The blind spot monitor or blind-spot monitoring is a vehicle-based sensor device that detects other vehicles located to the driver’s side and rear. Warnings can be visual , audible, vibrating , or tactile .
68-405: Blind spot monitors may do more than monitor the sides and rear of the vehicle. They may also include "Rear Cross-Traffic Alert", "which alerts drivers backing out of a parking space when traffic is approaching from the sides." If side view mirrors on a car are adjusted properly, there is no blind spot on the sides. This method was first documented by George Platzer in a 1995 paper presented to
136-414: A sailboat or windsurfer . This is especially true when they are heeled over ; consequently, transparent windows are sometimes sewn into the sails. Blind spots also exist around aircraft (helicopters, airships, airplanes, gliders). When the aircraft (airplane) accelerates for take off, the size of the blind spot below fuselage increases. Heavier aircraft can have up to several meters of blind spots. This
204-449: A driving mistake and claims it is even more dangerous than not using it, because it creates other blind spots directly behind the vehicle—nine reasons are listed, e.g. , when backing up—which are impossible to eliminate by a "shoulder check". Rearward invisibility is an entirely different matter. The area directly behind vehicles is the source of backup collisions , particularly involving pedestrians, children, and objects directly aft of
272-422: A few days in advance, weather forecasters are continually working to extend this limit through meteorological research and refining current methodologies in weather prediction. However, it is theoretically impossible to make useful day-to-day predictions more than about two weeks ahead, imposing an upper limit to potential for improved prediction skill. Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape
340-401: A given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain , snow and the wind chill , forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events and to plan ahead to survive through them. Tropical weather forecasting is different from that at higher latitudes. The sun shines more directly on the tropics than on higher latitudes (at least on average over a year), which makes
408-405: A horizontal plane in front of the driver. The front-end blind spots caused by this can create problems in traffic situations, such as in roundabouts , intersections , and road crossings . Front-end blind spots are influenced by the following design criteria: Most passenger cars have a diagonal pillar in the side view. The angle between the horizon and A-pillar is approximately 40 degrees with
476-535: A large truck, where the truck driver cannot see. Collisions frequently occur in no zones. A blind zone is one of several areas around heavier rolling stocks (locomotives and multiple units), where the train driver cannot see. Accidents frequently occur in blind zones. The side view mirrors of a car should be adjusted to reduce blind spots on the sides. The method is frequently overlooked in driver's education classes and takes some getting used to. Calculated elimination of blind spots by properly trained drivers
544-469: A manufacturer from maximizing visibility. These include safety, as narrower pillars cannot be made strong as easily as thicker pillars, and size restraints about aerodynamics, as taller, more vertical windshields create additional drag and reduce fuel efficiency. They also include fashion and cost, whereby design and appearance considerations can be deemed preeminent. Side radar systems offer better performance and also warn of fast-approaching vehicles entering
612-475: A more gentle impact, directing the pedestrian "up and over" rather than directly into the windscreen. This is particularly true for cars like the Mercedes-Benz A-Class which also have a low angled engine cover. Driver height can also affect visibility. An A-pillar that is split up and has a small triangle window (Front Quarter glass ) can give short driver visibility problems. In some cars,
680-438: A parking space. Specially designed cross-traffic alert warning systems have been developed to address these. As one is driving an automobile , blind spots are the areas of the road that cannot be seen while looking forward or through either the rear-view or side mirrors (expecting that the side mirrors are properly adjusted on a passenger auto – see above). The most common are the rear quarter blind spots, areas towards
748-523: A single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude, and Venus has a single jet near the equator. One of the most famous landmarks in the Solar System , Jupiter's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. On other giant planets , the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds: gusts of up to 600 metres per second (about 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph) have been measured on
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#1732802215817816-465: A straight pillar that is not too thick. This gives the car a strong, aerodynamic body with an adequately sized front door. The sides of a panoramic windshield are curved, which makes it possible to design vertical A-pillars that give the driver maximum forward visibility. However, it is impossible to design an aerodynamic small car with a vertical A-pillar because the more vertical the A-pillar is,
884-419: A vehicle. That area has been called a "killing zone". These problems are the object of several technological solutions, including (in rough order of technological complexity, simplest first): rear-view mirror , side-view mirror , Fresnel lens , sonar , parking sensors , and backup camera . A similar problem attaches to positions left and right of a vehicle's rear bumper as the driver attempts to back out of
952-402: Is an acronym for Bl ind Spot I nformation S ystem , a system of protection developed by Volvo . Volvo's previous parent, Ford Motor Company , has since adapted the system to its Ford, Lincoln , and Mercury brands. This system was first introduced on the 2001 Volvo SCC concept car, then placed into production on the 2003 Volvo XC90 SUV and produced a visible alert when a car entered
1020-478: Is due to contact with the Earth's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Earth's weather system is a chaotic system ; as a result, small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to control
1088-410: Is generally known as the dead visual range of an aircraft. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed in the front of the aircraft to cover the missing field of view. Weather Weather is the state of the atmosphere , describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy . On Earth , most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of
