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73-791: It was called by the Arab Higher Committee in response to the Peel Commission which recommended the partition of Palestine , then under British control , into Arab and Jewish states. The Peel Commission's recommendations were rejected by the participating delegates while the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine was ongoing against the British authorities who supported and increased Jewish immigration in Palestine. The Bloudan Conference held historical significance for being an early display of collective Arab concern regarding

146-536: A " Sharifian Solution " to "[make] straight all the tangle" of their various wartime commitments. This proposed that three sons of Sharif Hussein would be installed as kings of newly created countries across the Middle East. Given the need to rein in expenditure and factors outside British control, including France's removing of Faisal from Syria in July 1920 , and Abdullah's entry into Transjordan (which had been

219-452: A "United State of Palestine" in place of Israel and an Arab state. The Arab Higher Committee said that in the future Palestine, the Jews will be no more than 1/7 of the population. i.e. only Jews that lived in Palestine before the British mandate would be permitted to stay. They did not specify what would happen to the other Jews. The Arab Higher Committee has been criticised for not preparing

292-734: A considerable amount of power nonetheless; but these powers were exercised in an autocratic manner by the Hashemite family while remaining under the superintendence of the British Resident in Amman , as well as the British high commissioner in Jerusalem. Abdullah was assassinated in 1951, but his descendants continue to rule Jordan today. In Iraq, the Hashemites ruled for almost four decades, until Faisal's grandson Faisal II

365-558: A new Arab Higher Committee (or Higher National Committee) was established. Amin al-Husayni was not a member of the Arab delegation but the delegation was clearly acting under his direction. The London Conference commenced on 7 February 1939, but the Arab delegation refused to sit in the same room with the Jewish delegation present, and the conference broke up in March with no success. In May 1939,

438-627: Is typically restricted only to patrilineal descendants of any of the four sons of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca . Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein was the leader of the Iraqi Constitutional Monarchy political party and currently uses the title " Sharif ". Queen Dina Abdul-Hamid also was a member of the House of Hashim. She was entitled to use the honorific title sharifa of Mecca as an agnatic descendant of Hasan ibn Ali ,

511-794: The Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question , formed in October 1947, again repeating its previous demands. Despite Arab objections, the ad hoc committee reported on 19 November 1947 in favour of a partition of Palestine. The United Nations General Assembly voted on 29 November 1947 in favour of the Partition Plan for Palestine , all the Arab League states voting against the Plan. The Arab Higher Committee rejected

584-569: The All-Palestine Government (an Egyptian protectorate) in Gaza on 8 September 1948, while the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was in progress, under the nominal leadership of Amin al-Husayni, which was soon recognized by six of the seven Arab League members, the exception being Transjordan . King Abdullah of Transjordan regarded the attempt to revive al-Husayni's Holy War Army as a challenge to his authority and all armed bodies operating in

657-678: The Hejaz in the Arabian Peninsula and married into the local Nubian population. Ja'al was a descendant of al-Abbas , an uncle of Muhammad . The Ja'alin trace their lineage to Abbas , uncle of Muhammad. According to the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in 1888, the name Ja'alin does not seem to be derived from any founder of a tribe, but rather from the root Ja'al, an Arabic word meaning "to put" or "to stay", and in this sense it

730-754: The Higher National Committee was the central political organ of Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine . It was established on 25 April 1936, on the initiative of Haj Amin al-Husayni , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem , and comprised the leaders of Palestinian Arab clans and political parties under the mufti's chairmanship. The committee was outlawed by the British Mandatory administration in September 1937 after

803-594: The Ikhshidids . Jafar was from the wider Banu Hashim clan, albeit a different branch to the modern dynasty. The Banu Hashim claim to trace their ancestry from Hashim ibn Abd Manaf (died c. 497 CE), the great-grandfather of Muhammad , although the definition today mainly refers to the descendants of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah . Control of Mecca remained with the clan; when the Ottoman Turks took control of Egypt in 1517, Sharif Barakat quickly recognized

