17-518: Bufo exsul Myers, 1942 The black toad ( Anaxyrus exsul ), also known as the Inyo toad or Deep Springs toad , is a true toad that lives only in scattered oases in the Deep Springs Valley of Inyo County, California . In fact, its original scientific name , Bufo exsul , means "exiled toad", which refers to its species' isolation in a tiny spot in the high desert wilderness of
34-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
51-405: A program to care for the wild population of this species, and owns much of the land where its habitat is found. Livestock grazing has occurred in much of the toad habitat for more than one hundred years, and grazing, vegetation management, and irrigation have been suggested as possibly increasing the suitable habitat for the species, which breeds in otherwise comparatively rare open water. As noted in
68-405: A real advertisement call, but rather a small chirping noise as a territorial call around other males; much like its close relative the western toad ( Anaxyrus boreas ). The habitat of the black toad is relatively intact, however it is still considered a vulnerable species because although it is abundant within its habitat, the black toad has a very limited range. Deep Springs College continues
85-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
102-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family
119-516: The Californian Great Basin . The toad's black skin is covered in white and tan speckles and it sports a white midline down its spine from head to rump. Adults are approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length. They are active during the warmer months and overwinter underground near their native springs. This species walks rather than hops, and never strays far from water. Male black toads do not have vocal sacs and do not make
136-1342: The Eocene to Oligocene, marking an extremely rapid divergence likely facilitated by the Paleogene's changing climatic conditions. The following phylogeny of most genera in the family is based on Portik and Papenfuss, 2015:, Chan et al. , 2016, Chandramouli et al. , 2016, and Kok et al. , 2017 Melanophryniscus Atelopus Oreophrynella Osornophryne Frostius Amazophrynella Dendrophryniscus Nannophryne Peltophryne Rhaebo Rhinella Anaxyrus Incilius Didynamipus Poyntonophrynus Sclerophrys Nimbaphrynoides Vandijkophrynus undescribed lineage Capensibufo Mertensophryne Wolterstorffina Werneria Nectophryne Barbarophryne Schismaderma Churamiti Nectophrynoides Pedostibes Adenomus Blythophryne Xanthophryne Bufoides Duttaphrynus ( paraphyletic ) Bufotes Epidalea Strauchbufo Bufo Leptophryne Ghatophryne Sabahphrynus Ansonia Pelophryne Ingerophrynus Phrynoidis Rentapia Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )
153-498: The IUCN Red List, the population of this species was reported to be more or less stable in the early 1970s, and no significant change was reported in 1990 or 1999. The population at Antelope Springs was once reported to have died out, but was found by researchers in 2003, and is now apparently thriving where vegetation has been maintained in a suitable state. In 1977 it was estimated that there were more than 80,000 individuals in
170-591: The best known. Bufonidae is thought to have originated in South America . Some studies date the origin of the group to after the breakup of Gondwana , about 78–99 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous . In contrast, other studies have dated the origin of the group to the early Paleocene. The bufonids likely radiated out of South America during the Eocene , with the entire radiation occurring during
187-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
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#1732790666800204-574: The habitat accessible for toads. The toads have been able to maintain a fairly stable population regardless of changes in agriculture and grazing practices over the past 20 years. The black toad was federally listed as a species "threatened with extinction" in 1967 by the authority of the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 . Following the passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA),
221-1221: The population. The toad's primary habitat is watercourses, irrigation ditches, and marshes (grass, sedge, dwarf bulrush, and watercress) formed by waterflow from springs, surrounded by cold desert steppe. Adults are more aquatic than other toad species in California, and breed in shallow marsh and pond waters. The toads retreat to rodent burrows or other refuges in winter. At present, there do not appear to be any major threats to this species. However, potential future threats might include habitat destruction from changes in irrigation schemes or other factors resulting in water table alteration, well-intentioned but non-scientifically based conservation efforts, changes in water availability, recreational vehicle use, collection by humans, changes in grazing regimes and predation by introduced fish. Other desert toads in nearby areas have done well, and even thrived, with more active management. Black toad adults prefer habitats with short plant cover and unobstructed access to still or slowly flowing water. In recent years, fencing some springs to exclude cattle has resulted in an overgrowth of vegetation requiring hand cutting to keep
238-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
255-454: The species was proposed for a threatened status under the replacement legislation and critical habitat was outlined. However, with the passage of amendments to the ESA in 1978, these materials were invalidated and the window of time for the ESA listing proposal to be finalized lapsed in 1980. At present the black toad is designated as a " Fully Protected " and "Threatened" species of California at
272-412: The state level only. [REDACTED] Data related to Anaxyrus exsul at Wikispecies True toad A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae , in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads , although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs ). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being
289-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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