1156-448: Is inexpensive and obviates the need for costly technological solutions to that problem, provided drivers take the time to set up and use their mirrors effectively. The arrangement—pointing the side-view mirrors substantially outboard in a fixed mechanical formula—is relatively simple to achieve. Still, it takes some knowledgeable effort and getting used to it. It is reputed to be a lifesaver. However, one source considers that method
1224-444: Is primarily determined by weather conditions (see visibility ) and by a vehicle's design . The parts of a vehicle that influence visibility include the windshield , the dashboard and the pillars . Good driver visibility is essential to safe road traffic . Blind spots exist in a wide range of vehicles: aircraft, cars, buses, trucks, agricultural equipment, heavy equipment, boats, ships, trams and trains. Blind spots may occur in
1292-643: Is the saving of Japan from invasion by the Mongol fleet of Kublai Khan by the Kamikaze winds in 1281. French claims to Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet, allowing Spain to conquer Fort Caroline . More recently, Hurricane Katrina redistributed over one million people from the central Gulf coast elsewhere across the United States, becoming the largest diaspora in
1360-587: Is the study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale , about 1 km or less. These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map . These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features. On Earth, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. The range of climates and latitudes across
1428-518: Is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9,600 kilometres per hour (6,000 mph). Weather is not limited to planetary bodies. Like all stars, the Sun's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System . The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind . Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on
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#17328022158171496-582: Is tilted relative to its orbital plane (called the ecliptic ), sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change . Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, as most atmospheric heating
1564-537: Is turned off when in reverse or park gears. On Ford products, the system was first introduced in the spring of 2009, on the 2010 Ford Fusion and Fusion Hybrid, 2010 Mercury Milan and Milan Hybrid, and 2010 Lincoln MKZ . Mitsubishi offers a Blind Spot Warning (BSW) on the Pajero Sport launched in 2016. In 2010, the Nissan Fuga / Infiniti M for the first time offered countersteering capabilities to keep
1632-467: The Hadley cell while a smaller scale example would be coastal breezes . The atmosphere is a chaotic system . As a result, small changes to one part of the system can accumulate and magnify to cause large effects on the system as a whole. This atmospheric instability makes weather forecasting less predictable than tidal waves or eclipses. Although it is difficult to accurately predict weather more than
1700-456: The Society of Automotive Engineers , but the method is frequently overlooked in driver's education classes and takes some getting used to. Untrained drivers tend to adjust the side mirrors too far in, so they can see the sides of their own vehicle, but cannot see vehicles traveling alongside in adjacent lanes. Calculated elimination of blind spots by trained drivers is inexpensive and obviates
1768-475: The Sun's angle at any particular spot, which varies with latitude . The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations : the Hadley cell , the Ferrel cell , the polar cell , and the jet stream . Weather systems in the middle latitudes , such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of the jet streamflow. Because Earth's axis
1836-696: The Virgin Islands . As of 2019, tornadoes have had the greatest impact on humans with 42 fatalities while costing crop and property damage over 3 billion dollars. The weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in human history . Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events. One such event
1904-648: The adiabatic lapse rate . In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height. This phenomenon is known as an inversion and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below. Inversions can lead to the formation of fog and often act as a cap that suppresses thunderstorm development. On local scales, temperature differences can occur because different surfaces (such as oceans, forests, ice sheets, or human-made objects) have differing physical characteristics such as reflectivity , roughness, or moisture content. Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. A hot surface warms
1972-767: The jet stream flow (see baroclinity ). Weather systems in the tropics, such as monsoons or organized thunderstorm systems, are caused by different processes. Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun , so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see Effect of sun angle on climate ). This effect causes seasons. Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect
2040-483: The 2008 Mazda CX-9 Grand Touring and remained limited to only that highest trim level through the 2012 model year. For 2013, BSM was standard on both the CX-9 Touring and Grand Touring models. Mazda also added BSM to the redesigned 2009 Mazda 6 . Blind spot monitoring was standard equipment on the 6i and 6s Grand Touring trim levels, and was an available option on some lower trim levels. Mazda has since expanded
2108-440: The Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances. During rains precipitation, the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic, which aids the erosive properties of water. The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in chemical reactions that can affect
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2176-585: The Middle Ages. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–1697, during which about one-third of the Finnish population died. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about
2244-534: The air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure . The resulting horizontal pressure gradient moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes deflection of this airflow due to the Coriolis effect . The simple systems thus formed can then display emergent behaviour to produce more complex systems and thus other weather phenomena. Large scale examples include
2312-527: The amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth and influence long-term climate. (See Milankovitch cycles ). The uneven solar heating (the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients, or frontogenesis ) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation. Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes, which is the result of higher surface temperature and radiational heating, which produces
