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71-435: In 1977, Danzig founded Blank Records as a means to distribute music by his newly formed band, The Misfits. However, after only one release, The Misfits' first single " Cough/Cool " (1977), Mercury Records had wanted to use the same name for a sub-label. Danzig traded Mercury the rights to the name for studio time, which The Misfits used to record Static Age . Needing a new name for the label, Danzig decided on Plan 9 Records,

142-437: A hairball . In other domestic animals, horses can cough because of infections, or due to poor ventilation and dust in enclosed spaces. Kennel cough in dogs can result from a viral or bacterial infection. Deer can cough similarly to humans as a result of respiratory tract infections, such as parasitic bronchitis caused by a species of Dictyocaulus . As of this edit , this article uses content from "Acute cough:

213-438: A prolapsed urethra often occur together and is called a cystourethrocele. Cystocele can negatively affect quality of life . Causes include childbirth , constipation , chronic cough , heavy lifting, hysterectomy , genetics , and being overweight . The underlying mechanism involves weakening of muscles and connective tissue between the bladder and vagina. Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and examination. If

284-420: A POP-Q score of IV which includes prolapse beyond the hymen. It also used to quantifies the movement of other structures into the vaginal lumen and their descent. The Baden–Walker Halfway Scoring System is used as the second most used system and assigns the classifications as mild (grade 1) when the bladder droops only a short way into the vagina; (grade 2) cystocele, the bladder sinks far enough to reach

355-410: A chronic cough in an attempt to treat protracted bacterial bronchitis or asthma respectively. There is insufficient evidence to recommend treating children who have a cough that is not related to a specific condition with inhaled anti-cholinergics. Because coughing can spread disease through infectious aerosol droplets, it is recommended to cover one's mouth and nose with the forearm, the inside of

426-413: A cystocele have a 17% of needing another operation within the next ten years. The surgical treatment of cystocele will depend on the cause of the defect and whether it occurs at the top (apex), middle, or lower part of the anterior vaginal wall. The type of surgery will also depend on the type of damage that exists between supporting structures and the vaginal wall. One of the most common surgical repairs

497-664: A cystocele may include: A bladder that has dropped from its normal position and into the vagina can cause some forms of incontinence and incomplete emptying of the bladder. Complications may include urinary retention , recurring urinary tract infections and incontinence. The anterior vaginal wall may actually protrude though the vaginal introitus (opening). This can interfere with sexual activity. Recurrent urinary tract infections are common for those who have urinary retention. In addition, though cystocele can be treated, some treatments may not alleviate troubling symptoms, and further treatment may need to be performed. Cystocele may affect

568-753: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge" , which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed. Cystocele The cystocele , also known as a prolapsed bladder , is a medical condition in which a woman's bladder bulges into her vagina . Some may have no symptoms. Others may have trouble starting urination, urinary incontinence , or frequent urination . Complications may include recurrent urinary tract infections and urinary retention . Cystocele and

639-412: A form of nonverbal , paralingual metacommunication . Coughing, and huffing are important ways of removing mucus as sputum in many conditions such as cystic fibrosis , and chronic bronchitis . A cough is a protective reflex in healthy individuals which is influenced by psychological factors. The cough reflex is initiated by stimulation of two different classes of afferent nerves , namely

710-425: A home. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics. People who exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days, for example, increase their exposure to pollutants in

781-481: A minimum of 46% by the year 2050 in the US. Surgery to correct prolapse after hysterectomy is 3.6 per 1,000 women-years. Notable is the mention of cystocele in many older cultures and locations. In 1500 B.C. Egyptians wrote about the "falling of the womb". In 400 B.C. a Greek physician documented his observations and treatments: "After the patient had been tied to a ladder-like frame, she was tipped upward so that her head

