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63-615: The way The "goal" Background Chinese texts Classical Post-classical Contemporary Zen in Japan Seon in Korea Thiền in Vietnam Western Zen Bodhidharma (Sanskrit; Chinese Dámó , Japanese Daruma ) was a semi-legendary Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China , and

126-469: A Persian Central Asian . He traveled from the wild borderlands to China. Seeing the golden disks on the pole on top of Yǒngníng's stupa reflecting in the sun, the rays of light illuminating the surface of the clouds, the jewel-bells on the stupa blowing in the wind, the echoes reverberating beyond the heavens, he sang its praises. He exclaimed: "Truly this is the work of spirits." He said: "I am 150 years old, and I have passed through numerous countries. There

189-546: A Bhikṣu may take additional vows not related to ordination, including the Bodhisattva vows , samaya vows and others, which are also open to laypersons in most instances. The special dress of ordained people, referred to in English as robes , comes from the idea of wearing a simple durable form of protection for the body from weather and climate. In each tradition, there is uniformity in the color and style of dress. Color

252-579: A basic source, but made several significant additions: Firstly, Daoxuan adds more detail concerning Bodhidharma's origins, writing that he was of "South Indian Brahman stock" (南天竺婆羅門種 nán tiānzhú póluómén zhŏng ). Secondly, more detail is provided concerning Bodhidharma's journeys. Tanlin's original is imprecise about Bodhidharma's travels, saying only that he "crossed distant mountains and seas" before arriving in Wei. Daoxuan's account, however, implies "a specific itinerary": "He first arrived at Nan-yüeh during

315-456: A bhikkhu or bhikkhuni "fully ordained monastic" (Sanskrit: bhikṣu, bhikṣuṇī , Wylie : dge long (ma) ). Monastics take their vows for life but can renounce them and return to non-monastic life and even take the vows again later. A person can take them up to three times or seven times in one life, depending on the particular practices of each school of discipline; after that, the sangha should not accept them again. In this way, Buddhism keeps

378-605: A defining characteristic of Chan. The latter interpretation is particularly common among those working from a Chan standpoint. There have also, however, been interpretations of "wall-gazing" as a non-meditative phenomenon. Jeffrey Broughton points out that where Bodhidharma's teachings appear in Tibetan translation among the Dunhuang manuscripts , the Chinese phrase "in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining" (ning chu pi-kuan)

441-468: A diplomatic envoy represented by Zhang Qian to Xiyu in an effort to contact and make alliance with Yuezhi to mitigate the threat posed by the Xiongnu confederation. Although Zhang was captured and imprisoned by Xiongnu for ten years, and the mission was eventually unsuccessful (due to Yuezhi no longer wanted to return to the east), his travels into the various states in the west served as a precursor for

504-558: A former South Indian Tamil prince who had awakened his kundalini and renounced royal life to become a monk. The Tibetan version similarly characterises him as a dark-skinned siddha from South India. Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as a red-haired Persian . Bodhidharma is traditionally seen as introducing a Mahayana Buddhist practice of dhyana (meditation) in China . According to modern scholars, like

567-639: A novitiate (śrāmaṇera or sāmanera) in a rite known as the "going forth" (Pali: pabbajja ). Sāmaneras are subject to the Ten Precepts . From there full ordination (Pali: upasampada ) may take place. Bhikkhus are subject to a much longer set of rules known as the Pātimokkha (Theravada) or Prātimokṣa (Mahayana and Vajrayana ). In the Mahayana monasticism is part of the system of "vows of individual liberation". These vows are taken by monks and nuns from

630-666: A women's march to Vesāli. and Buddha requested her to accept the Eight Garudhammas . So, Gotami agreed to accept the Eight Garudhammas and was accorded the status of the first bhikkhuni. Subsequent women had to undergo full ordination to become nuns. Theravada monasticism is organized around the guidelines found within a division of the Pāli Canon called the Vinaya Pitaka . Laypeople undergo ordination as

