave had largely declined, however influential works continued to be released by Parabellum , Blasphemy , Sarcófago , Tormentor , Samael and Rotting Christ . A second wave arose in the early 1990s, spearheaded by bands in the early Norwegian black metal scene scene, such as Mayhem , Darkthrone , Burzum , Immortal , Emperor , Satyricon and Gorgoroth . This wave developed other scenes at

11600-402: The true believers". Misanthropy , global catastrophe , war, death, destruction and rebirth are also common themes. Another topic often found in black metal lyrics is that of the wild and extreme aspects and phenomena of the natural world, particularly the wilderness, forests, mountains, winter, storms, and blizzards. Black metal also has a fascination with the distant past. Many bands write about

11716-584: The underground" scene due to concerns about " selling out ". The controversy surrounding the Thuringian band Absurd drew attention to the German black metal scene. In 1993, the members murdered a boy from their school, Sandro Beyer. A photo of Beyer's gravestone is on the cover of one of their demos, Thuringian Pagan Madness , along with pro-Nazi statements. It was recorded in prison and released in Poland by Graveland drummer Capricornus. The band's early music

11832-435: The uninitiated listener. He states that with extreme metal lyrics, they often "offer no possibility of hope or redemption" and lyrics often reference apocalyptic themes. Extreme metal lyrics often describe Christianity as weak or submissive, and many songs express misanthropic views such as "kill every thing". A small number of extreme metal bands and song lyrics take radical (left or right) political stances; for example,

11948-594: The view that these bands had " sold out ." After Euronymous's death, "some bands went more towards the Viking metal and epic style, while some bands went deeper into the abyss." Since 1993, the Swedish scene had carried out church burnings, grave desecration, and other violent acts. In 1995, Jon Nödtveidt of Dissection joined the Misanthropic Luciferian Order (MLO). In 1997, he and another MLO member were arrested and charged with shooting dead

12064-517: Was Bathory from Sweden. The band, led by Thomas Forsberg (a.k.a. Quorthon ), created "the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal". Not only was Bathory's music dark, fast, heavily distorted, lo-fi and with anti-Christian themes, Quorthon was also the first to use the shrieked vocals that later became a common trait. Their third album Under the Sign of the Black Mark (1987) was the first record in

12180-575: Was a psychedelic guitarist, and a pioneer in the use of distortion and audio feedback in his music. Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of rock music. Another important blues rock guitar soloist in the 1960s and 1970s was Eric Clapton . In the early 1970s, the Texas rock-blues style emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles (e.g., Stevie Ray Vaughan ). The earliest rock guitar solos, as exemplified by popular recordings of Duane Eddy and Link Wray in

12296-416: Was exclusive and created boundaries around itself, incorporating only those who were "true" and attempting to expel all " poseurs ". Some members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings and murder, which eventually drew attention to it and led to a number of artists being imprisoned. On 8 April 1991, Mayhem vocalist Per "Dead" Ohlin committed suicide while left alone in a house shared by

12412-670: Was first popularized by the Allman Brothers Band in their album At Fillmore East . The bass guitar is played through a specialized amplifier to make the instrument louder and provided control over tone. The bass guitar came into use in popular music in the 1950s. While bass guitar solos are not common in popular music, some bands include bass solos in some songs, particularly heavy metal, funk , and progressive rock bands. Some genres use bass guitar solos in most songs, such as jazz bands or jazz fusion groups. Bass solos are also common in certain styles of punk music. In

12528-498: Was formed in the late 1990s and has relationships with Melechesh and Salem. Melechesh and Arallu perform a style they call "Mesopotamian Black Metal", a blend of black metal and Mesopotamian folk music. Since the 2000s, a number of anti-Islamic and anti-religious black metal bands—whose members come from Muslim backgrounds—have emerged in the Middle East. Janaza, believed to be Iraq's first female black metal artist, released

12644-525: Was found guilty for an attempted arson of a fourth church, and for the theft and storage of 150 kg of explosives. To coincide with the release of Mayhem's De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas , Vikernes and Euronymous had also allegedly plotted to bomb the Nidaros Cathedral , which appears on the album cover. The musicians Faust , Samoth , (both of Emperor), and Jørn Inge Tunsberg (of Hades Almighty ) were also convicted for church arsons. Members of

12760-410: Was in regular contact with key members of the Norwegian scene. Their debut album, Scorn Defeat , became "a cult classic in the black metal world". In 1990 and 1991, Northern European metal acts began to release music influenced by these bands or the older ones from the first wave. In Sweden, this included Dissection , Abruptum , Marduk , and Nifelheim . In Finland, there emerged a scene that mixed

12876-670: Was mainly influenced by the American 1970s rock band Kiss . The term "black metal" was coined by the English band Venom with their second album Black Metal (1982). Playing a style bordering speed metal or thrash metal , the album initiated the first wave of black metal, forming an early prototype for the genre. The band introduced many tropes that became ubiquitous in the genre, such as blasphemous lyrics and imagery, as well as stage names, costumes and face paint meant to strike fear. During this first wave of bands, distinct borders of

12992-612: Was more influenced by Oi! and Rock Against Communism (RAC) than by black metal, and described as being "more akin to '60s garage punk than some of the […] Black Metal of their contemporaries". Alexander von Meilenwald from German band Nagelfar considers Ungod's 1993 debut Circle of the Seven Infernal Pacts , Desaster 's 1994 demo Lost in the Ages , Tha-Norr 's 1995 album Wolfenzeitalter , Lunar Aurora's 1996 debut Weltengänger and Katharsis 's 2000 debut 666 to be

13108-503: Was never meant to reach an audience, it was purely for our own satisfaction". Occult and Satanic lyrical themes were present in the music of heavy metal and rock bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s such as Black Sabbath and Coven . In the late 1970s, the form of rough and aggressive heavy metal played by the British band Motörhead gained popularity. Many first wave black metal bands cited Motörhead as an influence. Also popular in

13224-539: Was part of late 19th century European trend towards musical nationalism . Albéniz and Granados contributed to this movement as they wrote within the same time period. Some classical guitarists play concertos , which are solos written for performance with the accompaniment of an orchestra . Fewer classical guitar concertos have been written compared to concertos for multi-instrumental orchestras. Some potentially notable ones could include Joaquín Rodrigo 's Concierto de Aranjuez and Fantasía para un gentilhombre . In

13340-789: Was said to have had a strong influence on the East German scene and is even called the unofficial beginning of German black metal. Black metal scenes also emerged on the European mainland during the early 1990s, inspired by the Norwegian scene or the older bands, or both. In Poland, a scene was spearheaded by Graveland and Behemoth . In France, a close-knit group of musicians known as Les Légions Noires emerged; this included artists such as Mütiilation , Vlad Tepes , Belketre and Torgeist. In Belgium, there were acts such as Ancient Rites and Enthroned . Bands such as Black Funeral, Grand Belial's Key and Judas Iscariot emerged during this time in

13456-510: Was seen as "an ideological messiah" by some, although Vikernes had disassociated himself from black metal and his neo-Nazism had nothing to do with that subculture. This led to the rise of National Socialist black metal (NSBM), which Hendrik Möbus of Absurd calls "the logical conclusion" of the Norwegian black metal "movement". Other parts of the scene oppose NSBM as it is "indelibly linked with Asá Trŭ and opposed to Satanism", or look upon Nazism "with vague skepticism and indifference". Members of

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