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146-405: The grape is grown across Central Europe, including Austria , Czech Republic (in particular southern Moravia where it is known as Frankovka ), Germany , Slovakia (where it is known as Frankovka modrá ), Croatia , Serbia ( frankovka ), Slovenia (known as modra frankinja ), and Italy ( Franconia ). In Hungary the grape is called Kékfrankos (also lit. blue Frankish) and is grown in

292-800: A clone of the Gamay grape variety, due to certain similarities in morphology and possibly due to its name Gamé in Bulgaria. The German name Lemberger derives from the fact that it was imported to Germany in the 19th century from Lemberg in Lower Styria in present-day Slovenia and then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . An 1877 export of Lembergerreben to Germany has been recorded. The almost identical name Limberger refers to Limburg at Maissau in Lower Austria , where in

438-1023: A difficult time marketing the grape due to consumers' association of the name Lemberger with the smelly cheese of a similar name . Some winemakers have taken the approach of California winemaker Jed Steele who, in partnership with Chateau Ste. Michelle , makes a Washington Blaufränkisch that he labels under the proprietary name "Blue Franc" to avoid using the names Lemberger or Blaufränkisch which have also not fared well among consumers. According to wine expert Paul Gregutt , Washington Lembergers are characterized by their "blood red" color , with light peppery spice aromas and flavors of ripe berry fruit. Blaufränkisch wines have aromas of dark ripe cherries and dark berries, are spicy, have medium tannin levels and sometimes very good acidity . Young wines are deeply fruity and become more velvety, supple and complex with age . According to wine expert Oz Clarke , well made examples of Blaufränkisch will have notes of red currants and blackberry fruit. The grape does have

584-499: A local speciality. Blauer Zweigelt and Pinot noir wines are also made here, as well as a little Eiswein. Further downstream, just outside Vienna lies Klosterneuburg . As the biggest private wine estate in the country, the abbey has played a formative role in Austrian wine for the last 900 years. The Federal Institute for Viticulture and Pomology was the world's first college of viticulture and continues to play an important part in

730-595: A long growing season, resulting in crisp, aromatic and full-bodied wines. The warm humid climate and steep hills make this one of the toughest places in Austria to be a vigneron . Southwest of Graz lie ancient vineyards which mainly produce a cult rosé called Schilcher . Made from the indigenous Blauer Wildbacher grape, genuine Schilcher carries a mark with a white horse, after the Lipizzaners bred in Piber for

876-724: A lot of improvements in infrastructure; many roads were built or reconstructed. Napoleon himself blamed Marshal of the Empire Auguste de Marmont , the governor of Dalmatia, that too much money was spent. However, in 1813, the Habsburgs once again declared war on France and, by the following year, had restored control over Dalmatia. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know

1022-548: A nationalist notion. During Dalmatia's incorporation in Austrian Empire , with the Autonomist Party in Dalmatia refusing and opposed plans to incorporate Dalmatia into Croatia; instead it supported an autonomous Dalmatia based on a multicultural association of Dalmatia's ethnic communities: Croats , Serbs , and Italians , united as Dalmatians. The Autonomist Party has been accused of secretly having been

1168-907: A number of wine regions including Sopron , Villány , Szekszárd , and Eger (where it is a major ingredient in the famous red wine blend known as Egri Bikavér (lit. Bull's Blood) having largely replaced the Kadarka grape). It has been called "the Pinot noir of the East" because of its spread and reputation in Eastern Europe. In America the grape is also known as Lemberger , Blauer Limberger or Blue Limberger and grown in Pennsylvania , Washington state , Michigan , New Jersey , Idaho , New York , Colorado , Ohio , Virginia . and California , DNA profiling has shown that Blaufränkisch

1314-633: A parent of the Orémus (Zéta) grape used in Tokaji . There were high hopes for Goldburger , a cross between Welschriesling and Orangetraube bred in Klosterneuburg, but after an initial wave of planting, enthusiasm has dimmed. Zierfandler (Spätrot) and Rotgipfler are local grapes of the Thermenregion, and are often blended together as Spätrot-Rotgipfler . It is worth noting that Pinot gris

1460-529: A parent such as Chardonnay , Riesling , Elbling , Aramon noir , Grolleau noir , Muscadelle and Colombard . Blaufränkisch is a parent to Zweigelt , the most widely planted red grape in Austria, from a crossing with St. Laurent (also known as Sankt Laurent ) done in 1922 by Dr. Fritz Zweigelt at the Klosterneuburg research facilities in Vienna. This same Blaufränkisch x Sankt Laurent pairing

1606-467: A pro-Italian movement due to their defense of the rights of ethnic Italians in Dalmatia. Also support for the autonomy of Dalmatia, had deep historic roots in identifying Dalmatian culture as linking Western culture via Venetian Italian influence and Eastern culture via South Slavic influence, such a view was supported by Dalmatian autonomist Stipan Ivičević . The Autonomist Party did not claim to be an Italian movement, and indicated that it sympathized with

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1752-519: A sense of heterogeneity amongst Dalmatians in opposition to ethnic nationalism . In the 1861 elections, the Autonomists won twenty-seven seats in Dalmatia, while Dalmatia's Croatian nationalist movement, the People's Party , won only fourteen seats. The issue of autonomy of Dalmatia was debated after the creation of Yugoslavia in 1918, due to divisions within Dalmatia over proposals of merging

1898-462: A sense of regional identity. This same regional identity and heritage is displayed in the Hinterland, where the architectural and cultural legacy remains evident in many villages and towns that have a distinct Mediterranean style. The cuisine Dalmatia was influenced by Italian cuisine , given the historical presence of local ethnic Italians ( Dalmatian Italians ), influence that has eased after

2044-568: A single grower, Hahndorf Hill, has been growing this variety for the past 20 years to make a full-bodied version of this wine. Other producers in Australia have recently planted Blaufränkisch and will soon be presenting their own versions. In Canada , there are some plantings of the variety in Ontario in the Niagara region, British Columbia wine regions of Vancouver Island , Nova Scotia , and

2190-495: A variety of Fränkisch synonyms. The term Fränkisch itself comes from Franconia , the German wine region that includes northwest Bavaria , the northeastern reaches of Baden-Württemberg around Heilbronn-Franken , and parts of southern Thuringia . During the Middle Ages, the wine from this region was highly praised, and grapes that were thought to be capable of producing superior wines were called Fränkisch to distinguish them from

2336-572: A wide variation in soils, all kinds of grape varieties are made here, many being made into heurigen wines. Perhaps the most interesting wines are the Spätrot-Rotgipflers, made from a blend of the local varieties Zierfandler (Spätrot) and Rotgipfler, both of which are white grapes despite their names. The east side of the Neusiedler See is also known as Seewinkel, "corner of the lake". The shallow Neusiedler See (Lake Neusiedl)

2482-686: A wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence: His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol , Dalmatia and Littoral for

2628-508: Is Split , followed by Zadar , Šibenik , and Dubrovnik . The name of the region stems from an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae , who lived in the area in classical antiquity . Later it became a Roman province (with much larger territory than modern region), and as result a Romance culture emerged, along with the now-extinct Dalmatian language , later largely replaced with related Venetian and Italian , which were mainly spoken by