693-597: Is depicted as an ill-tempered, large-nosed, profusely-bearded, wide-eyed non-Chinese person . He is referred to as "The Blue-Eyed Barbarian" ( Chinese : 碧眼胡 ; pinyin : Bìyǎnhú ) in Chan texts. The accounts also differ on the date of his arrival, with one early account claiming that he arrived during the Liu Song dynasty (420–479 CE) and later accounts dating his arrival to the Liang dynasty (502–557 CE). Bodhidharma

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756-465: Is donated to them. The robes of Tibetan novices and monks differ in various aspects, especially in the application of "holes" in the dress of monks. Some monks tear their robes into pieces and then mend these pieces together again. Upāsakas cannot wear the "chö-göö", a yellow tissue worn during teachings by both novices and full monks. In observance of the Kathina Puja , a special Kathina robe

819-493: Is made in 24 hours from donations by lay supporters of a temple. The robe is donated to the temple or monastery and the resident monks then select from their own number a single monk to receive this special robe. In English literature before the mid-20th century, Buddhist monks, particularly from East Asia and French Indochina, were often referred to by the term bonze . This term is derived from Portuguese and French from Japanese bonsō  'priest, monk'. It

882-506: Is often chosen due to the wider availability of certain pigments in a given geographical region. In Tibet and the Himalayan regions (Kashmir, Nepal and Bhutan), red is the preferred pigment used in the dyeing of robes. In Myanmar, reddish brown; In India, Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, various shades of yellow, ochre and orange prevail. In China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, gray or black is common. Monks often make their own robes from cloth that

945-414: Is rare in modern literature. Buddhist monks were once called talapoy or talapoin from French talapoin , itself from Portuguese talapão , ultimately from Mon tala pōi  'our lord'. The Talapoys cannot be engaged in any of the temporal concerns of life; they must not trade or do any kind of manual labour, for the sake of a reward; they are not allowed to insult

1008-530: Is regarded as its first Chinese patriarch . He is also popularly regarded as the founder of Shaolin kung fu , an idea popularized in the 20th century, but based on the 17th century Yijin Jing and the Daoist association of daoyin gymnastics with Bodhidharma. Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend and unreliable details. According to

1071-432: Is replaced in Tibetan with "rejects discrimination and abides in brightness " (rtogs pa spangs te | lham mer gnas na). Broughton sees this as a curious divergence, as Tibetan translations of Chinese Chan texts are usually quite literal. He concludes that in early Tibet, "wall examining" did not refer to a literal practice of sitting cross-legged facing a wall. There are early texts which explicitly associate Bodhidharma with

1134-462: Is virtually no country I have not visited. Even the distant Buddha-realms lack this." He chanted homage and placed his palms together in salutation for days on end. The account of Bodhidharma in the Luoyan Record does not particularly associate him with meditation, but rather depicts him as a thaumaturge capable of mystical feats. This may have played a role in his subsequent association with

1197-589: The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall states that Bodhidharma died at the age of 150. He was then buried on Mount Xiong'er (熊耳山), to the west of Luoyang. However, three years after the burial, in the Pamir Mountains , Song Yun ( 宋雲 )—an official of one of the later Wei kingdoms—encountered Bodhidharma, who claimed to be returning to India and was carrying a single sandal. Bodhidharma predicted

1260-525: The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra . Daoxuan, for example, in a late recension of his biography of Bodhidharma's successor Huike , has the sūtra as a basic and important element of the teachings passed down by Bodhidharma: In the beginning, Dhyana Master Bodhidharma took the four-roll Laṅkā Sūtra , handed it over to Huike, and said: "When I examine the land of China, it is clear that there is only this sutra. If you rely on it to practice, you will be able to cross over

1323-854: The Protectorate of the Western Regions . Later, the Eastern Han dynasty set up another protectorate known as the Chief Official of the Western Regions . In the 7th century, the Tang dynasty 's campaign against the Western Regions led to the re-acquired full control of the region, under the Protectorate General to Pacify the West . The region became significant in later centuries as a cultural conduit between East Asia ,