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876-739: The Seychelles and the others moved into voluntary exile in neighbouring countries. Awni Abd al-Hadi, who was out of the country at the time, was not allowed to return. The National Defence Party, which had withdrawn from the AHC soon after its formation, was not outlawed, and Raghib al-Nashashibi was not pursued by the British. When the committee was outlawed in September 1937, six of its members were deported, its president Amin al-Husayni managed to escape arrest and went into exile in Beirut . Jamal al-Husayni escaped to Syria. Three other members were deported to

949-627: The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) formed in May 1947 to investigate the cause of the conflict in Palestine, and, if possible, devise a solution. Despite the official Arab boycott, several Arab officials and intellectuals privately met UNSCOP members to argue for a unitary Arab-majority state, among them AHC member and former Jerusalem mayor Husayn al-Khalidi . UNSCOP also received written arguments from Arab advocates. The Arab Higher Committee rejected both

1022-740: The Zionist movement. The Arab Higher Committee originally petitioned the British Mandate administration to hold the conference in Jerusalem , but the request was rejected and the small town of Bloudan was chosen instead. The conference, which gathered hundreds of delegates from the Arab world (mostly the eastern half), was orchestrated "in order to study the duties of the Arabs in their respective countries and to agree on effective measures to resist

1095-468: The anti-Zionist movement in Palestine. It was chaired by Naji al-Suwaidi , the former prime minister of Iraq , and vice-chaired by intellectual Shakib Arslan of Lebanon , former education minister Mohammed Alluba Pasha of Egypt and the Greek Orthodox bishop of Homs , Ali Hurayki. Although the government of Syria did not participate at an official level due to Anglo-French pressure, it

1168-556: The royal family of Jordan , which they have ruled since 1921, and were the royal family of the kingdoms of Hejaz (1916–1925), Syria (1920), and Iraq (1921–1958). The family had ruled the city of Mecca continuously from the 10th century, frequently as vassals of outside powers, and ruled the thrones of the Hejaz, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan following their World War I alliance with the British Empire . The family belongs to

1241-669: The AHC to include additional supporters of Amin al-Husayni was seen as a bid to increase his political power. Following the failure of the London Conference, the British referred the question to the UN on 14 February 1947. In April 1947, the Arab Higher Committee repeated Arab and Palestinian demands in the solution for the Question of Palestine: The Arab states and the Arab Higher Committee officially boycotted

1314-556: The AHE as well as the Jewish Agency, but was attending by Arab League states, which argued against any partition. In January 1947, the AHE was renamed the "Arab Higher Committee", with Amin al-Husayni as its chairman and Jamal al-Husayni as vice-chairman, and expanded to include the four remaining core members plus Hasan Abu Sa'ud , Izhak Darwish al-Husayni , Izzat Darwaza , Rafiq al-Tamimi and Mu'in al-Madi . This restructuring of

1387-501: The Arab Higher Committee's performance during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War as being unaware and ineffective at best and ambivalent at worst to the needs of the Palestinian Arab population. In a personal note, Nusseibeh wrote, "Obviously they thought of the Palestine adventure in terms of an easy walkover for the Arabs, and the only point that seemed to worry them was credit for the expected victory. ... [They] were determined that

1460-626: The Arab League (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen) reconstituted the Arab Higher Committee comprising twelve members as the supreme executive body of Palestinian Arabs in the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine . The committee was dominated by the Palestine Arab Party , controlled by the Husayni family, and was immediately recognised by Arab League countries. The Mandate government recognised

1533-462: The Arab League ordered the dissolution of the AHC and Arab Higher Front and formed a five-member Arab Higher Executive , under Amin al-Husayni's chairmanship, and based in Cairo. The new AHE consisted of: The United Kingdom government called the 1946–47 London Conference on Palestine in an attempt to bring peace to its Mandate territory, which began on 9 September 1946. The conference was boycotted by