2774-587: Is a historical region only, not formally instituted in Croatian law. Its exact extent is therefore uncertain and subject to public perception. According to Lena Mirošević and Josip Faričić of the University of Zadar : ...the modern perception of Dalmatia is mainly based on the territorial extent of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia , with the exception of Rab, which is geographically related to

2920-421: Is a cross between Gouais blanc (Weißer Heunisch; male parent) and Blaue Zimmettraube (female parent; the offspring of Blauer Gänsfüsser ). Historical sources of grapevine classification have provided very solid evidence that the geographic area of origin of the variety is Lower Styria (today Slovenian Styria). For a long time before the application of DNA analysis, Blaufränkisch was erroneously thought to be

3066-523: Is a narrow belt stretching from the island of Rab in the north to the Bay of Kotor in the south. The Dalmatian Hinterland ranges in width from fifty kilometres in the north, to just a few kilometres in the south; it is mostly covered by the rugged Dinaric Alps . Seventy-nine islands (and about 500 islets) run parallel to the coast, the largest (in Dalmatia) being Brač , Pag , and Hvar . The largest city

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3212-690: Is archaeological evidence of grape growing in Traisental 4000 years ago. Grape seeds have been found in urns dating back to 700 BC in Zagersdorf , whilst bronze wine flagons of the Celtic La Tène culture dating to the 5th century BC have been found at Dürrnberg in Salzburg state. Viticulture thrived under the Romans, once Marcus Aurelius Probus ( Roman emperor 276–282) had overturned

3358-541: Is based on the Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (KMW), which measures the sugar content of the grapes at harvest in a way similar to the Öchsle scale , where 1°KMW is ~5°Oe. The " Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus " has three categories, all for dry wines: Districtus Austriae Controllatus, Latin for "Controlled District of Austria", is the new geographical appellation, similar to the French AOC or

3504-514: Is considered a high productive vine capable of producing high yields fairly easily. In some parts of Europe it is not uncommon to see it harvested at 100 hectolitres per hectare (4,300 US quarts per acre). However over-cropping the vine has a tendency to produce thin wines with many green, weedy notes. Today Blaufränkisch is planted across the globe from Japan , the United States and Australia to Germany , Hungary and Austria . It

3650-684: Is considered ideal for the grape due to the dry warm winds from the east across the Pannonian Plain , and the sheltering influence of the hill regions to the north, south and west of the region. Outside the Burgenland, 807 hectares (1,990 acres) of Blaufränkisch were planted in the Neusiedlersee region, and 962 hectares (2,380 acres) were planted in the Neusiedlersee-Hügelland region in the hill country bordering

3796-687: Is derived from a word meaning "sheep". According to Vladimir Orel , the Gheg form delmë hardly has anything in common with the name of Dalmatia because it represents a variant of dele with *-mā , which is ultimately from proto-Albanian *dailā . The ancient name Dalmana , derived from the same root, testifies to the advance of the Illyrians into the middle Vardar , between the ancient towns of Bylazora and Stobi . The medieval Slavic toponym Ovče Pole ("plain of sheep" in South Slavic ) in

3942-592: Is derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae who lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in the 1st millennium BC. It was part of the Illyrian Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the Illyrian Wars (220, 168 BC) when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva . The name "Dalmatia" was in use probably from the second half of

4088-490: Is generally a part-time job for wine-growers; their produce is sold mainly in the numerous Heurigen . Südsteiermark (South Styria), near the Slovenian border, is mainly Sauvignon blanc country—however, the 1,950 hectares of vineyards also include Welschriesling, Morillon, Muskateller and Traminer. Soil types include sandstone , shale , clay and shelly limestone . The combination of warm days and cool nights gives

4234-670: Is home to a few hectares of the grape. Blaufränkisch has recently been making strides in New Jersey , specifically in the Outer Coastal Plain AVA , becoming a stand out grape for this region. Additional plantings are found in New Mexico , Virginia in both the Shenandoah Valley and Monticello AVAs at Hazy Mountain's two vineyard sites, Rhode Island , Maryland , Michigan , Montana , Colorado and

4380-551: Is known as Ruländer in Austria, and sometimes as Grauburgunder; Pinot blanc is known as Weißburgunder or Weissburgunder, and Sauvignon blanc is called Muskat Sylvaner. Riesling plays a much smaller role than in Germany, but the relatively small amount grown is used for some of Austria's most appreciated dry white wines. Zweigelt (sometimes called Zweigeltblau, a Blaufränkisch × St. Laurent cross) and Blauburger (Blaufränkisch × BlauerPortugieser) were bred at Klosterneuburg in

4526-460: Is one of the few places on earth where noble rot attacks grapes reliably every year. This means that botrytised dessert wines can be made more easily, and hence sold more cheaply, than in other areas famous for this style of wine. Increasingly, red wine is also being made in this region. The "hill country" to the west of the lake offers a diversity of terrain that is reflected in the number of grape varieties and styles of wine made here. Perhaps

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4672-465: Is possible that Blaufränkisch or a similar forerunner of the grape was already cultivated in regions of present Austria (Lower Austria and Burgenland ) in the 10th century. In his 1777 publication Beschreibung der in der Wiener Gegend gemeinen Weintrauben-Arten , ampelographer Sebastian Helbling accounted the variety as one of the best red grape varieties of Lower Austria, and used the name Schwarze Fränkische for it. In present-day Austria Blaufränkisch

4818-519: Is quite similar to the Wachau. To the north of Krems lies Langenlois , which is the main town of Kamptal, the valley of the river Kamp . The sandstone slopes are so steep that only a thin layer of soil is retained, and exposure to the sun is high. Riesling thrives on these steep slopes; closer to the Danube the valley broadens and more red grapes are grown. To the south of Krems lies Herzogenburg, at

4964-549: Is the second most important red grape variety after Zweigelt , with 3,340 planted hectares (8,300 acres), representing 6% of all Austrian plantings in 2008. The vast majority of these plantings are in the Burgenland region of eastern Austria. It is particularly common in Mittelburgenland , with 1,194 hectares (2,950 acres) planted in 2008, an area sometimes given the nickname "Blaufränkischland". The Mittelburgenland

5110-711: The Austro-Hungarian defeat in World War I , Dalmatia was split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy , which held several smaller parts. After World War II , the People's Republic of Croatia as a part of Yugoslavia took complete control over the area. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia , Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Croatia. The regional name Dalmatia originates from Dalmatae ,

5256-770: The Barbarian Invasions , Slavic tribes settled. The Slavs alongside Avars by 619 brought to ruin the capital Salona (an event that allowed for the settlement of the nearby Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum ), Asseria, Varvaria, Burnum, Scardona, Epidaurum and Acruvium (resulting with the foundation of Kotor ), and Epidaurum (resulting with the foundation of Ragusa ). The arrived tribes of Croats , Serbs and other Slavs founded sclaviniae Croatia , Pagania , Zachlumia , Travunia and Konavle (also small region of Bosnia , with Duklja in near Praevalitana and Serbia in Dalmatia, Praevalitana and Moesia ). In