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1386-840: The Sung period . From there, he turned north and came to the Kingdom of Wei" This implies that Bodhidharma had travelled to China by sea and that he had crossed over the Yangtze . Thirdly, Daoxuan suggests a date for Bodhidharma's arrival in China. He writes that Bodhidharma makes landfall in the time of the Song, thus making his arrival no later than the time of the Song's fall to the Southern Qi in 479. Finally, Daoxuan provides information concerning Bodhidharma's death. Bodhidharma, he writes, died at

1449-478: The Two Entrances and Four Practices , the term "wall-gazing" is given as follows: Those who turn from delusion back to reality, who meditate on walls , the absence of self and other, the oneness of mortal and sage, and who remain unmoved even by scriptures are in complete and unspoken agreement with reason. Daoxuan states, "the merits of Mahāyāna wall-gazing are the highest". These are the first mentions in

1512-544: The Western Regions , and is described as either a "Persian Central Asian" or a "South Indian [...] the third son of a great Indian king." Later sources draw on these two sources, adding additional details, including a change to being descended from a Brahmin king, which accords with the reign of the Pallavas , who "claim[ed] to belong to a brahmin lineage." The Western Regions was a historical name specified in

1575-558: The sangha became the community of ordained monastics who wandered from town to city throughout the year, living off alms and stopping in one place only for the Vassa , the rainy months of the monsoon season. In the Dhammapada commentary of Buddhaghoṣa , a bhikkhu is defined as "the person who sees danger (in samsara or cycle of rebirth)" (Pāli: Bhayaṃ ikkhatīti: bhikkhu ). Therefore, he seeks ordination to obtain release from

1638-579: The 27th patriarch in India. After a three-year journey, Bodhidharma reached China in 527, during the Liang (as opposed to the Song in Daoxuan's text). The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall includes Bodhidharma's encounter with Emperor Wu of Liang , which was first recorded around 758 in the appendix to a text by Shenhui ( 神會 ), a disciple of Huineng. Finally, as opposed to Daoxuan's figure of "over 180 years,"

1701-521: The Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD that referred to the regions west of Yumen Pass , most often Central Asia or sometimes, more specifically, the easternmost portion of it (e.g. Altishahr or the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang ). Sometimes, it was used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as the Indian subcontinent (as in

1764-641: The Indian subcontinent, the Muslim world and Europe , such as during the period of the Mongol Empire . One of the most significant exports of the Western Regions was Buddhist texts , particularly the Mahayana sutras , which were carried by traders and pilgrim monks to China. The Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang crossed the region on his way to study in India, resulting in the influential Great Tang Records on

1827-537: The Japanese scholar of Chan Yanagida Seizan, generally hold that the Two Entrances and Four Practices ( 二入四行論 ) is the only extant work that can be attributed to Bodhidharma and as such, this is the main source for our knowledge of his teaching. According to this text, Bodhidharma taught two "entrances" to the Dharma. The first is a subitist teaching that directly apprehends the ultimate principle, that is,

1890-668: The Wei official indicates a date of death no later than 554, three years before the fall of the Western Wei . Subsequent to the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall , the only dated addition to the biography of Bodhidharma is in the Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Lamp (景德傳燈錄 Jĭngdé chuándēng lù , published 1004 CE ), by Daoyuan ( 道原 ), in which it is stated that Bodhidharma's original name had been Bodhitāra but

1953-658: The Western Regions upon his return to the Tang capital of Chang'an . The Chinese lost its influence with Persia to the Abbasid Caliphate after the Battle of Talas in 751 AD and due to the subsequent chaotic An Lushan Rebellion in 755 AD, the Tang dynasty was unable to regain control over the Tarim Basin. A large number of local authorities once again appeared in the Western Regions. The influence exercised over

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2016-632: The Western Regions by later Chinese dynasties varied over time. Xiyu tudi renwu lüe ( Brief Records of the Lands and Peoples in the Western Regions ), a chapter in the Gazetteer of Shaanxi compiled by Ming dynasty Chinese scholar Ma Li in 1542, documents a route leading from the Jiayu Pass , China's northwestern outpost, to the Ottoman Empire capital Istanbul and geography and economy of