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852-436: A more successful outcome when mesh or sutures are used for the repair. Vaginal thickness increases after estrogen therapy. Another review on the surgical management of cystocele describes a more successful treatment that more strongly attaches the ligaments and fascia to the vagina to lift and stabilize it. Post surgical complications can develop. The complications following surgical treatment of cystocele are: After surgery,

923-517: A reference to the Ed Wood science fiction film Plan 9 from Outer Space (1957). The label continued to release material by The Misfits, and later solo efforts by Glenn Danzig and his post-Misfits band Samhain . The only release not to include Danzig was The Victims ' Victims EP in 1978. Starting in 1987, all material was distributed by Caroline Records . In 1995, due to a legal settlement between Danzig and Misfits bassist Jerry Only ,

994-422: A side effect, and stopping their use will stop the cough. Beta blockers similarly cause cough as an adverse event. A tic cough , previously called a habit cough , is one that responds to behavioral or psychiatric therapy after organic causes have been excluded. Absence of the cough during sleep is common, but not diagnostic. A tic cough is thought to be more common in children than in adults. A similar disorder

1065-416: A woman is instructed to restrict her activities and monitor herself for signs of infection such as an elevated temperature, discharge with a foul odor and consistent pain. Clinicians may recommend that sneezing, coughing, and constipation are to be avoided. Splinting the abdomen while coughing provides support to an incised area and decreases pain on coughing. This is accomplished by applying gentle pressure to

1136-477: A woman may have. Cystocele is often treated by non-surgical means: The surgery to repair the anterior vaginal wall may be combined with other procedures that will repair the other points of pelvic organ support such as anterior-posterior repair and anterior colporrhaphy. Treatment of cystocele often accompanies the more invasive hysterectomy. Since the failure rate in cystocele repair remains high, additional surgery may be needed. Women who have surgery to repair

1207-417: Is colporrhaphy . This surgical procedure consists of making a longitudinal folding of the vaginal tissue, suturing it into place and creating a stronger point of resistance to the intruding bladder wall. Surgical mesh is sometimes used to strengthen the anterior vaginal wall. It has a 10–50% failure rate. In some cases a surgeon may choose to use surgical mesh to strengthen the repair. During surgery,

1278-410: Is a common cause of chronic cough in adults and children. Coughing may be the only symptom the person has from their asthma, or asthma symptoms may also include wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in their chest. Depending on how severe the asthma is, it can be treated with bronchodilators (medicine which causes the airways to open up) or inhaled steroids. Treatment of the asthma should make

1349-403: Is associated with heart failure, as the left ventricle doesn't effectively pump blood forward, resulting in blood being backed up in the pulmonary veins , which in turn causing pulmonary edema and resultant cough. Other causes of nocturnal cough include asthma , post-nasal drip and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Another cause of cough occurring preferentially in supine position

1420-467: Is part of the common presentation of croup . A staccato cough has been classically described with neonatal chlamydial pneumonia . The treatment of a cough in children is based on the underlying cause. In children half of cases go away without treatment in 10 days and 90% in 25 days. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics the use of cough medicine to relieve cough symptoms

1491-528: Is present less than three weeks, subacute if it is present between three or eight weeks, and chronic when lasting longer than eight weeks. A cough can be non-productive (dry) or productive (when phlegm is produced that may be coughed up as sputum ). It may occur only at night (then called nocturnal cough ), during both night and day, or just during the day. A number of characteristic coughs exist. While these have not been found to be diagnostically useful in adults, they are of use in children. A barky cough

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1562-524: Is recurrent aspiration. Given its irritant nature to mammal tissues, capsaicin is widely used to determine the cough threshold and as a tussive stimulant in clinical research of cough suppressants. Capsaicin is what makes chili peppers spicy, and might explain why workers in factories with these fruits can develop a cough. Coughing may also be used for social reasons, and as such is not always involuntary. A voluntary cough, often written as "ahem", can be used to attract attention or express displeasure, as