5402-563: The Bay of Kotor to become a safe place for doing business. In 1389, Tvrtko I , the founder of the Kingdom of Bosnia , was able to control the Adriatic littoral between Kotor and Šibenik , and even claimed control over the northern coast up to Rijeka , and his own independent ally, Republic of Ragusa . This was only temporary, as Hungary and the Venetians continued their struggle over Dalmatia after Tvrtko's death in 1391. By this time,

5548-839: The Bay of Kotor –includes the Orjen mountains with the highest peak in Montenegro , 1894 m. In present-day Dalmatia, the highest peak is Dinara (1913 m), which is not a coastal mountain, while the highest coastal Dinaric mountains are on Biokovo (Sv. Jure, 1762 m) and Velebit (Vaganski vrh, 1757 m), although the Vaganski vrh itself is located in Lika-Senj County . The largest Dalmatian islands are Brač , Korčula , Dugi Otok , Mljet , Vis , Hvar , Pag and Pašman . The major rivers are Zrmanja , Krka , Cetina , and Neretva . The Adriatic Sea's high water quality , along with

5694-581: The Black Sea , and the Republic of Ragusa was the fiercest competitor to Venice's merchants in the 15th and 16th centuries. Originally, Latin was used in official documents of the Republic. Italian came into use in the 1420s. Both languages were used in official correspondence by the Republic. The Republic was influenced by the Venetian language and the Tuscan dialect . In the early 16th century, most of

5840-585: The Dalmatian Italians . With the arrival of the Sclaveni (South Slavs) to the area in the late 6th and early 7th century, who eventually occupied most of the coast and hinterland, Slavic and Romance elements began to intermix in language and culture . After the medieval Kingdom of Croatia , in which most of Dalmatia resided, entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102, its cities and lands were often conquered by, or switched allegiance to,

5986-724: The Friuli Isonzo and Friuli Latisana Denominazione di origine controllata . In Spain , some experimental plantings of Blaufränkisch are found in the Spanish wine region of Málaga and Sierras de Málaga , where a German-descended winemaker is making varietal wines under the synonym Lemberger . In the New World Blaufränkisch is found in the Australian wine region of the Adelaide Hills , where

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6132-515: The Gamay noir grape grown in the Beaujolais wine region of France until DNA evidence proved that it was in fact Blaufränkisch. In Croatia, the nearly 880 hectares (2,200 acres) of Blaufränkisch, known as Frankovka , represent around 2.7% of all Croatian vineyard plantings. This number is expected to rise, as many plantings previously thought to be a different variety, Borgonja , have now been proven by DNA testing to be Blaufränkisch. Most of

6278-577: The Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Passarowitz , more peaceful times made Dalmatia experience a period of certain economic and cultural growth in the 18th century, with the re-establishment of trade and exchange with the hinterland. This period was abruptly interrupted with the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. Napoleon 's troops stormed the region and ended the independence of the Republic of Ragusa as well, saving it from occupation by

6424-507: The Grüner Veltliner grape), though some sweeter white wines (such as dessert wines made around the Neusiedler See ) are also produced. About 30% of the wines are red, made from Blaufränkisch (also known as Lemberger, or as Kékfrankos in neighbouring Hungary ), Pinot noir and locally bred varieties such as Zweigelt . Four thousand years of winemaking history counted for little after the " antifreeze scandal " of 1985, when it

6570-543: The Huns , and Gouais blanc being confirmed as a parent variety of another old Hungarian wine grape Furmint , but ultimately the exact birthplace of both Gouais blanc and Blaufränkisch are unknown. The synonyms Lemberger and Limberger first appeared in literature near the end of the 19th century in relation to the grape's believed origins from the Austro-Hungarian cities of Lemberg (today in modern Slovenia ) and Limberg (today known as Maissau) in Lower Austria . In 1875,

6716-434: The International Ampelographic Commission in Colmar, France adopted Blaufränkisch as an officially sanctioned name. The Blaufränkisch vine is known as an early budding variety that can be susceptible to early spring frost. It is a late ripening variety, and tends to be planted in warmer vineyard sites. Among the viticultural hazards that Blaufränkisch is most prone to are powdery and downy mildews . Blaufränkisch

6862-463: The Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . For example, the influence of Italian cuisine on Dalmatian dishes can be seen in the pršut (similar to Italian prosciutto ) and on the preparation of homemade pasta. Traditional dishes of Italian origin also include gnocchi ( njoki ), risotto ( rižot ), focaccia ( pogača ), polenta ( palenta ), and brudet . Dalmatian identity , or sometimes also Dalmatianism, Dalmatianness or Dalmatian nationalism', refers to

7008-412: The Kvarner area and functionally to the Littoral – Gorski Kotar area, and with the exception of the Bay of Kotor , which was annexed to another state ( Montenegro ) after World War I . Simultaneously, the southern part of Lika and upper Pounje, which were not part of Austrian Dalmatia, became part of Zadar County . From the present-day administrative and territorial point of view, Dalmatia comprises

7154-498: The Okanagan Valley . The grape can be found across the United States, from the Finger Lakes , Cayuga Lake , Hudson River Region and Long Island AVAs in New York , where it often blended with Cabernet franc , to California , (particularly the Lodi and Temecula Valley AVAs ) and Washington State . In Pennsylvania , varietal and blended wines are produced in the Lake Erie (which also includes Ohio and New York) and Lehigh Valley AVAs . The Snake River Valley AVA in Idaho

7300-465: The Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Split-Dalmatia County , stretching from Istria in the north to modern-day Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate , sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province and Adriatic carbonate platform Today, Dalmatia

7446-454: The Russian Empire and Montenegro . In 1805, Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic Sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Kotor. In 1808, he annexed the just conquered Republic of Ragusa to the Kingdom. A year later, in 1809, he removed the Venetian Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces , which were annexed to France , and named Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult

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7592-438: The Spanish Riding School in Vienna. Dalmatia Dalmatia ( / d æ l ˈ m eɪ ʃ ə , - t i ə / ; Croatian : Dalmacija [dǎlmatsija] ; Italian : Dalmazia [dalˈmattsja] ; see names in other languages ) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia , alongside Central Croatia , Slavonia , and Istria , located on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia . Dalmatia