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1606-638: The Arab world convened at the Bloudan Conference in Syria on 8 September 1937, including 97 Palestinian delegates. The conference rejected both the partition and establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. After the rejection of the Peel proposals, the revolt resumed. Members of the Nashashibi family began to be targeted, as well as the Jewish community and British administrators. Raghib Nashashibi

1679-798: The Bloudan Conference and other pan-Arab conferences held after it during the late 1930s, focused specifically on the Palestine issue and only sought to consolidate the political status quo in the region in which Iraq and Transjordan leaned towards the Hashemite vision of a limited federal Arab union, an idea the British sympathized with, while Syria, Lebanon and Egypt each held their own initiatives. According to al-Solh, pan-Arab unity and liberation from European colonialism were largely ignored. Arab Higher Committee The Arab Higher Committee ( Arabic : اللجنة العربية العليا , romanized :  al-Lajnah al-ʻArabīyah al-ʻUlyā ) or

1752-454: The British government granted its independence in 1921 with Abdullah as ruler. The degree of independence that was afforded to the Arab states by colonial powers was an ongoing issue at the time, however in the case of Transjordan, the independence enjoyed was limited; with substantial influence and control reserved by British government in London. In domestic affairs the local ruler was given

1825-702: The British government presented its 1939 White Paper which was rejected by both sides. The White Paper had, in effect, repudiated the Balfour Declaration. According to Benny Morris , Amin al-Husayni "astonished" the other members of the Arab Higher Committee by turning down the White Paper . Al-Husayni turned the advantageous proposal down because "it did not place him at the helm of the future Palestinian state." The deportees were not allowed to return to Palestine until 1941. Amin Al-Husayni spent

1898-530: The Dhawu Awn, one of the branches of the Ḥasanid Sharifs of Mecca , also referred to as Hashemites. Their eponymous ancestor is traditionally considered to be Hashim ibn Abd Manaf , great-grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The Ḥasanid Sharifs of Mecca (from whom the Hashemite royal family is directly descended), including the Hashemites' ancestor Qatadah ibn Idris , were Zaydī Shīʿas until

1971-600: The Hejaz) after initiating the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire . His sons Abdullah and Faisal assumed the thrones of Jordan and Iraq in 1921, and his first son Ali succeeded him in the Hejaz in 1924. This arrangement became known as the " Sharifian solution ". Abdullah was assassinated in 1951, but his descendants continue to rule Jordan today. The other two branches of the dynasty did not survive; Ali

2044-506: The Hijaz to complete Arab emancipation. In 1914 he met the British high commissioner, Lord Kitchener , in Cairo to discuss the possibility of the British supporting an Arab uprising against the Turks. The possibility of co-operation was raised but no commitment was made by either side. Shortly after Abdullah returned to Mecca, he became his father's foreign minister, political advisor, and one of

2117-672: The Husseini-controlled Arab Higher Committee and in the Nashashibi National Defense Party denounced partition and reiterated their demands for independence, arguing that the Arabs had been promised independence and granting rights to the Jews was a betrayal. The Arabs emphatically rejected the principle of awarding any territory to the Jews. After British rejection of an Arab Higher Committee petition to hold an Arab conference in Jerusalem, hundreds of delegates from across

2190-617: The Istiqlal Party were dissolved. Yaqub al-Ghusayn, Al-Khalidi and Ahmed Hilmi Pasha were arrested and then deported. Jamal al-Husayni escaped to Syria, as did Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni. Amin al-Husayni managed to escape arrest, but was removed from the presidency of the Supreme Muslim Council. The committee was banned by the Mandate administration and three members (and two other Palestinian leaders) were deported to

2263-506: The Palestine Arabs should at all costs be excluded." The Arab community, being essentially agrarian, is loosely knit and mainly concerned with local interests. In the absence of an elective body to represent divergences of interest, it therefore shows a high degree of centralization in its political life. The Arab Higher Committee presented a 'common front' for all political parties. There was no opposition party. Decisions taken at