1633-452: Is supported by little evidence and thus not recommended for treating cough symptoms in children. There is tentative evidence that the use of honey is better than no treatment or diphenhydramine in decreasing coughing. It does not alleviate coughing to the same extent as dextromethorphan but it shortens the cough duration better than placebo and salbutamol . A trial of antibiotics or inhaled corticosteroids may be tried in children with

1704-613: Is termed cough-variant asthma . Atopic cough and eosinophilic bronchitis are related conditions. Atopic cough occurs in individuals with a family history of atopy (an allergic condition), abundant eosinophils in the sputum, but with normal airway function and responsiveness. Eosinophilic bronchitis is characterized by eosinophils in sputum and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid without airway hyperresponsiveness or an atopic background. This condition responds to treatment with corticosteroids . Cough can also worsen in an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Asthma

1775-439: Is the somatic cough syndrome previously called the psychogenic cough . Some cases of chronic cough may be attributed to a sensory neuropathic disorder. Treatment for neurogenic cough may include the use of certain neuralgia medications. Coughing may occur in tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome , although it should be distinguished from throat-clearing in this disorder. Cough may also be caused by conditions affecting

1846-405: Is the detachment or abnormal elongation of supportive tissue. The initial assessment of cystocele can include a pelvic exam to evaluate leakage of urine when the women is asked to bear down or give a strong cough ( Valsalva maneuver ), and the anterior vaginal wall measured and evaluated for the appearance of a cystocele. If a woman has difficulty emptying her bladder, the clinician may measure

1917-408: Is to restore the vagina and other pelvic organs to their anatomically normal positions. This may not be the outcome that is most important to the woman being treated who may only want relief of symptoms and an improvement in her quality of life. The International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) has recommended that the data collected regarding the success of cystocele and pelvic organ repairs include

1988-451: The arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis – the essential ligament structure. Cystocele may be mild enough not to result in symptoms that are troubling to a woman. In this case, steps to prevent it from worsening include: Treatment options range from no treatment for a mild cystocele to surgery for a more extensive cystocele. If a cystocele is not bothersome, the clinician may only recommend avoiding heavy lifting or straining that could cause

2059-412: The common cold , COVID-19 , acute bronchitis , pneumonia , pertussis , or tuberculosis . In the vast majority of cases, acute coughs, i.e. coughs shorter than 3 weeks, are due to the common cold. In people with a normal chest X-ray, tuberculosis is a rare finding. Pertussis is increasingly being recognised as a cause of troublesome coughing in adults. After a respiratory tract infection has cleared,

2130-647: The myelinated rapidly adapting receptors, and nonmyelinated C-fibers with endings in the lung . The type of cough may help in the diagnosis. For instance, an inspiratory "whooping" sound on coughing almost doubles the likelihood that the illness is pertussis . Blood may occur in small amounts with severe cough of many causes, but larger amounts suggests bronchitis , bronchiectasis , tuberculosis , or primary lung cancer . Further workup may include labs, x-rays , and spirometry . A cough can be classified by its duration, character, quality, and timing. The duration can be either acute (of sudden onset) if it

2201-510: The air. A foreign body can sometimes be suspected, for example if the cough started suddenly when the patient was eating. Rarely, sutures left behind inside the airway branches can cause coughing. A cough can be triggered by dryness from mouth breathing or recurrent aspiration of food into the windpipe in people with swallowing difficulties . Drugs used for treatments other than coughs, such as ACE inhibitors which are often used to treat high blood pressure , can sometimes cause cough as

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2272-404: The amount of urine left in the woman's bladder after she urinates called the postvoid residual. This is measured by ultrasound . A voiding cystourethrogram is a test that involves taking x-rays of the bladder during urination. This x-ray shows the shape of the bladder and lets the doctor see any problems that might block the normal flow of urine. A urine culture and sensitivity test will assess