7738-1900: The Szent István University in Hungary crossed Blaufränkisch with Kadarka to produce Rubintos . Two years later they crossed the grape with Muscat Bouschet , (an offspring of Petit Bouschet ), to produce Magyarfrankos . In 1986 Blaufränkisch was crossed with Regent at a research facility at Geilweilerhof to produce Reberger . Over the years Blaufränkisch has been known under a variety of synonyms including Blanc doux, Blau Fränkisch, Blau Fränkische, Blauer Limberger (Germany), Blaufränkische, Blaufranchis, Blaufranchisch, Blue French, Borgonja (Croatia), Burgund Mare (Romania), Cerne Skalicke, Cerne Starosvetske, Cerny Muskatel, Chirokolistny, Cierny Zierfandler, Crna Frankovka (Croatia), Crna Moravka, Fernon, Fränkische, Fränkische schwarz, Franconia (Italy), Franconia nera (Itay), Franconia nero, Franconien bleu, Franconien noir, Frankinja, Frankinja modra, Frankovka (Croatia, Serbia, Czech Republic), Modra Frankinja (Slovenia), Frankovka modra (Slovakia), Imbergher, Jubiläumsrebe, Gamay noire, Gamé (Bulgaria), Karmazin, Kék Frankos, Kékfrank, Kékfrankos (Hungary), Lampart, Lemberger (Germany and United States), Limberg, Limberger (Germany), Limberger blauer, Limberger noir, Limburske, Maehrische, Modra Frankija, Modra Frankinja, Modry hyblink, Moravka, Moravske, Muskateller schwarz, Nagy burgundi, Nagyburgundi (Hungary), Neskorak, Neskore, Neskore cierne, Noir de Franconie, Oporto (Slovakia), Orna Frankovka, Portugais lerouse, Portugais rouge, Portugieser rother, Pozdni, Pozdni skalicke cerne, Schwarz Limberger, Schwarze Fraenkische, Schwarzer Burgunder, Schwarzgrobe, Serina, Shirokolistnyi, Sirokolidtnyj, Sirokolstnii, Skalicke cerne, Starovetsky hrozen, Sura Liscina (Serbia), Szeleslevelü, Teltfürtü Kékfrankos, Vaghyburgundi, Velke bugundske and Vojvodin. Austrian wine Austrian wines are mostly dry white wines (often made from

7884-425: The Venetian language , once dominant in the area, it is spelled Dalmàssia , and in modern Italian Dalmazia . The modern Croatian spelling is Dalmacija , and the modern Serbian Cyrillic spelling is Далмација ( pronounced [dǎlmaːt͡sija] ). Dalmatia is referenced in the New Testament at 2 Timothy 4:10 , therefore the name has been translated in many of the world's languages. In antiquity ,

8030-406: The Vlaji , their name originated from the Vlachs with whom they have no ethnic connection. The former two groups (inhabitants of the islands and the cities) historically included many Venetian and Italian speakers, who are identificated as Dalmatian Italians . Their presence, relative to those identifying as Croats , decreased dramatically over the course of the 19th and the first half of

8176-471: The Württemberg wine region around the town of Stuttgart . Here, where the grape is often known as Blauer Lemberger or Blauer Limberger , the grape tends to make more light bodied wines with softer tannins than the style typically made in Austria. Blaufränkisch, known here as Frankovka , is the second most widely grown red grape variety in the Czech Republic . It is grown only in the Moravian wine subregions due to its late-ripening nature. Almost 9% of

8322-462: The list of wine producing countries by volume (2011). As can be seen from the table, Grüner Veltliner is the dominant white grape in Austria, producing generally dry wines ranging from short-lived Heuriger wines to Spätleses capable of long life. The ancient Welschriesling variety is used in the noble rot dessert wines of the Neusiedlersee; it also makes undistinguished dry wines for drinking young, as does Müller-Thurgau (Rivaner). Neuburger

8468-423: The slate -based soils near the city of Spitzerberg are also home to some Blaufränkisch plantings. Within Austria Blaufränkisch is a permitted variety in several Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC) zones. Producers in the Burgenland tend to delineate light bodied, unoaked Blaufränkisch wines to the Mittleburgenland DAC Classic , while labeling more full bodied, oaked styles as Burgenland DAC Reserve . In

8614-424: The 16th century, but the Thirty Years War and others of the 17th century took their toll, as much due to the heavy taxation of the period as the direct disruption of war. Various drink taxes were unified in 1780, as part of a drive by Maria Theresa and Joseph II to encourage viticulture. An imperial decree of 17 August 1784 gave birth to the distinctive Austrian tradition of inns called Heurigen . Derived from

8760-527: The 1920s and now account for nearly half of Austria's red wine. The former can be made into powerful wines for ageing, the latter is easier to grow and is generally blended; both are also made into a lighter style for drinking young. Blaufränkisch and Blauer Portugieser are the traditional red grapes of the region, being part of the blend of Hungary's Egri Bikavér . The former is the more "serious" variety, Blauer Portugieser produces fresh, fruity red wines for drinking young. Saint Laurent came from France in

8906-415: The 20th century. The Italian speakers (Dalmatian Italians and italophone Croats) constituted 33% of the total Dalmatian population in 1803. They decreased to 29% in 1809, 20% in 1816, 12.5% in 1865, 3.1% in 1890 and 2.8% in 1910. There remains, however, a strong cultural, and, in part, ancestral heritage among the natives of the cities and islands, who today almost exclusively identify as Croats, but retain

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9052-400: The 2nd century BC and certainly from the first half of the 1st century BC, defining a coastal area of the eastern Adriatic between the Krka and Neretva rivers. It was slowly incorporated into Roman possessions until the Roman province of Illyricum was formally established around 32–27 BC. In 9 AD, the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts together with the Pannonians, but it

9198-420: The Austrian capital of Dalmatia, Zara, the proportion of Italians continued to grow, making it the only Dalmatian city with an Italian majority. In 1861 was the meeting of the first Dalmatian Assembly, with representatives from Dubrovnik. Representatives of Kotor came to Dubrovnik to join the struggle for unification with Croatia. The citizens of Dubrovnik gave them a festive welcome, flying Croatian flags from

9344-403: The Austrian capital. Vines were grown within the city walls of Vienna in the Middle Ages, although they have now been pushed into the outskirts. Riesling, Chardonnay and Pinot blanc are grown on the limestone soils towards Klosterneuburg, whereas red grapes do better on the rich soil to the south of the city. Field blends known as Gemischter Satz are common here, and most wine is drunk young in

9490-404: The Austrians have made real efforts to improve matters. At present there are three systems—the traditional system based on the German scheme, a different classification used only in the Wachau , and a new system of regional appellations called DACs that is being trialled in the Weinviertel. The existing system was based on the German system during World War II , but was modified after 1985. It

9636-512: The Blaufränkisch tends to be, as described by Robinson, "nervy and elegant". In Austria, Blaufränkisch tends to produce deeply colored wines with dark fruit aromas , peppery spice notes and moderate to high acidity . Depending on where it is produced the wine can be unoaked , or spend some time aging in the barrel. The unoaked styles tend to be lighter bodied while the oaked versions tend to be fuller bodied. In Germany, there are 1,729 hectares (4,270 acres) of Blaufränkisch, grown primarily in

9782-407: The Council of Kingdom of Dalmatia was Baron Vlaho Getaldić . In the same year, the first issue of the Dubrovnik almanac appeared, Flower of the National Literature ( Dubrovnik, cvijet narodnog književstva ), in which Petar Preradović published his noted poem "Pjesma Dubrovniku" ( Poem to Dubrovnik ). This and other literary and journalistic texts, which continued to be published, contributed to

9928-430: The Croatian plantings are found in the Kontinentalna Hrvatska (Continental Croatia) region in the northwestern part of the country and on the Istrian peninsula along the Adriatic Sea . In Serbia , most of the plantings of Blaufränkisch are found in the province of Vojvodina . In Italy , the grape is known as Franconia Nera , with 127 hectares (310 acres) planted mostly in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia wine regions of

