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87-503: When martial arts film star Bruce Lee died on July 20, 1973, he was Hong Kong's most famous martial arts actor, known for his roles in six feature-length Hong Kong martial arts films in the early 1970s: Lo Wei 's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest 's The Way of the Dragon (1972) and the incomplete film Game of Death (1972), both directed and written by Lee; and Golden Harvest / Warner Brothers ' Enter

174-930: A Chinese television drama series based on the life of Bruce Lee , has been watched by over 400 million viewers in China through CCTV, making it the most-watched Chinese television drama series of all time, as of 2017. It has also been aired in other parts of the world: United States (KTSF), Italy (RAI 4), Canada (FTV), Brazil (Rede CNT; Band), Vietnam (HTV2; DN1-RTV), South Korea (SBS), Japan (NTV), Hong Kong (ATV Home), Philippines (Q), Taiwan (TTV), Iran (IRIB), Venezuela (Televen), United Kingdom (Netflix) and Indonesia (Hi Indo). The comic book medium also gave birth to several characters inspired by Bruce Lee, most notably in Japanese comics or manga . Bruce Lee had an influence on several American comic book writers, notably Marvel Comics founder Stan Lee , who considered Bruce Lee to be

261-420: A Finn-Dorset ewe , was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the udder of her 6-year-old biological mother. Dolly's embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ovum. It took 435 attempts before an embryo was successful. The embryo was then placed inside a female sheep that went through a normal pregnancy. She

348-590: A superhero without a costume. Shortly after his death, Lee inspired the Marvel character Iron Fist (debuted 1974) and the comic book series The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu (debuted 1974). According to Stan Lee, any character that is a martial artist since then owes their origin to Bruce Lee in some form. Paul Gulacy was inspired by Bruce Lee when he drew the Marvel character Shang-Chi . In Tetsuo Hara and Buronson ’s influential shōnen manga and anime series Hokuto no Ken , known to Western audiences as Fist of

435-417: A blastocyst which has the potential to form/become any cell in the body. The reason why SCNT is used for cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab. This process can either add or delete specific genomes of farm animals. A key point to remember is that cloning is achieved when the oocyte maintains its normal functions and instead of using sperm and egg genomes to replicate,

522-486: A cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard media. A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves

609-405: A cow or sheep in the case of farm animals. SCNT is seen as a good method for producing agriculture animals for food consumption. It successfully cloned sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs. Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct. However, stresses placed on both the egg cell and the introduced nucleus can be enormous, which led to

696-424: A high loss in resulting cells in early research. For example, the cloned sheep Dolly was born after 277 eggs were used for SCNT, which created 29 viable embryos. Only three of these embryos survived until birth, and only one survived to adulthood. As the procedure could not be automated, and had to be performed manually under a microscope , SCNT was very resource intensive. The biochemistry involved in reprogramming

783-455: A host of other molecular biology tools. Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected; these are summarized as a cloning strategy . Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a ligation procedure is used where

870-493: A mammalian system. The first mammalian cloning (resulting in Dolly) had a success rate of 29 embryos per 277 fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, one of which lived. In a bovine experiment involving 70 cloned calves, one-third of the calves died quite young. The first successfully cloned horse, Prometea , took 814 attempts. Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from

957-473: A mammoth carcass that had been preserved in a Russian laboratory and insert it into the egg cells of an Asian elephant in hopes of producing a mammoth embryo. The researchers said they hoped to produce a baby mammoth within six years. The challenges are formidable. Extensively degraded DNA that may be suitable for sequencing may not be suitable for cloning; it would have to be synthetically reconstituted. In any case, with currently available technology, DNA alone

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1044-490: A marketing hook, and the genre continues to be a source of exploration for fans of the late Little Dragon and his doppelgangers. Fist of Fear, Touch of Death told a fictional life story of the star. In May 2010, Carl Jones published the book Here Come the Kung Fu Clones . It focuses on a particular Lee-a-like, Ho Chung Tao , but it also explores the best and worst actors and films that the genre has to offer. In