2380-551: The availability of BSM, having added it to the feature list of the Mazda2 , Mazda3 , CX-3, CX-5 , MX-5 Miata, and the upcoming CX-30 , often as part of an option package. While only a concept car, the Ford GT90 was the first vehicle to be fitted with a modern blind spot monitoring system. Currently, Ford uses the acronym BLIS for its blind spot detection. The system is active both in "drive" and "neutral" transmission gears, and
2448-423: The blind spot while a driver was switching lanes, using cameras and radar sensors mounted on the door mirror housings to check the blind spot area for an impending collision. Volvo won an AutoCar Safety and Technology award for the introduction of this feature. Mazda was the first Japanese automaker to offer a blind spot monitor, which they refer to as "BSM" (Blind Spot Monitoring). It was initially introduced on
2516-780: The blind spot. Blind spots also exist around trams (streetcars/trolleys) and trains (locomotives with railway carriages and multiple units). Heavier rolling stocks can have up to several meters of blind spot. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a train. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed around the train driver's cab to cover the missing field of view during coupling/decoupling between locomotives and railcars, multiple units, special railway equipments or another locomotives. Blind spots also exist around agricultural equipment (utility tractors, combine harvesters, etc.). Blind spots also exist around heavy equipment (excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, cranes, etc.). Blind spots also exist in front of boats and ships. When
2584-410: The boat accelerates, the bow rises, increasing the size of the blind spot. Large vessels can have up to several hundreds of meters of blind spots. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a ship. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed in the front of the vessel to cover the missing field of view. Blind spots exist where areas behind the sail are obscured from the view of a helmsman on
2652-432: The current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve. Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure , current weather conditions, and sky condition, forecast models are now used to determine future conditions. On the other hand, human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base
2720-686: The difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the range of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome. There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture, and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days. In some areas, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on
2788-565: The driver to see better around the obstruction and allows the driver better depth perception. Because there is no roof connection between the A- and B-pillars, the A-pillars of a convertible automobile have to be stronger and even thicker. However, with the top down there are no B or C pillars, improving visibility behind the driver. It is best if the dashboard has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface. A small dashboard gives some reflection on
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2856-405: The effect it has on humans in different situations, etc. Therefore, weather is something people often communicate about. The National Weather Service has an annual report for fatalities, injury, and total damage costs which include crop and property. They gather this data via National Weather Service offices located throughout the 50 states in the United States as well as Puerto Rico , Guam , and
2924-464: The forecast upon, which involves many disciplines such as pattern recognition skills, teleconnections , knowledge of model performance, and knowledge of model biases. The chaotic nature of the atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, the error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as of
2992-463: The front of the driver when the A-pillar (also called the windshield pillar), side-view mirror , or interior rear-view mirror block a driver's view of the road. Behind the driver, cargo, headrests, and additional pillars may reduce visibility. Proper adjusting of mirrors and using other technical solutions can eliminate or alleviate vehicle blind spots. A no zone is one of several areas around
3060-858: The greatest snowfall in a period of twelve months occurred in Mount Rainier , Washington, US. It was recorded as 31,102 mm (102.04 ft) of snow. Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth. Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on Earth , but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition. The Cassini–Huygens mission to Titan discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid methane and other organic compounds . Earth's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones, three in each hemisphere. In contrast, Jupiter's banded appearance shows many such zones, Titan has
3128-675: The history of the United States. The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe. During the period known as the Grindelwald Fluctuation (1560–1630), volcanic forcing events seem to have led to more extreme weather events. These included droughts, storms and unseasonal blizzards, as well as causing the Swiss Grindelwald Glacier to expand. The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since
3196-410: The horizon. A flatter A-pillar's advantages include reducing the overall drag coefficient and making the car body stronger in a frontal collision, at the expense of reducing driver visibility in a 180° field of view from left to right. A flatter A-pillar (and therefore windscreen) is also a factor when calculating the effects of a collision with a pedestrian. In general, a flatter angle will result in
3264-470: The less space the door opening has, and the greater frontal area and coefficient of drag the vehicle will have. Examples of cars with an almost vertical A-pillar: Some modern car designs have an extremely flat A-pillar angle with the horizon. For example, the Pontiac Firebird and Chevrolet Camaro from 1993 to 2002 had a windshield angle of 68° with the vertical, which equals just 22° with
3332-443: The lower part of the windshield. A big dashboard can give a reflection on eye height. It is best if the inside of the A-pillar has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface. If the side of the window is curved there is less A-pillar reflection. Some new model cars have a very big sunroof . Sometimes the sunlight through the roof lights up the dashboard and gives a reflection in the windshield. Other design factors may prevent
3400-406: The need for expensive technological solutions to that problem, provided drivers take the time to set up and use their mirrors properly. Platzer received a patent for his blind spot monitor, and it has been incorporated into various products associated with Ford Motor Company. The blind zone mirror has been touted as "an elegant and relatively inexpensive solution" to this recognized problem. BLIS