10074-532: The Dalmatia populace, only Italian language schools existed until 1848, and due to restrictive voting laws, the Italian-speaking aristocratic minority retained political control of Dalmatia. Only after Austria liberalized elections in 1870, allowing more majority Slavs to vote, did Croatian parties gain control. Croatian finally became an official language in Dalmatia in 1883, along with Italian. Yet minority Italian-speakers continued to wield strong influence, since Austria favored Italians for government work, thus in

10220-573: The Dalmatian hinterland which was controlled by the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom was lost to the Ottoman Empire by the 1520s when was formed Croatian vilayet which became incorporated into the Sanjak of Klis after the Siege of Klis (1537), and decades later into the Bosnia Eyalet . With the fall of the Hungarian-Venetian border in Dalmatia, Venetian Dalmatia now directly bordered with the Ottoman Dalmatia. Venetians still perceived this inner hinterland as once part of Croatia, calling it as "Banadego" (lands of Ban i.e. Banate ). The Republic of Venice

10366-451: The Duke of Dalmatia. Napoleon's rule in Dalmatia was marked with war and high taxation, which caused several rebellions. On the other hand, French rule greatly contributed to Croatian national revival (the first newspaper in Croatian was published then in Zadar, Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin ), the legal system and infrastructure were finally modernized somewhat in Dalmatia, and the educational system flourished. French rule brought

10512-612: The Eisnberg DAC of the southern Südburgenland, the grape is grown in iron -rich soils and tends to produce a distinctive varietal style. In the Leithaberg DAC situated in the slate and limestone hills around the Leitha Mountains , Blaufränkisch must make up at least 85% of the blend, with St. Laurent , Zweigelt or Pinot noir permitted to round out the remaining portion. In this cooler climate wine region

10658-482: The German for "new wine", the decree allowed all winemakers to sell home-grown food with their wine all year round. Fir trees hung above the door alerted customers to the arrival of the new season's wine. The 19th century saw the arrival of all sorts of biological invaders. First there was powdery mildew ( Uncinula necator ) and downy mildew ( Peronospora ). One response to these fungal diseases from North America

10804-488: The Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established. Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local ethnic Italian population ( Dalmatian Italians ), making up 33% of the total population of Dalmatia in 1803, but this

10950-528: The Great had seen off the threat from Magyar incursions in 955, Austrian viticulture was nurtured by the Church and encouraged among the populace at large. The first vineyard names recorded are Kremser Sandgrube in 1208, and Steiner Pfaffenberg in 1230. Rudolf IV introduced the first wine tax, Ungeld , in 1359, as Vienna established itself as a centre for wine trading on the Danube. The wine business boomed in

11096-687: The Italian DOCG . Regional wine committees award the DAC to wines typical of their region. There are now ten DACs: In 2005 Austria had 51,213 hectares of vineyard, almost all of it in the east of the country. Of these 31,425 ha are in the state of Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) and 15,386 ha in Burgenland which together make up Weinland Österreich. Steiermark (Styria) accounts for 3,749 ha, Wien (Vienna) 621 ha and there are 32 ha in "the Austrian Mountains" (Bergland Österreich), which covers

11242-789: The Ottomans took control of the hinterland, many Christians took refuge in the coastal cities of Dalmatia. In the Ottoman Dalmatia many people converted to Islam to get freedom and privileges. The border between the Dalmatian hinterland and the Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina greatly fluctuated until the Morean War , when the Venetian capture of Knin and Sinj set much of the borderline at its current position. After

11388-546: The Romance-speaking Dalmatian city-states and remained influential as they were well fortified and maintained their connection with the Byzantine Empire. The original name of the cities was Jadera ( Zadar ; capital of the theme), Spalatum (Split), Crepsa ( Cres ), Arba ( Rab ), Tragurium ( Trogir ), Vecla ( Krk ), Ragusium ( Dubrovnik ) and Cattarum ( Kotor ). The language and

11534-535: The South Burgenland, Eisenberg reflects the red, iron-rich soil which imparts a distinct spiciness to the Blaufränkisch grown here. A speciality here is Uhudler wine, made from hybrids with North American species such as Isabella , Concord , Delaware , Noah , Elvira and Ripadella , which was banned for a while after the 1985 scandal. There are 621 ha of vineyards within the city limits of

11680-530: The addition of a little diethylene glycol , more commonly found in antifreeze , which imparted sweetness and body to the wine. The adulteration was difficult to detect chemically—the 'antifreeze scandal' broke when one of them tried to claim for the cost of the chemical on his tax return. Although the amounts of glycol were less dangerous than the alcohol in the wine, and only a few middlemen were involved, exports collapsed and some countries banned Austrian wine altogether. The antifreeze jokes persist, but in fact

11826-529: The awakening of the national consciousness reflected in efforts to introduce the Croatian language into schools and offices, and to promote Croatian books. The Emperor Franz Joseph brought the March Constitution which prohibited the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia and also any further political activity with this end in view. The political struggle of Dubrovnik to be united with Croatia, which

11972-510: The ban on growing grapes north of the Alps. Both Grüner Veltliner and Welschriesling appear to have been grown around the Danube since Roman times. Viticulture suffered with the invasions of Bavarians, Slavs and Avars after the fall of the Roman Empire , but from 788 the rule of Charlemagne saw considerable reconstruction of vineyards and introduction of new grape presses. Once Otto

12118-528: The centre of Traisental, which was only designated as a wine district in 1995. Mostly Grüner Veltliner is grown here, which is made into a fresh style for drinking young. Between Krems and Vienna lies the Wagram, which covers two very different areas. North of the Danube is the plateau of Wagram , where the Grüner Veltliner is a bit more full-bodied and aromatic, and Roter Veltliner is something of

12264-664: The city's heurigen. Under a 2002 amendment to the wine laws, Steirerland (the modern Austrian state ) replaced Steiermark as the name for Styria on wine. The many extinct volcanoes east of Graz give a rich soil which imparts a spiciness to the variety of grapes grown in Southeast Styria. The climate is a little cooler here, especially at night, giving a long growing season resulting in wines that are crisp, aromatic and full bodied. Thirteen hundred hectares of vineyards are cultivated—all located around Klöch , Sankt Anna am Aigen and Straden and situated primarily on

12410-527: The coast and near hinterland of Dalmatia by the year 1420, it was to remain under Venetian rule for 377 years (1420–1797). Dalmatia was first and finally sold to the Republic of Venice in 1409 but Venetian Dalmatia was not fully consolidated from 1420. The Republic of Venice in 1420 controlled coastal part of Dalmatia, with the southern enclave , the Bay of Kotor , being called Venetian Albania . Venetian

12556-410: The coast, which gave rise to the geographic term Dalmatian concordant coastline . On the coasts the climate is Mediterranean , while further inland it is moderate Mediterranean. In the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. To the south winters are milder. Over the centuries many forests have been cut down and replaced with bush and brush. There is evergreen vegetation on