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2336-529: The Palestinian population for the war, accepting the general expectation that Palestinian Arabs alone would not prevail over the Yishuv , and accepting the joint Arab strategy of outside Arab armies securing a prompt takeover of the country. Anwar Nusseibeh , a Palestinian nationalist who believed that the best way to advance Palestinian interest was to operate within whichever regime was in power, criticized

2409-483: The Seychelles, and other members moved into voluntary exile in neighbouring countries. Al-Hadi, who was out of the country at the time, was not allowed to return. Membership of the outlawed committee had dwindled to Jamal al-Husayni (acting chairperson), Husayn al-Khalidi (secretary), Ahmed Hilmi Pasha and Emil Ghuri . For all practical purposes, the committee ceased to exist, however, this brought little change in

2482-586: The ambition for an independent Arab kingdom and caliphate. These pretensions came to the Ottoman rulers' attention and caused them to "invite" Hussein to Istanbul as the guest of the sultan in order to keep him under direct supervision. Hussein brought his four sons, Ali, Abdullah, Faisal, and Zeid, with him. It was not until after the Young Turk Revolution that he was able to return to the Hijaz and

2555-623: The areas controlled by the Arab Legion were ordered to disband. Glubb Pasha carried out the order ruthlessly and efficiently. After the war, the Arab Higher Committee was politically irrelevant, and banned from the Jordanian West Bank , as was the All-Palestine Government. Hashemite The Hashemites ( Arabic : الهاشميون , romanized :  al-Hāshimiyyūn ), also House of Hashim , are

2628-481: The assassination of a British official. A committee of the same name was reconstituted by the Arab League in 1945, but went to abeyance after it proved ineffective during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War . It was sidestepped by Egypt and the Arab League with the formation of the All-Palestine Government in 1948 and both were banned by Jordan . The first Arab Higher Committee was formed on 25 April 1936, following

2701-455: The center. Differences of approach and interest, can be discerned, the more so from the strong pressure that is brought against them. In times of crisis, as in 1936–1938, such pressure has taken the form of intimidation and assassination. At present time, nonconformity regarding any important question on which the Arab Higher Committee has pronounced a policy is represented as disloyalty to the Arab nation. The Arab League – led by Egypt – set up

2774-525: The change in sovereignty, sending his son Abu Numayy II to the Ottoman sultan Selim I in Cairo, bearing the keys to the holy cities and other gifts. The Ottoman sultan confirmed Barakat and Abu Numayy in their positions as co-rulers of the Hejaz. Before World War I, Hussein bin Ali of the Hashemite Dhawu-'Awn clan ruled the Hejaz on behalf of the Ottoman sultan. For some time it had been

2847-709: The collapse of Ottoman power, with the tacit support of the British Foreign Office . His supporters are sometimes referred to as "Sharifians" or the "Sharifian party". Hussein bin Ali's chief rival in the Arabian Peninsula, the king of the Najd (highlands), Ibn Saud , annexed the Hejaz in 1925 and established his own son, Faysal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , as governor. The region was later incorporated into Saudi Arabia . In Transjordan ,

2920-537: The commanders of the Arab Revolt. Faisal, Hussein's third son, played an active role in the revolt as commander of the Arab army, while the overall leadership was placed in the hands of his father. The idea of an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire was first conceived by Abdullah. Only after gradual and persistent nudging did Abdullah convince his father, the conservative Sharif of Mecca, to move from

2993-444: The committee, was a far more efficient and comprehensive political machine than had existed in earlier years. All the political parties presented a 'common front' and their leaders sit together on the Arab Higher Committee. Christian as well as Muslim Arabs were represented on it, with no opposition parties. The commission reported in July 1937 and recommended the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. Arab leaders, both in

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3066-405: The committee. In November 1936, and with the prospects of war in Europe increasing, the British government set up the Peel Royal Commission to investigate the causes of the disturbances. The strike had been called off in October 1936 and the violence abated for about a year while the Peel Commission deliberated. The commission was impressed by the fact that the Arab national movement, sustained by