2343-451: The anterior repair was successful. In 1955, using mesh to support pelvic structures came into use. In 1970, tissue from pigs began to be used to strengthen the anterior vaginal wall in surgery. Beginning in 1976, improvement in suturing began along with the surgical removal of the vagina being used to treat prolapse of the bladder. In 1991, assumptions about the detailed anatomy of the pelvic support structures began to be questioned regarding

2414-483: The anterior vaginal wall. Some women with connective tissue disorders are predisposed to developing anterior vaginal wall collapse. Up to one third of women with Marfan syndrome have a history of vaginal wall collapse. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in women is associated with a rate of 3 out of 4. Risk factors for developing a cystocele are: Connective tissue disorders predispose women to developing cystocele and other pelvic organ prolapse. The tissues tensile strength of

2485-408: The cause; for example, smoking cessation or discontinuing ACE inhibitors. Cough suppressants such as codeine or dextromethorphan are frequently prescribed, but are not recommended for children. Other treatment options may target airway inflammation or may promote mucus expectoration . As it is a natural protective reflex, suppressing the cough reflex might have damaging effects, especially if

2556-401: The condition. Polybus , Hippocrates's son-in-law, wrote: "a prolapsed uterus was treated by using local astringent lotions, a natural sponge packed into the vagina, or placement of half a pomegranate in the vagina." In 350 A.D., another practitioner named Soranus described his treatments which stated that the pomegranate should be dipped into vinegar before insertion. Success could be enhanced if

2627-647: The cough go away. Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum (phlegm) and mucus, for at least three months in two consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is often the cause of " smoker's cough ". The tobacco smoke causes inflammation, secretion of mucus into the airway, and difficulty clearing that mucus out of the airways. Coughing helps clear those secretions out. May be treated by quitting smoking. May also be caused by pneumoconiosis and long-term fume inhalation. In people with unexplained cough, gastroesophageal reflux disease should be considered. This occurs when acidic contents of

2698-627: The cough is productive (producing phlegm ). The complications of coughing can be classified as either acute or chronic . Acute complications include cough syncope ( fainting spells due to decreased blood flow to the brain when coughs are prolonged and forceful), insomnia , cough-induced vomiting , subconjunctival hemorrhage or " red eye ", coughing defecation and in women with a prolapsed uterus , cough urination . Chronic complications are common and include abdominal or pelvic hernias , fatigue fractures of lower ribs and costochondritis . Chronic or violent coughing can contribute to damage to

2769-424: The cystocele causes few symptoms, avoiding heavy lifting or straining may be all that is recommended. In those with more significant symptoms a vaginal pessary , pelvic muscle exercises , or surgery may be recommended. The type of surgery typically done is known as a colporrhaphy . The condition becomes more common with age. About a third of women over the age of 50 are affected to some degree. The symptoms of

2840-419: The cystocele to worsen. If symptoms are moderately bothersome, the doctor may recommend a pessary , a device placed in the vagina to hold the bladder in place and to block protrusion. Treatment can consist of a combination of non-surgical and surgical management. Treatment choice is also related to age, desire to have children, severity of impairment, desire to continue sexual intercourse and other diseases that

2911-413: The descent of the cystocele into the vagina. The POP-Q provides reliable description of the support of the anterior, posterior and apical vaginal wall. It uses objective and precise measurements to the reference point, the hymen . Cystocele and prolapse of the vagina from other causes is staged using POP-Q criteria can range from good support (no descent into the vagina) reported as a POP-Q stage 0 or I to

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2982-815: The elbow, a tissue or a handkerchief while coughing. One of the pharmaceutical dosage forms in traditional medicine for treatment of coughs was linctus . A linctus is a medicine in the form of a syrup, taken to relieve coughs and sore throats. The linctus is a syrup that helps relieve dry coughs. A cough is the most common reason for visiting a primary care physician in the United States. Marine mammals such as dolphins and whales cannot cough. Some invertebrates such as insects and spiders cannot cough or sneeze. Alligators can cough. Domestic animals and vertebrates such as dogs and cats can cough, because of diseases, allergies, dust or choking. In particular, cats are known for coughing before spitting up