2079-527: The age of 20 cannot be ordained as a bhikkhu or bhikkhuni but can be ordained as a śrāmaṇera or śrāmaṇērī . Bhikkhu literally means " beggar " or "one who lives by alms ". The historical Buddha, Prince Siddhartha , having abandoned a life of pleasure and status, lived as an alms mendicant as part of his śramaṇa lifestyle. Those of his more serious students who renounced their lives as householders and came to study full-time under his supervision also adopted this lifestyle. These full-time student members of

2142-572: The banks of the Luo River , where he was interred by his disciple Dazu Huike, possibly in a cave. According to Daoxuan's chronology, Bodhidharma's death must have occurred prior to 534, the date of the Northern Wei's fall, because Dazu Huike subsequently leaves Luoyang for Ye . Furthermore, citing the shore of the Luo River as the place of death might possibly suggest that Bodhidharma died in

2205-501: The cycle of rebirth. The Dhammapada states: [266–267] He is not a monk just because he lives on others' alms. Not by adopting outward form does one become a true monk. Whoever here (in the Dispensation) lives a holy life, transcending both merit and demerit, and walks with understanding in this world — he is truly called a monk. Buddha accepted female bhikkhunis after his step-mother Mahapajapati Gotami organized

2268-558: The death of Song Yun's ruler, a prediction which was borne out upon the latter's return. Bodhidharma's tomb was then opened, and only a single sandal was found inside. According to the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall , Bodhidharma left the Liang court in 527 and relocated to Mount Song near Luoyang and the Shaolin Monastery, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time", his date of death can have been no earlier than 536. Moreover, his encounter with

2331-527: The earth by digging it. Having no tie, which unites their interests with those of the people, they are ready, at all times, with spiritual arms, to enforce obedience to the will of the sovereign. The talapoin is a monkey named after Buddhist monks just as the capuchin monkey is named after the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (who also are the origin of the word cappuccino ). Western Regions The Western Regions or Xiyu ( Hsi-yü ; Chinese : 西域 )

2394-409: The five upāsaka and upāsikā vows ( Wylie : dge snyan (ma) , "approaching virtue"). The next step is to enter the pabbajja or monastic way of life (Skt: pravrajyā , Wylie : rab byung ), which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a samanera or samaneri "novice" (Skt. śrāmaṇera , śrāmaṇeri , Wylie : dge tshul, dge tshul ma ). The final step is to take all the vows of

2457-563: The four practices are a reworking of the " four foundations of mindfulness ", which were popular in the late Six Dynasties period Buddhist meditation circles. Tanlin, in the preface to Two Entrances and Four Practices , and Daoxuan , in the Further Biographies of Eminent Monks , mentions a practice of Bodhidharma's termed "wall-gazing" (壁觀 bìguān ). Both Tanlin and Daoxuan associate this "wall-gazing" with "quieting [the] mind" ( Chinese : 安心 ; pinyin : ānxīn ). In

2520-402: The historical record of what may be a type of meditation being ascribed to Bodhidharma. Exactly what sort of practice Bodhidharma's "wall-gazing" was remains uncertain. Nearly all accounts have treated it either as an undefined variety of meditation, as Daoxuan and Dumoulin, or as a variety of seated meditation akin to the zazen ( Chinese : 坐禪 ; pinyin : zuòchán ) that later became

2583-600: The latter of whom would later figure very prominently in the Bodhidharma literature. Although Tanlin has traditionally been considered a disciple of Bodhidharma, it is more likely that he was a student of Huike. The Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka (Léngqié Shīzī Jì 楞伽師資記), which survives both in Chinese and in Tibetan translation (although the surviving Tibetan translation is apparently of older provenance than