12702-596: The coast. The soils are generally poor, except on the plains where areas with natural grass, fertile soils, and warm summers provide an opportunity for tillage. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers, and poor soils, although olives and grapes flourish. Energy resources are scarce. Electricity is mainly produced by hydropower stations. The largest Dalmatian mountains are Dinara , Mosor , Svilaja , Biokovo , Moseć , Veliki Kozjak , and Mali Kozjak . The regional geographical unit of Dalmatia–the coastal region between Istria and

12848-474: The conquest of Zadar in the mid-11th century. Chronicler Thomas the Archdeacon relates that Stephen Držislav took the title "King of Dalmatia and Croatia", and that all subsequent rulers styled themselves in such manner. Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia expanded his rule to permanently incorporate Dalmatian cities and islands by 1069. Upon the death of King Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia by the end of 1080s,

12994-605: The control of the noble Šubić family which held them until they were defeated at the Battle of Bliska by a coalition of nobles, Dalmatian cities and royal troops loyal to Charles I of Hungary . In the south, due to its protected location, Kotor became a major city for the salt trade. The area was prosperous during the 14th century under the rule of Emperor of the Serbs Dušan the Mighty , who encouraged law enforcement, which helped

13140-441: The correct form of Dalmatia is Delmatia , and notes that Marcus Terentius Varro who lived about two centuries prior to Appian and Velius Longius, used the form Delmatia as it corresponded to the chief settlement of the tribe, Delminium . The toponym Duvno is a derivation from Delminium in Croatian via an intermediate form *Delminio in late antiquity. Its Latin form Dalmatia gave rise to its current English name. In

13286-547: The culture of wine production in Austria towards an emphasis on quality, as opposed to the low standards that permitted the scandal to happen in the first place. The Austrian Wine Marketing Board was created in 1986 as a response to the scandal, and Austria's membership of the European Union has prompted further revisions of her wine laws, notably the new DAC system of geographical appellations launched in 2002 (see Classification section below). Today Austria lies 16th in

13432-488: The development of wine in Austria. The Weinviertel lies in the northeast corner of Austria, between the Danube and the Czech and Slovak borders. The biggest single wine region in Austria is home to half the Grüner Veltliner in the country (subject of the first DAC), and considerable amounts of Welschriesling , but most of Austria's varieties can be found here. Even sparkling wine is made from Riesling and Grüner Veltliner in

13578-692: The early 9th century, the Eastern Adriatic coast including Dalmatia was the scene of the sphere of influence struggle between the Frankish and Byzantine Empire, but although the Byzantines have retained supremacy, Dalmatia became a meeting place between the West and the East. The meaning of the administrative-geographical term "Dalmatia" by 820 shrank to the coastal cities and their immediate hinterland - Byzantine theme of Dalmatia . Its cities were

13724-841: The eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia , who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral , Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Dalmatia. During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined

13870-485: The far northeast around Poysdorf. The deep soils between Vienna and the Neusiedlersee are rapidly establishing a reputation for well-balanced red wines made from Zweigelt and Blaufränkisch. Being close to Vienna and full of history, the area is a popular area to visit. The spa region south of Vienna saw two wine regions, Gumpoldskirchen and Bad Vöslau , merged in 1985. Climatically similar to Burgundy, with

14016-543: The four Croatian littoral counties with seats in Zadar , Šibenik , Split , and Dubrovnik . "Dalmatia" is therefore generally perceived to extend approximately to the borders of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia. However, due to territorial and administrative changes over the past century, the perception can be seen to have altered somewhat with regard to certain areas, and sources conflict as to their being part of

14162-482: The grape is known as Kékfrankos (literally "Blue Frankish") and Nagyburgundi . There are more than 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) of the variety planted throughout the country, particularly around Sopron near the Austrian border of Burgenland, and Eger and Kunság in central Hungary. In the Eger region, Kékfrankos has displaced Kadarka in several modern incarnations of Egri Bikaver (Bull’s Blood) . In Slovenia ,

14308-537: The grape is known as Modra Frankinja . At present, there are 2,759,316 reeds of Blue Frankish that are planted in Slovenia , which grow on almost 700 hectares of wine-growing areas. This represents 4.68 percent of all plantations in the country. The variety of Blue Frankish is spread in two wine-growing regions Podravje and Posavje. It's the fourth most common variety of red grapes in Slovenia. Blaufränkisch goes by

14454-553: The greater Southeastern New England AVA . In Canada, Lemberger is found in several planting in the Niagara Peninsula DVA. The grape has a long history in Washington State, where it known mostly as Lemberger. Here the grape has been used to produce a variety of styles from light bodied claret -style blends, higher bodied more alcoholic " Zinfandel -like" wines to port style fortified wines. The grape

14600-460: The historical nationalism or patriotism of Dalmatians and Dalmatian culture. There were significant Dalmatian nationalists in the 19th century, but Dalmatian regional nationalism faded in significance over time in favor of ethnic nationalism . 17th century Dalmatian poet Jerolim Kavanjin ( Girolamo Cavagnini ) exhibited Dalmatianism, identifying himself as "Dalmatian" and calling Dalmatia his homeland, which John Fine interprets not to have been

14746-484: The immense number of coves , islands , and channels , makes Dalmatia an attractive place for nautical races, nautical tourism , and tourism in general. Dalmatia also includes several national parks that are tourist attractions: Paklenica karst river, Kornati archipelago , Krka river rapids , and the northwest of the island of Mljet . The area of Dalmatia roughly corresponds to Croatia's four southernmost counties , listed here north to south: Dalmatia's name

14892-526: The kingdoms of the region during the Middle Ages . At one time, most of Dalmatia came under rule of the Republic of Venice , which controlled most of Dalmatia between 1420 and 1797 as part of its State of the Sea , with the exception of the small but stable Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) in the south. Between 1815 and 1918, it was a province of the Austrian Empire known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia . After

15038-522: The lake. The wines produced in this region, influenced by the warm moderating climate of the lake, tend to be, as described by wine expert and Master of Wine Jancis Robinson , "richer and more full bodied ", while the clay vineyard soils south of the lake in the Südburgenland tend to produce wines with more spice notes. In the Carnuntum area located between Vienna and the Neusiedlersee,

15184-463: The late 19th century "ungrafted Limberg Blaufränkisch vines" ( wurzelechte Limberger Blaufränkisch-Reben ) were offered for sale. While the first officially documented appearance of Blaufränkisch did not occur until 1862 when the grape was included in a viticultural exposition in Vienna , Austria , it is likely that the grape is much older and has perhaps been around as long as the Middle Ages under

15330-609: The laws were initially Latin , but after a few centuries they developed their own neo-Latin language (the " Dalmatico "), that lasted until the 19th century. The cities were maritime centres with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. The Latin and Slavic communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became Christianized this tension increasingly subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture

15476-401: The less highly prized Hunnic grapes . It is likely that from sometime during this period up until the 1900s, Blaufränkisch (literally Blue Frankish ) began to be grown in the region. Despite the close association to Franconia, ampelographers believe that the grape likely originated somewhere in a swath of land stretching from Dalmatia through Austria and Hungary . They base this belief on