3053-439: The first dissection of the vagina was performed by Dieffenbach on a living woman. In 1834, Mendé proposed that dissecting and repair of the edges of the tissues could be done. In 1859, Huguier proposed the amputation of the cervix was going to solve the problem for elongation. In 1866, a method of correcting a cystocele was proposed that resembled current procedures. Sim subsequently developed another procedure that did not require

3124-436: The full-thickness dissection of the vaginal wall. In 1888, another method of treating anterior vaginal wall Manchester combined an anterior vaginal wall repair with an amputation of the cervix and a perineorrhaphy. In 1909, White noted the high rate of recurrence of cystocele repair. At this time it was proposed that reattaching the vagina to support structures was more successful and resulted in less recurrence. This same proposal

3195-414: The geometric mean frequency is 275 times a day. In adults with a chronic cough, i.e. a cough longer than 8 weeks, more than 90% of cases are due to post-nasal drip , asthma , eosinophilic bronchitis , and gastroesophageal reflux disease . The causes of chronic cough are similar in children with the addition of bacterial bronchitis . A cough can be the result of a respiratory tract infection such as

3266-454: The inflammation, as well as cough suppressants to reduce frequency of the cough until inflammation clears. Inflammation may increase sensitivity to other existing issues such as allergies , and treatment of other causes of coughs (such as use of an air purifier or allergy medicines) may help speed recovery. When coughing is the only complaint of a person who meets the criteria for asthma ( bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversibility), this

3337-405: The label was discontinued. Cough A cough is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing passages which can help clear them of fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes . As a protective reflex , coughing can be repetitive with the cough reflex following three phases: an inhalation , a forced exhalation against a closed glottis , and a violent release of air from

3408-438: The lung tissue such as bronchiectasis , cystic fibrosis , interstitial lung diseases and sarcoidosis . Coughing can also be triggered by benign or malignant lung tumors or mediastinal masses. Through irritation of the nerve, diseases of the external auditory canal (wax, for example) can also cause cough. Cardiovascular diseases associated with cough are heart failure, pulmonary infarction and aortic aneurysm. Nocturnal cough

3479-696: The lungs following opening of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. Frequent coughing usually indicates the presence of a disease. Many viruses and bacteria benefit, from an evolutionary perspective, by causing the host to cough, which helps to spread the disease to new hosts. Irregular coughing is usually caused by a respiratory tract infection but can also be triggered by choking , smoking , air pollution , asthma , gastroesophageal reflux disease , post-nasal drip , chronic bronchitis , lung tumors , heart failure and medications such as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and beta blockers . Treatment should target

3550-657: The midline defect, the paravaginal defect, and the transverse defect. The midline defect is a cystocele caused by the overstretching of the vaginal wall; the paravaginal defect is the separation of the vaginal connective tissue at the arcus tendineus fascia pelvis ; the transverse defect is when the pubocervical fascia becomes detached from the top (apex) of the vagina. There is some pelvic prolapse in 40–60% of women who have given birth. Muscle injuries have been identified in women with cystocele. These injuries are more likely to occur in women who have given birth than those who have not. These muscular injuries result in less support to

3621-424: The needs of each woman. Recovery may take four to six weeks. Other surgical treatment may be performed to treat cystocele. Support for the vaginal wall is accomplished with the paravaginal defect repair. This is a surgery, usually laproscopic , that is done to the ligaments and fascia through the abdomen. The lateral ligaments and supportive structures are repaired, sometimes shortened to provide additional support to

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3692-429: The opening of the vagina; and (grade 3) when the bladder bulges out through the opening of the vagina. Cystocele can be further described as being apical, medial, or lateral. Apical cystocele is located upper third of the vagina. The structures involved are the endopelvic fascia and ligaments . The cardinal ligaments and the uterosacral ligaments suspend the upper vaginal-dome. The cystocele in this region of