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2646-788: The long history between China and Central Asia. It was the site of the War of the Heavenly Horses between Han China and the Greco-Bactrian Dayuan , and a heavily contested region during the Han–Xiongnu War until 89 AD. The earliest solid Chinese political control of the region began in 60 BC, when Emperor Xuan of the Western Han dynasty established a military administrative office responsible for what would be present day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia, known as

2709-430: The main portions of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , which are collected in a volume of twelve or thirteen pages […] bearing the title of "Teaching of [Bodhi-]Dharma". Bhikkhu The lives of all Buddhist monastics are governed by a set of rules called the prātimokṣa or pātimokkha . Their lifestyles are shaped to support their spiritual practice: to live a simple and meditative life and attain nirvana . A person under

2772-570: The major themes of the 250 precepts: celibacy, non-harming, no intoxicants, vegetarian eating and reducing labor for gain. After twelve years, monastics would then use the Vinaya precepts as a provisional or supplemental, guideline to conduct themselves by when serving in non-monastic communities. Tendai monastics followed this practice. During Japan's Meiji Restoration during the 1870s, the government abolished celibacy and vegetarianism for Buddhist monastics in an effort to secularise them and promote

2835-659: The martial arts and esoteric knowledge. The second account was written by Tanlin (曇林; 506–574). Tanlin's brief biography of the " Dharma Master" is found in his preface to the Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices , a text traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma and the first text to identify him as South Indian : The Dharma Master was a South Indian of the Western Region. He

2898-528: The mass executions at Heyin ( 河陰 ) in 528. Supporting this possibility is a report in the Chinese Buddhist canon stating that a Buddhist monk was among the victims at Héyīn. In the Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall (祖堂集 Zǔtángjí ) of 952, the elements of the traditional Bodhidharma story are in place. Bodhidharma is said to have been a disciple of Prajñātāra , thus establishing the latter as

2961-842: The newly created State Shinto . Japanese Buddhists won the right to proselytize inside cities, ending a five-hundred year ban on clergy members entering cities. Currently, priests (lay religious leaders) in Japan choose to observe vows as appropriate to their family situation. Celibacy and other forms of abstaining are generally "at will" for varying periods of time. After the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 , when Japan annexed Korea, Korean Buddhism underwent many changes. Jōdo Shinshū and Nichiren schools began sending missionaries to Korea under Japanese rule and new sects formed there such as Won Buddhism . The Temple Ordinance of 1911 ( Korean :  사찰령 ; Hanja :  寺刹令 ) changed

3024-535: The novel Journey to the West ). The earliest text mentioning Bodhidharma is The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang ( Chinese : 洛陽伽藍記 Luòyáng Qiélánjì ) which was compiled in 547 by Yang Xuanzhi ( 楊衒之 ), a writer and translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese. Yang gave the following account: At that time there was a monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma,

3087-422: The ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In Mahayana and Vajrayana, the term "sangha" is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the aryasangha ( Wylie : mchog kyi tshogs ), the "community of the noble ones who have reached the first bhūmi ". These, however, need not be monks and nuns. The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take

3150-632: The original Chinese text was written at some point before that. Tanlin's preface has also been preserved in Jingjue's (683–750) Lengjie Shizi ji "Chronicle of the Laṅkāvatāra Masters", which dates from 713 to 716./ca. 715 He writes, The teacher of the Dharma, who came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king." In the 7th-century historical work "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" (續高僧傳 Xù gāosēng zhuàn ), Daoxuan ( 道宣 ) possibly drew on Tanlin's preface as

3213-406: The places along the route. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire annexed Central Asia which became known as Russian Turkestan , whereas the Inner Asian region of Xinjiang under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China also became known as Chinese Turkestan . By the early twentieth century, the Russia Empire (and then its successor state the Soviet Union ) controlled most of the regions to

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3276-448: The practice of celibacy varies. The two sects of Korean Seon divided in 1970 over this issue; the Jogye Order is fully celibate while the Taego Order has both celibate monastics and non-celibate Japanese-style priests. In Tibet , the upāsaka, pravrajyā and bhikṣu ordinations are usually taken at ages six, fourteen and twenty-one or older, respectively. Tibetan Vajrayana often calls ordained monks lama . In Mahayana traditions,