1131-457: A martial artist, and he ran away from home to become an actor. In real life, they encouraged his careers. The film conflates China and Japan by stating Lee's martial art was Karate (a Japanese art) instead of Kung Fu (a Chinese art) and that his great-grandfather was a samurai (impossible as samurai are found in Japan, not China). Bruceploitation ended when Jackie Chan made a name for himself with

1218-413: A mate is known as parthenogenesis . In the field of biotechnology , cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of cells and of DNA fragments. The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell . In 1996, Dolly

1305-467: A mate). This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes, fish (for example the hammerhead shark ), Cape honeybees , and lizards including the Komodo dragon and several whiptails . The growth and development occurs without fertilization by a male. In plants, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and

1392-510: A means of reviving extinct species . In popular culture, the concept of cloning—particularly human cloning—is often depicted in science fiction ; depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (e.g. cloning soldiers for warfare). Coined by Herbert J. Webber , the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών ( klōn ), twig , which

1479-451: A plot element such as The Clones of Bruce Lee (where clones of Bruce Lee portrayed by some of the above actors are created by scientists) or The Dragon Lives Again (where Bruce Lee fights fictional characters such as James Bond , Clint Eastwood and Dracula in Hell and finds allies amongst others such as Popeye and Kwai Chang Caine ). Others, such as Bruce Lee Fights Back from

1566-575: A proposal for "a lunar backup record of humanity" that includes genetic information by Avi Loeb . Scientists at the University of Newcastle and University of New South Wales announced in March 2013 that the very recently extinct gastric-brooding frog would be the subject of a cloning attempt to resurrect the species. Many such de-extinction projects are being championed by the non-profit Revive & Restore and Colossal Biosciences . One of

1653-440: A small amount of trypsin is added. Cloned cells are collected from inside the ring and transferred to a new vessel for further growth. Somatic-cell nuclear transfer , popularly known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research . This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal

1740-442: A somatic adult nucleus donor cell. There were early claims that Dolly had pathologies resembling accelerated aging. Scientists speculated that Dolly's death in 2003 was related to the shortening of telomeres , DNA-protein complexes that protect the end of linear chromosomes . However, other researchers, including Ian Wilmut who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection

1827-495: A technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo, is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning. During that procedure, a donor embryo is split in two distinct embryos, that can then be transferred via embryo transfer . It is optimally performed at the 6- to 8-cell stage, where it can be used as an expansion of IVF to increase the number of available embryos. If both embryos are successful, it gives rise to monozygotic (identical) twins . Dolly ,

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1914-427: A unique combination of ethnicity, nationality and fighting style; Street Fighter went on to set the template for all fighting games that followed. Since then, numerous fighting games have featured Bruce Lee look-alike characters, starting with World Heroes which introduced Kim Dragon in 1992. Super Street Fighter II character Fei Long was designed as a homage to Bruce Lee as well. The character Liu Kang in

2001-584: A variety of ethical positions regarding the possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning . While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well. Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production. Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid

2088-682: A wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning. Two commonly discussed types of theoretical human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning . Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of 2024 . Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and, more recently, pluripotent stem cell induction . Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. There are

2175-473: A writer, and over 45 films as a producer. Lo died of heart failure in Hong Kong on 20 January 1996. This is a partial list of films. Cloning Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes , either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction ; this reproduction of an organism by itself without

2262-431: Is Fist of Fear, Touch of Death released in 1980. While the real Lee does appear in the movie, it is only through dubbed stock footage. The movie passes itself off as non-fiction but is fictional. The plot involves a martial arts tournament where the prize is recognition as Lee's successor. This is intertwined with what the movie passes off as the life story of Bruce Lee. The film says that Lee's parents did not want him be

2349-597: Is DJing . The t-shirt has been worn by celebrities such as Justin Bieber , Will Smith , Nas , Snoop Dogg and Ne-Yo . The image became more popular following its appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), in which Tony Stark ( Robert Downey Jr. ) wears it. Sales of the t-shirt increased substantially following the film's release. Lo Wei Lo Wei ( 12 December 1918 – 20 January 1996)