3139-413: The conference described the text as "a violently anti-Jewish pamphlet" which was given to each of the persons attending the Bludan Congress. Fu'ad Mufarrij, a leading delegate at the meeting, believed the Bloudan Conference was an expression of the aspirations and goals of the Arabs as well as a major step to further develop programs to achieve those aims. However, Lebanese historian Raghid al-Solh believed

3212-402: The conference, entitled "Islam and Jewry," has been described as history's "first text that propagated sheer Jew-hatred in an Islamic context by mixing selected anti-Jewish episodes of Mohammed’s life with the so-called wickedness of Jews in the 20th century.". The French Mandate government of Lebanon opposed Lebanese participation in the conference, with the pro-government newspaper stating it

3285-423: The dangers posed by the Zionists." Several resolutions adopted during the conference rejected both the plan to partition Palestine and the establishment of a Jewish state there. Furthermore, it affirmed that Palestine was an integral part of the Arab world. A number of committees were created to research ways to resist partition. The significance of the Bloudan Conference was the demonstration of pan-Arab support for

3358-424: The disbanded Arab Higher Committee and with Amin al-Husayni. On 23 November 1938, the Colonial Secretary, Malcolm MacDonald , repeated his refusal to allow Amin al-Husayni to be a delegate, but was willing to allow the five Palestinian leaders held in the Seychelles to take part in the conference. The deportees were released on 19 December and allowed to travel to Cairo and then, with Jamal Husseini, to Beirut where

3431-590: The early 1920s. Several of their descendants have gained prominent positions in the Jordanian state, including the positions of Chief of the Royal Court, Prime Minister, and Ambassador. Descendants of the Dhawu Awn clansmen are referred to as Sharifs and, other than Zaid ibn Shaker, have not been awarded princely title. Examples include former Prime Ministers and Royal Court Chiefs Sharif Hussein ibn Nasser , Sharif Abdelhamid Sharaf , Queen Zein Al-Sharaf (wife of King Talal and mother of King Hussein ) and her brother Sharif Nasser bin Jamil. Princely title in Jordan

3504-519: The grandson of Muhammad . Prince Zaid ibn Shaker , former PM and Commander-in-chief of the Jordanian military, was a member of the Dhawu Awn clan whose father Shaker ibn Zaid migrated to Transjordan with his cousin Abdullah I of Jordan . He was awarded the non-hereditary title of "prince" in 1996. His children, one son and one daughter, are addressed as "Sharifs" – not princes. The Ja'alin are of Arab origin and trace their origins to Ibrahim Ja'al, an Abbasid noble, whose clan originally hailed from

3577-430: The idea of home rule of a portion of Arabia within the Ottoman Empire to complete and total independence of the entire Empire's Arab provinces. Hussein recognized the necessity of breaking away from the Empire in the beginning of 1914 when he realized that he would not be able to complete his political objectives within the framework of the Ottomans. To have any success with the Arab revolt, the backing of another great power

3650-418: The late Mamluk or early Ottoman period, when they became followers of the Shāfiʿī school of Sunnī Islam . The current dynasty was founded by Sharif Hussein ibn Ali , who was appointed as Sharif and Emir of Mecca by the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1908, then in 1916—after concluding a secret agreement with the British Empire —was proclaimed King of Arab countries (but only recognized as King of

3723-411: The majority and minority recommendations within the UNSCOP report. They "concluded from a survey of Palestine history that Zionist claims to that country had no legal or moral basis". The Arab Higher Committee argued that only an Arab State in the whole of Palestine would be consistent with the UN Charter. The Arab Higher Committee as well as the Arab states were actively involved in the deliberations of

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3796-407: The new Arab Higher Committee, by then recognised by the Mandate administration. Amin Al-Husayni never returned to British Palestine. After the end of the war, Amin al-Husayni managed to find his way to Egypt and stayed there until 1959, when he moved to Lebanon . On 22 March 1945, the Arab League was formed. In November 1945, on the urging of Egypt, its leading member, the then seven members of