3339-428: The principal Chinese sources, Bodhidharma came from the Western Regions , which typically refers to Central Asia but can also include the Indian subcontinent , and is described as either a " Persian Central Asian" or a " South Indian [...] the third son of a great Indian king." Aside from the Chinese accounts, several popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. Throughout Buddhist art , Bodhidharma

3402-406: The surviving Chinese version), states that Bodhidharma is not the first ancestor of Zen, but instead the second. This text instead claims that Guṇabhadra , the translator of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , is the first ancestor in the lineage. It further states that Bodhidharma was his student. The Tibetan translation is estimated to have been made in the late eighth or early ninth century, indicating that

3465-455: The traditional system whereby temples were run as a collective enterprise by the Sangha, replacing this system with Japanese-style management practices in which temple abbots appointed by the Governor-General of Korea were given private ownership of temple property and given the rights of inheritance to such property. More importantly, monks from pro-Japanese factions began to adopt Japanese practices, by marrying and having children. In Korea,

3528-453: The true nature or buddha-nature . The second entrance deals with four practices: (1) accepting all our sufferings as the fruit of past karma, (2) accept our circumstances with equanimity, (3) to be without craving, and (4) to let go of wrong thoughts and practice the six perfections. According to Yanagida Seizan, the first "entrance of principle", was a subitist teaching which derives from the sudden enlightenment thought of Tao-sheng ; while

3591-414: The vows "clean". It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows. In 9th century Japan, the monk Saichō believed the 250 precepts were for the Śrāvakayāna and that ordination should use the Mahayana precepts of the Brahmajala Sutra . He stipulated that monastics remain on Mount Hiei for twelve years of isolated training and follow

3654-426: The west of China as well, such as Parthia (which technically belonged to West Asia ) and Tianzhu (as in the novel Journey to the West , which refers to the Indian subcontinent in South Asia ). Because of their strategic location astride the Silk Road , the Western Regions have been historically significant to China since at least the 3rd century BC. In 138 BC, the Emperor Wu of Western Han dynasty sent

3717-410: The world." Another early text, the " Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra " ( Chinese : 楞伽師資記 ; pinyin : Léngqié Shīzī Jì ) of Jingjue (淨覺; 683–750), also mentions Bodhidharma in relation to this text. Jingjue's account also makes explicit mention of "sitting meditation" or zazen: For all those who sat in meditation, Master Bodhi[dharma] also offered expositions of

3780-422: Was a historical name specified in Ancient Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD that referred to the regions west of the Yumen Pass , most often the Tarim Basin in present-day southern Xinjiang (also known as Altishahr ) and Central Asia (specifically the easternmost portion around the Ferghana Valley ) , though it was sometimes used more generally to refer to other regions to

3843-408: Was changed by his master Prajñātāra. The same account is given by the Japanese master Keizan's 13th-century work of the same title. Several contemporary popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a Pallava king from Kanchipuram . This is consistent with the Southeast Asian traditions which also describe Bodhidharma as

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3906-609: Was primarily active in the territory of the Northern Wei (386–534 CE). Modern scholarship dates him to about the early 5th century CE. Bodhidharma's teachings and practice centered on meditation and the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra . The Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall (952) identifies Bodhidharma as the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in an uninterrupted line that extends back to the Gautama Buddha himself. His name means " dharma of awakening ( bodhi )" in Sanskrit . There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma. According to these sources, Bodhidharma came from

3969-471: Was the third son of a great Indian king. His ambition lay in the Mahayana path, and so he put aside his white layman's robe for the black robe of a monk […] Lamenting the decline of the true teaching in the outlands, he subsequently crossed distant mountains and seas, traveling about propagating the teaching in Han and Wei. Tanlin's account was the first to mention that Bodhidharma attracted disciples, specifically mentioning Daoyu ( 道育 ) and Dazu Huike ( 慧可 ),

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