3468-417: The planet Neptune . This has created a puzzle for planetary scientists . The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about 1 ⁄ 900 of that received by Earth, yet the intensity of weather phenomena on Neptune is far greater than on Earth. As of 2007 , the strongest planetary winds discovered are on the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b , which
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#17328022158173536-502: The planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range. The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), at Vostok Station , Antarctica on 21 July 1983. The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) at 'Aziziya , Libya, on 13 September 1922, but that reading is queried . The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at Dallol , Ethiopia. The coldest recorded average annual temperature
3604-519: The planet's atmosphere , the troposphere , just below the stratosphere . Weather refers to day-to-day temperature, precipitation , and other atmospheric conditions, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth. Weather is driven by air pressure , temperature , and moisture differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to
3672-416: The rear of the vehicle on both sides. Vehicles in the adjacent lanes of the road that fall into these blind spots may not be visible using only the car's mirrors. Rear quarter blind spots can be: Other areas that are sometimes called blind spots are those that are too low to see behind, in front, or to the sides of a vehicle, especially those with a high seating point. This diagram shows the blocked view in
3740-537: The southwest and Beijing's Fangshan District recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters. Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification: The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization, including ecosystems , natural resources , food and fiber production, economic development , and human health. Microscale meteorology
3808-536: The surface further (such as acid rain ), and sodium and chloride ions ( salt ) deposited in the seas/oceans. The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in erosion of the surface. Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outside. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change,
3876-400: The surface of the star, such as coronal mass ejections , form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as space weather . Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the Solar System as Saturn . The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces. The interaction of
3944-411: The tropics can occur more spontaneously compared to those at higher latitudes, where they are more tightly controlled by larger-scale forces in the atmosphere. Because of these differences, clouds and rain are more difficult to forecast in the tropics than at higher latitudes. On the other hand, the temperature is easily forecast in the tropics, because it does not change much. The aspiration to control
4012-419: The tropics warm (Stevens 2011). And, the vertical direction (up, as one stands on the Earth's surface) is perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation at the equator, while the axis of rotation and the vertical are the same at the pole; this causes the Earth's rotation to influence the atmospheric circulation more strongly at high latitudes than low latitudes. Because of these two factors, clouds and rainstorms in
4080-453: The tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics one lies, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due to the spread of the sunlight over a greater surface. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream . Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones , are caused by instabilities of
4148-411: The troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere). Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood. Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure, temperature and moisture differences from one place to another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude in
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#17328022158174216-401: The vehicle from colliding. Vehicle blind spot A blind spot in a vehicle or vehicle blind spot is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly seen by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances. In transport , driver visibility is the maximum distance at which the driver of a vehicle can see and identify prominent objects around the vehicle. Visibility
4284-420: The weather have occurred throughout history, and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns. Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the Solar System , Jupiter's Great Red Spot , is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. However,
4352-603: The weather is evident throughout human history: from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military Operation Popeye , an attempt to disrupt supply lines by lengthening the North Vietnamese monsoon . The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve cloud seeding ; they include the fog - and low stratus dispersion techniques employed by major airports, techniques used to increase winter precipitation over mountains, and techniques to suppress hail . A recent example of weather control
4420-575: The weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind . On Earth , common weather phenomena include wind, cloud , rain, snow, fog and dust storms . Less common events include natural disasters such as tornadoes , hurricanes , typhoons and ice storms . Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in
4488-478: The windshield is fillet with the roof-line with a big radius. A fillet round A-pillar can give a tall driver visibility problems. Also sometimes the A-pillar can block the driver from seeing motorcyclists. Also, the B-pillar can block the vision of a tall driver in small 4-door cars. A driver may reduce the size of a blind spot or eliminate it by turning their head in the direction of the obstruction. This allows
4556-561: Was China's preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . China shot 1,104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of Beijing in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008. Guo Hu, head of the Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau (BMB), confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in Baoding City of Hebei Province , to
4624-520: Was −55.1 °C (−67.2 °F) at Vostok Station , Antarctica. The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at Eureka, Nunavut , in Canada, where the annual average temperature is −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F). The windiest place ever recorded is in Antarctica, Commonwealth Bay (George V Coast). Here the gales reach 199 mph (320 km/h ). Furthermore,
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