3869-401: The new committee two months later. In February 1946, Jamal al-Husayni returned from exile to Palestine and immediately set about reorganising and enlarging the committee, becoming its acting president. The members of the reconstituted committee as at April 1946 were: The Istiqlal Party and other nationalist groups objected to these moves, and formed a rival Arab Higher Front . In May 1946,

3942-545: The official conference in Bloudan, a largely secret meeting was held in Damascus by more activist delegates called the Conference of Nationalist Youth. The meeting called for stronger action to unite Arab youth and preparatory committee was established to organize a second, larger conference to be held in Europe . Participants included Yunus al-Sab'awi, Kazem al-Solh, Taqi al-Din Solh, Farid Zayn al-Din, Wasfi Kamal, Munir al-Rayyes, Uthman al-Hawrani, Farhan Shubaylat, Akram Zuaiter and Sabri al-Asali . A pamphlet distributed at

4015-403: The outbreak of the Great Arab revolt , and national committees were formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages, during that month. The members of the committee were: Initially, the committee included representatives of the rival Nashashibi and al-Husayni clans. The committee was formed after the 19 April call for a general strike of Arab workers and businesses, which marked

4088-418: The practice of the Sublime Porte to appoint the Emir of Mecca from among a select group of candidates. In 1908, Hussein bin Ali was appointed to the Sharifate of Mecca . He found himself increasingly at odds with the Young Turks in control at Istanbul , while he strove to secure his family's position as hereditary emirs. Hussein bin Ali's lineage and destined position as the Sharif of Mecca helped foster

4161-438: The revolt and supplied arms, provisions, direct artillery support, and experts in desert warfare including the soon to be famous T. E. Lawrence . The Hashemites promised more than they were able to deliver, and their ambitious plan collapsed. There were only a small number of Syrian and Iraqi nationalists who joined under the Sharifan banner while others remained loyal to the Ottoman sultan. Sharif Hussein bin Ali rebelled against

4234-413: The rule of the Ottomans during the Arab Revolt of 1916. For Hashemite contribution to the Allied forces effort to bring down the Ottoman Empire, Britain promised its support for Arab independence. However, the McMahon–Hussein correspondence left territorial limits governing this promise obscurely defined leading to a long and bitter disagreement between the two sides. After the war, the British devised

4307-424: The southern part of Faisal's Syria) in November 1920, the eventual Sharifian solution was somewhat different, the informal name for a British policy put into effect by Secretary of State for the Colonies Winston Churchill following the 1921 Cairo conference . Hussein bin Ali had five sons: Hussein bin Ali continued to rule an independent Hejaz, of which he proclaimed himself king, between 1916 and 1924, after

4380-442: The start of the 1936–39 Arab revolt . On 15 May 1936, the committee endorsed the general strike, calling for an end to Jewish immigration ; the prohibition of the transfer of Arab land to Jews; and the establishment of a National Government responsible to a representative council. Later it called for the nonpayment of taxes. Raghib al-Nashashibi , of the Nashashibi clan and member of the National Defence Party soon withdrew from

4453-425: The structure of Arab political life and the Palestinian revolt continued. With the indications of a new European war on the horizon, and in an endeavor to resolve the inter-communal issues in Palestine, the British government proposed in late 1938 a conference in London of the two Palestinian communities. Some Arab leaders welcomed the proposed London Conference but indicated that the British would need to deal with

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4526-418: The summit, saying there was "little doubt that the long drawn-out deliberations over Palestine are reviving from the ashes of local jealousies: the pan-Arab phoenix." The consul described "Islam and Jewry," which was distributed at the conference, as "a startlingly inflammatory pamphlet" which he said gave "an indication of the passions that the organizers of the congress hoped to arouse. The consul's informant at

4599-430: The vote, declaring it invalid because it was opposed by Palestine's Arab majority. The AHC also declared a three-day strike and public protest to begin on 2 December 1947, in protest at the vote. The call led to the 1947 Jerusalem riots between 2–5 December 1947, resulting in many deaths and much property damage. On 12 April 1948, with the end of the mandate looming, the Arab League announced its intention to take over