3763-436: The pelvic floor and a possible cystocele . A cough in children may be either a normal physiological reflex or due to an underlying cause. In healthy children it may be normal in the absence of any disease to cough ten times a day. The most common cause of an acute or subacute cough is a viral respiratory tract infection . A healthy adult also coughs 18.6 times a day on average, but in the population with respiratory disease

3834-666: The person may be left with a postinfectious cough . This typically is a dry, non-productive cough that produces no phlegm . Symptoms may include a tightness in the chest, and a tickle in the throat. This cough may often persist for weeks after an illness. The cause of the cough may be inflammation similar to that observed in repetitive stress disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome . The repetition of coughing produces inflammation which produces discomfort, which in turn produces more coughing. Postinfectious cough typically does not respond to conventional cough treatments. Medication used for postinfectious coughs may include ipratropium to treat

3905-516: The presence of a urinary tract infection that may be related to urinary retention. Other tests may be needed to find or rule out problems in other parts of the urinary system. Differential diagnosis will be improved by identifying possible inflammation of the Skene's glands and Bartholin glands . A number of scales exist to grade the severity of a cystocele. The pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) assessment, developed in 1996, quantifies

3976-464: The presence or absence of symptoms, satisfaction and Quality of Life. Other measures of a successful outcome should include perioperative data, such as operative time and hospital stay. Standardized Healthcare Quality of Life should be part of the measure of a successful resolution of cystocele. Data regarding short- and long-term complications is included in the recommendations of the IUGA to better assess

4047-403: The prolapse of other pelvic organs and structure. Cystocele is found to be three times as common as vaginal vault prolapse and twice as often as posterior vaginal wall defects. The incidence of cystocele is around 9 per 100 women-years. The highest incidence of symptoms occurs between ages of 70 and 79 years. Based on population growth statistics, the number of women with prolapse will increase by

4118-463: The quality of life, women who have cystocele tend to avoid leaving their home and avoid social situations. The resulting incontinence puts women at risk of being placed in a nursing home or long-term care facility. A cystocele occurs when the muscles, fascia , tendons and connective tissues between a woman's bladder and vagina weaken, or detach. The type of cystocele that can develop can be due to one, two or three vaginal wall attachment failures:

4189-434: The repair of the vaginal wall consists of folding over and then suturing the existing tissue between the vagina and bladder to strengthen it. This tightens the layers of tissue to promote the replacement of the pelvic organs into their normal place. The surgery also provides more support for the bladder. This surgery is done by a surgeon specializing in gynecology and is performed in a hospital. Anesthesia varies according to

4260-513: The risk–benefit ratio of each procedure. Current investigations into the superiority of using biological grafting versus native tissue or surgical mesh indicates that using grafts provides better results. A large study found a rate of 29% over the lifetime of a woman. Other studies indicate a recurrence rate as low as 3%. In the US, greater than 200,000 surgeries are performed each year for pelvic organ prolapse and 81% of these are to correct cystocele. Cystocele occurs most frequently compared to

4331-686: The stomach come back up into the esophagus. Symptoms usually associated with GERD include heartburn, sour taste in the mouth, or a feeling of acid reflux in the chest, although, more than half of the people with cough from GERD do not have any other symptoms. An esophageal pH monitor can confirm the diagnosis of GERD. Sometimes GERD can complicate respiratory ailments related to cough, such as asthma or bronchitis. The treatment involves anti-acid medications and lifestyle changes with surgery indicated in cases not manageable with conservative measures. Coughing may be caused by air pollution including tobacco smoke , particulate matter, irritant gases, and dampness in