15622-448: The mid-19th century, and seems to have substantial Pinot noir (Blauerburgunder) parentage; St Laurent has a reputation for being problematic to grow, but can produce good quality wine. Blauer Wildbacher is probably an indigenous wild grape variety, used to make a cult rosé called Schilcher in western Styria. Rössler is the latest variety to be bred at Klosterneuburg. Since joining the EU

15768-526: The most famous is the Ruster Ausbruch dessert wine from the western shore of the lake. The Mittelburgenland is a southern continuation of the forested hills to the west of the Neusiedlersee. The nickname "Blaufränkischland" reflects the dominant variety here, which is the subject of the only red wine DAC and can be very good, the Bordeaux varieties also do well here. The most famous vineyard of

15914-454: The name Burgund Mare in Romania , where most of the variety's 891 planted hectares (2,200 acres) are located in the southern wine regions of Ștefănești and Dealu Mare . In recent years, plantings of the grape have expanded eastward towards warmer vineyard sites near the Black Sea . In Bulgaria , for many years the Blaufränkisch plantings in the country, known as Gamé , were thought to be

16060-653: The name of the Illyrian , Balkan tribe who were the original inhabitants of the region, and from which the later toponym, Delminium , is derived. It is considered by some to be connected to the Albanian dele and its variants which include the Gheg form delmë , meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term delmer , "shepherd", although there is lack of compelling evidence in ancient literary sources that Delmatae

16206-583: The national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as " Dalmatians ", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture. In 1848, the Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) published the People's Requests, in which they requested among other things the abolition of serfdom and the unification of Dalmatia and Croatia . The Dubrovnik municipality was the most outspoken of all the Dalmatian communes in its support for unification with Croatia. A letter

16352-538: The national identification, given that they generically defined themselves as "Dalmatians", of "Romance" or "Slavic" culture. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Dalmatia was granted as a province to the Emperor of Austria . It was officially known as the Kingdom of Dalmatia . From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, Italian and Slavic communities in Dalmatia had lived peacefully side by side because they did not know

16498-461: The nearby region represents a related later development. According to István Schütz, in Albania, Delvinë represents a toponym linked to the root *dele . The form of the regional name Dalmatia and the respective tribal name Dalmatae are later variants as is already noted by Appian (2nd century AD). His contemporary grammarian Velius Longus highlights in his treatise about orthography that

16644-487: The other hand, was in the ascendant, while the Croatia became increasingly influenced by Hungary to the north, being absorbed into it via personal union in 1102. Thus, these two factions became involved in a struggle in this area, intermittently controlling it as the balance shifted. During the reign of King Emeric , the Dalmatian cities separated from Hungary by a treaty. A consistent period of Hungarian rule in Dalmatia

16790-708: The population), in Zadar 7,423 (64.6%), in Šibenik 1,018 (14.5%), in Kotor 623 (18.7%) and in Dubrovnik 331 (4.6%). In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in Rab they went from 225 to 151, in Vis from 352 to 92, in Pag from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations. While Slavic-speakers made up 80-95% of

16936-473: The potential to have high tannins and acidity levels which can be moderated by harvest decisions and some oak aging . However, Clarke notes that wines from Blaufränkisch can take on too much oak flavoring and come across as excessively oaky. When blended with other varieties, Blaufränkisch often contributes acidity and structure to the blend. In food and wine pairings , Blaufränkisch/Lemberger are often paired with lamb dishes and grilled meats. At one time it

17082-477: The process of Romanization was rather selective. While urban centers, both coastal and inland, were almost completely romanized, the situation in the countryside was completely different. Despite the Illyrians being subject to a strong process of acculturation , they continued to speak their native language , worship their own gods and traditions, and follow their own social-political tribal organization which

17228-429: The proliferation of synonyms originating from these areas as well as DNA evidence showing that the old Hungarian wine grape Kékfrankos was, in fact, Blaufränkisch, and that Gouais blanc (Weisser Heunisch) and an unknown grape variety are the parent varieties of Blaufränkisch. Despite its French name, it has been speculated that Gouais blanc has Eastern European origins, with the term "Heunisch" thought to derive from

17374-478: The ramparts and exhibiting the slogan Ragusa with Kotor . The Kotorans elected a delegation to go to Vienna ; Dubrovnik nominated Niko Pucić , who went to Vienna to demand not only the unification of Dalmatia with Croatia, but also the unification of all Croatian territories under one common Sabor . During this period, the Habsburgs carried out an aggressive anti-Italian policy through a forced Slavization of

17520-625: The region in modern times: The inhabitants of Dalmatia are culturally subdivided into two groups. The urban families of the coastal cities, commonly known as Fetivi , are culturally akin to the inhabitants of the Dalmatian islands (known derogatorily as Boduli ). The two are together distinct, in the Mediterranean aspects of their culture, from the more numerous inhabitants of the Hinterland . Referred to (sometimes derogatorily) as

17666-669: The region with the territories composing the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . Proposals for the autonomy of Dalmatia within Yugoslavia were made by Dalmatians within the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II ; however, these proposals were strongly opposed by Croatian Communists and the proposals were soon abandoned. Most of the land area is covered by the Dinaric Alps mountain range running from north-west to south-east. The hills and mountains lie parallel to

17812-538: The rest of the country. The four main wine regions are split into 16 districts. This narrow valley of the Danube around Melk is reminiscent of the great wine areas of the Rhine, with steep terraces that produce world-class Grüner Veltliner and Riesling wines. Climatically and geologically it marks the transition from the Alps to the Hungarian plains, leading to a diverse array of microclimates and terroir , with

17958-604: The river moderating the effects of the cold Alpine winds. As mentioned above, the Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus still clings to its own classification of Steinfeder, Federspiel and Smaragd, reserved for wines that are made 100% from Wachau grapes. Downstream of the Wachau lies the Kremstal region, centred on the town of Krems . The valley opens out a little, the climate is a little warmer allowing more red wine to be produced, but otherwise Kremstal

18104-399: The scandal was the saviour of the industry in Austria. Strict new regulations restricted yields among other things, producers moved towards more red wine and a dry style of white wine that was what the 1990s market would demand, and the middlemen went bust forcing producers to sell direct and encouraging the expression of local terroir . Perhaps most importantly, there was a massive change in

18250-546: The slopes of the extinct volcanoes which characterize the landscape. Some vineyards are up to 650 m above sea level. The main grape varieties grown in this region are Welschriesling , Chardonnay (called Morillon), Weißburgunder (Pinot blanc) and Grauburgunder (Pinot gris), Gelber Muskateller , the Traminer family, Sauvignon blanc and Riesling ; red wines feature Zweigelt as well as other grapes, including St. Laurent or Blauburgunder (Pinot noir). Viticulture

18396-595: The state entered a period of anarchy and would result in Hungarians under Coloman of Hungary taking control over former Dalmatian possessions along with the rest of the state by 1102. In the High Medieval period , the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to expand its power consistently in Dalmatia, and was finally rendered impotent so far west by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The Republic of Venice, on