4672-487: The war years in occupied Europe , actively collaborating with the Nazi leadership. Amin and Jamal al-Husayni were involved in the 1941 pro-Nazi Rashidi revolt in Iraq . Amin again evaded capture by Britain but Jamal was captured in 1941 and interned in Southern Rhodesia , where he was held until November 1945 when he was allowed to move to Cairo. Husayn al-Khalidi returned to Palestine in 1943. Jamal al-Husayni returned to British Palestine in February 1946 as an official of

4745-473: The way they like. The British Mandate of Palestine came to an end on 15 May 1948, on which day six of the then-seven Arab League states (Yemen being not active) invaded the now-former Mandate territory, marking the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War . The Arab Higher Committee claimed that the British withdrawal led to an absence of legal authority, making it necessary for the Arab states to protect Arab lives and property. The Arab states' proclaimed their aim of

4818-446: The whole of the British Mandate territory, with the objective being: The Arab armies shall enter Palestine to rescue it. His Majesty (King Farouk, representing the League) would like to make it clearly understood that such measures should be looked upon as temporary and devoid of any character of the occupation or partition of Palestine, and that after completion of its liberation, that country would be handed over to its owners to rule in

4891-517: Was crucial. Hussein regarded Arab unity as synonymous with his own kingship. He aspired to have the entire Arabian Peninsula , the region of Syria , and Iraq under his – and his descendants' – rule. After a year of fruitless negotiation, Sir Henry McMahon conveyed the British government's agreement to recognize Arab independence over an area that was much more limited than that to which Hussein had aspired. The Arab revolt, an Anglo-Hashemite plot in its essence, broke out in June 1916. Britain financed

4964-501: Was executed in the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état . Sources: The descendants of Iraqi Hashemite prince Ra'ad ibn Zaid have been awarded Jordanian citizenship and are addressed in the style of His Royal Highness and Prince in Jordan. Descendants include Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad , a Jordanian diplomat, who served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2014 to 2018, and Prince Mired bin Ra'ad . A number of Dhawu Awn clansmen migrated with Emir Abdullah I to Transjordan in

5037-401: Was forced to flee to Egypt after several assassination attempts on him, which were ordered by Amin al-Husayni. On 26 September 1937, the acting British district commissioner of Galilee , Lewis Yelland Andrews , was assassinated in Nazareth . Four days later Britain outlawed the Arab Higher Committee, and began to arrest its members. On 1 October 1937, the National Bloc, the Reform Party and

5110-427: Was in the country's interests not to antagonize the Jews or the Arabs alike. Lebanese delegates at the conference favored a resolution condemning Lebanese neutrality in the conflict in Palestine, but the resolution was rejected because of opposition from many Syrian delegates and al-Suwaidi who feared a rift with the Lebanese government. The British Consulate in Damascus released a statement reflecting British alarm over

5183-445: Was officially appointed the Sharif. Of Hussein's four sons, Abdullah was the most politically ambitious and became the planner and driving force behind the Arab revolt. Abdullah received military training in both the Hijaz and Istanbul. He was the deputy for Mecca in the Ottoman Parliament between 1912 and 1914. During this period, Abdullah developed deep interest in Arab nationalism and linked his father's interest for autonomous rule in

5256-473: Was ousted by Ibn Saud after the British withdrew their support from Hussein in 1924–1925, and Faisal's grandson Faisal II was executed in the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état . According to historians Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Hazm , in c.  968 Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Hasani came from Medina and conquered Mecca in the name of the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz , after the latter had conquered Egypt from

5329-543: Was the most represented in the conference with 115 delegates. Palestine was represented by 97 delegates, Lebanon by 59 and led by Riad al-Solh , Transjordan by 29, Iraq by 9, Egypt by 2 and Tripolitania by 1. In a sign of further pan-Arab support for the conference, solidarity messages and telegrams were sent by Ahmad al-Sabah , the Emir of Kuwait and by Islamic-oriented groups from several Egyptian cities and towns, as well as from Tunisia , Algeria and Morocco . After

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