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4402-665: The stump. In the 1700s, a Swiss gynecologist, Peyer, published a description of a cystocele. He was able to describe and document both cystocele and uterine prolapse. In 1730, Halder associated cystocele with childbirth. During this same time, efforts began to standardize the terminology that is still familiar today. In the 1800s, the surgical advancements of anesthesia, suturing, suturing materials and acceptance of Joseph Lister's theories of antisepsis improved outcomes for women with cystocele. The first surgical techniques were practiced on female cadavers. In 1823, Geradin proposed that an incision and resection may provide treatment. In 1830,

4473-495: The surgical site for bracing during a cough. Recurrent surgery on the pelvic organs may not be due to a failure of the surgery to correct the cystocele. Subsequent surgeries can be directly or indirectly relating to the primary surgery. Prolapse can occur at a different site in the vagina. Further surgery after the initial repair can be to treat complications of mesh displacement, pain, or bleeding. Further surgery may be needed to treat incontinence. One goal of surgical treatment

4544-403: The vagina is thought to be due to a cardinal ligament defect. Medial cystocele forms in the mid-vagina and is related to a defect in the suspension provided by to a sagittal suspension system defect in the uterosacral ligaments and pubocervical fascia . The pubocervical fascia may thin or tear and create the cystocele. An aid in diagnosis is the creation of a 'shiny' spot on the epithelium of

4615-456: The vagina. This defect can be assessed by MRI . Lateral cystocele forms when both the pelviperineal muscle and its ligamentous–fascial develop a defect. The ligamentous– fascial creates a 'hammock-like' suspension and support for the lateral sides of the vagina. Defects in this lateral support system results in a lack of bladder support. Cystocele that develops laterally is associated with an anatomic imbalance between anterior vaginal wall and

4686-411: The vaginal opening. This can be an option for women who no longer want to have vaginal intercourse. If an enterocele / sigmoidocele , or prolapse of the rectum/colon, is also present, the surgical treatment will take this concurrent condition into account while planning and performing the repairs. Estrogen that is administered vaginally before surgical repair can strengthen the vaginal tissue providing

4757-412: The vaginal wall decreases when the structure of the collagen fibers change and become weaker. There are two types of cystocele. The first is distension. This is thought to be due to the overstretching of the vaginal wall and is most often associated with aging, menopause and vaginal delivery. It can be observed when the rugae are less visible or even absent. The second type is displacement. Displacement

4828-454: The vaginal wall. Sacrocolpopexy is a procedure that stabilizes the vaginal vault (the uppermost portion of the vagina) and is often chosen as the treatment for cystocele, especially if previous surgeries were not successful. The procedure consists of attaching the vaginal vault to the sacrum. It has a success rate of 90%. Some women choose not to have surgery to close the vagina. This surgery, called colpocleisis , treats cystocele by closing

4899-402: The woman was on bed rest and reduced intake of fluid and food. If the treatment was still not successful, the woman's legs were tied together for three days. In 1521, Berengario da Carpi performed the first surgical treatment for prolapse. This was to tie a rope around the prolapse, tighten it for two days until it was no longer viable and cut it off. Wine, aloe, and honey were then applied to

4970-537: Was proposed again in 1976 but further studies indicated that the recurrence rate was not better. In 1888, treatments were tried that entered the abdomen to make reattachments. Some did not agree with this and suggested an approach through the inguinal canal . In 1898, further abdominal approaches were proposed. No further advances have been noted until 1961 when reattachment of the anterior vaginal wall to Cooper's ligament began to be used. Unfortunately, posterior vaginal wall prolapse occurred in some patients even though

5041-508: Was toward the bottom of the frame. The frame was then moved upward and downward more or less rapidly for approximately 3–5 min. As the patient was in an inverted position, it was thought that the prolapsing organs of the genital tract would be returned to their normal position by the force of gravity and the shaking motion." Hippocrates had his own theories regarding the cause of prolapse. He thought that recent childbirth, wet feet, 'sexual excesses', exertion, and fatigue may have contributed to

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