18542-709: The territory of the Byzantine province of Dalmatia reached in the North up to the river Sava , and was part of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum . In the middle of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th century began the Slavic migration , which caused the Romance-speaking population, descendants of Romans and Illyrians (speaking Dalmatian ), to flee to the coast and islands. The hinterland, semi-depopulated by

18688-456: The total vineyard area in Slovakia (1,742 hectares or 4,300 acres) is planted to Blaufränkisch, where the grape is more widely known as Frankovka modrá . In the city of Bratislava , specifically the suburb of Rača , local wine producers hold an annual wine festival that highlights Frankovka modrá wines from the region as well as examples of Blaufränkisch from around the globe. In Hungary,

18834-420: The variety planted throughout the Columbia Valley AVA , including Red Willow Vineyard in the Yakima Valley AVA, Champoux Vineyard (which along with Kiona and Red Willow has some of the oldest Lemberger vines in the state) and Destiny Ridge Vineyard in the Horse Heaven Hills AVA , with additional plantings in the Rattlesnake Hills and Columbia Gorge AVAs . Despite the grape's history, winemakers have had

18980-431: The whole Hungarian and Croatian Kingdom was facing increasing internal difficulties, as a 20-year civil war ensued between the Capetian House of Anjou from the Kingdom of Naples , and King Sigismund of the House of Luxembourg . During the war, the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples , sold his "rights" on Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice for a mere 100,000 ducats . The much more centralized Republic came to control

19126-415: Was a favorite of Dr. Walter Clore , the "father of Washington wine" . He encouraged the grape's planting throughout the Yakima Valley AVA in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1976, John Williams of Kiona Vineyard in what is now the Red Mountain AVA planted a few hectares that would be used in 1980 to make the first commercial Lemberger wine produced in Washington. As of 2011 there were 30 hectares (74 acres) of

19272-407: Was adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities. The fall of the Western Roman Empire , with the beginning of the Migration Period , left the region subject to Gothic rulers Odoacer and Theodoric the Great . They ruled Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD, when it was restored to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by Justinian I . In the Early Middle Ages ,

19418-435: Was also one of the powers most hostile to the Ottoman Empire's expansion , and participated in many wars against it , but also promoted peace negotiations and cultural and religious coexistence and tolerance. Since the 16th century Slavicized Vlachs , Serbs and other South Slavs arrived both as martolos in Ottoman service and refugees fleeing from Ottoman territory to the Military Frontier and Venetian Dalmatia. As

19564-468: Was believed that Blaufränkisch was a clone of the Gamay grape of Beaujolais, due in part to the prevalence of the synonym Gamé used in Bulgaria, and perhaps because it was thought that there was a parent-offspring relationship between the two. However, in the 21st century DNA evidence showed that Blaufränkisch was an offspring of Gouais blanc and an unknown parent, making it a half-sibling to Gamay as well as other varieties of grapes which have Gouais blanc as

19710-424: Was ended with the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241. The Mongols severely impaired the feudal state, so much so that that same year, King Béla IV had to take refuge in Dalmatia, as far south as the Fortress of Klis . The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success. At the beginning of the 14th century and until 1322, the Dalmatian cities were under

19856-442: Was finally crushed and, in 10 AD, Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia , which spread into larger area inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps and most of the eastern Adriatic coast. The historian Theodor Mommsen wrote in his book, The Provinces of the Roman Empire , that all Dalmatia was fully romanized by the 4th century AD. However, analysis of archaeological material from that period has shown that

20002-420: Was intense throughout 1848–49, did not succeed at that time. Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy . However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy , Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , together with other Italian-speaking areas on

20148-485: Was more accentuated in Ragusa, Spalatum, and Tragurium. In the first half of the 10th century, Croatia was elevated to a kingdom by Duke Tomislav who also extended his influence further southwards to Zachlumia . As an ally of the Byzantine Empire, the King was given the status of Protector of Dalmatia, and became its de facto ruler. In the subsequent period, the rulers of Croatia exerted influence over Dalmatian cities and islands, occasionally taking control such as

20294-459: Was reduced to 20% in 1816. According to Austrian censuses, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865, but this was reduced to 2.8% in 1910. In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations. The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of Split in 1890 there were 1,969 Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of

20440-583: Was revealed that some wine brokers had been adulterating their wines with diethylene glycol . The scandal destroyed the market for Austrian wine and compelled Austria to tackle low standards of bulk wine production, and reposition itself as a producer of quality wines. The country is also home to Riedel , makers of some of the most expensive wine glasses in the world. Some of the best producers of Austria include Weingut Bründlmayer , Weingut F.X. Pichler and Weingut Franz Hirtzberger, Weingut Nikolaihof, Weingut Knoll, Weingut Tement, and Weingut Sattlerhof. There

20586-427: Was sent from Dubrovnik to Zagreb with pledges to work for this idea. In 1849, Dubrovnik continued to lead the Dalmatian cities in the struggle for unification. A large-scale campaign was launched in the Dubrovnik paper L'Avvenire ( The Future ) based on a clearly formulated programme: the federal system for the Habsburg territories , the inclusion of Dalmatia into Croatia and the Slavic brotherhood . The President of

20732-399: Was supposedly found as flotsam in the Danube in the 1850s, but is now known to be a cross between Silvaner and the ancient Roter Veltliner . Frühroter Veltliner is also known as Malvasier, suggesting a link to the Malvasia grape family of the Eastern Mediterranean. Muscat Ottonel is used in dessert wines from the Neusiedlersee, as is Bouvier, which is related to the muscat family and is

20878-462: Was the commercial lingua franca in the Mediterranean at that time, and it heavily influenced Dalmatian and to a lesser degree coastal Croatian and Albanian . The southern city of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became de facto independent in 1358 through the Treaty of Zadar when Venice relinquished its suzerainty over it to Louis I of Hungary . In 1481, Ragusa switched allegiance to the Ottoman Empire . This gave its tradesmen advantages such as access to

21024-412: Was the founding in 1860 of what became the Federal Institute for Viticulture and Pomology at Klosterneuburg . Then the phylloxera root aphid arrived in 1872 and wiped out most of the vineyards of central Europe . Although it took several decades for the industry to recover, it allowed lower quality grapes to be replaced with better varieties, particularly Grüner Veltliner . After World War I , Austria

21170-556: Was the third biggest wine producer in the world, much being exported in bulk for blending with wine from Germany and other countries. However that intensification of viticulture sowed the seeds of its own destruction. During the twentieth century Austrian wine became a high-volume, industrialised business, with much of it being sold in bulk to Germany. A run of favourable years in the early 1980s saw massive yields of wines that were light, dilute and acidic, that nobody wanted. Wine brokers discovered that these wines could be made saleable by

21316-479: Was used to produce the Czech/Slovak grape André . Dr. Zweigelt also crossed Blaufränkisch with Blauer Portugieser to produce Blauburger , with August Herold using the same pairing to produce Heroldrebe in 1929 at the Weinsberg research center in Baden-Württemberg . Also at Weinsberg, Blaufränkisch was crossed with Dornfelder to produce Acolon , and with Cabernet Sauvignon to produce both Cabernet Cubin and Cabernet Mitos in 1970. In 1951 researchers at

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