2436-457: Is a component process of apomixis. In species that use the XY sex-determination system , the offspring will always be female. An example is the little fire ant ( Wasmannia auropunctata ), which is native to Central and South America but has spread throughout many tropical environments. Artificial cloning of organisms may also be called reproductive cloning . Hans Spemann , a German embryologist

2523-418: Is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows. There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used. However, cloning, or asexual propagation, has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years. The term clone

2610-437: Is also modelled after Lee’s physique and mannerisms in the same way as his nephew. Akira Toriyama 's influential shonen manga and anime series Dragon Ball was also inspired by Bruce Lee films, such as Enter the Dragon (1973). The title Dragon Ball was inspired by Enter the Dragon as well as later Bruceploitation knockoff kung fu movies which frequently had the word "Dragon" in the title. Later, when Toriyama created

2697-443: Is also the way that clonal colonies reproduce themselves. Some of the mechanisms are explored and used in plants and animals are binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. It can also occur during some forms of asexual reproduction, when a single parent organism produces genetically identical offspring by itself. Many plants are well known for natural cloning ability, including blueberry plants , Hazel trees,

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2784-619: Is for the Famicom (better known as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in the west) but is not licensed by Nintendo or the Bruce Lee estate. The game's plot is loosely based on the plots of Lee's films and most levels are given titles from them. The game mixes fighting parts with platforming parts and is also noted for stealing graphics from Mortal Kombat (including using Liu Kang to represent Lee), being one of

2871-432: Is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of gemmae . Some vascular plants e.g. dandelion and certain viviparous grasses also form seeds asexually, termed apomixis , resulting in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals. Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as parthenogenesis (reproduction of an organism by itself without

2958-448: Is not suitable for mammalian cloning; intact viable cell nuclei are required. Patching pieces of reconstituted mammoth DNA into an Asian elephant cell nucleus would result in an elephant-mammoth hybrid rather than a true mammoth. Moreover, true de-extinction of the woolly mammoth species would require a breeding population, which would require cloning of multiple genetically distinct but reproductively compatible individuals, multiplying both

3045-458: Is not to create cloned human beings (called "reproductive cloning"), but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease. While a clonal human blastocyst has been created, stem cell lines are yet to be isolated from a clonal source. Therapeutic cloning is achieved by creating embryonic stem cells in the hopes of treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's. The process begins by removing

3132-617: Is rarely credited. Video game characters synonymous with Lee are usually spotted by fighting techniques and signature "jumping stance", physical appearances, clothing, and iconic battle cries and yells similar to those of Lee. Examples include fighting game characters such as Maxi in the Soulcalibur series and Jann Lee in the Dead or Alive series. Though Bruce Lee did not appear in commercials during his lifetime, his likeness and image has since appeared in hundreds of commercials around

3219-552: Is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissues. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins . The possibility of human cloning has raised controversies . These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass legislation regarding human cloning and its legality. As of right now, scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark

3306-408: Is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. In botany, the term lusus was used. In horticulture , the spelling clon was used until the early twentieth century; the final e came into use to indicate the vowel is a "long o" instead of a "short o". Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. Natural cloning

3393-418: Is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques or human intervention (i.e. artificial cloning). Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms, and has allowed life forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. Versions of this reproduction method are used by plants, fungi, and bacteria, and

3480-483: Is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production. Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning . In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify

3567-490: Is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis . Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction. As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia. Other examples are potato and banana. Grafting can be regarded as cloning, since all

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3654-594: The Mortal Kombat franchise was also modelled after Bruce Lee. The Tekken franchise followed suit with Marshall Law , and just once had him substituted by introducing his son Forest Law . EA Sports UFC includes Bruce Lee as an unlockable character, though it came with the approval of his daughter Shannon . Another notable game that features Bruce Lee is The Dragon , released in 1995 by Ramar International (also called Rinco) and Tony Tech in Taiwan. The game

3741-573: The Super Saiyan transformation during the Freeza arc, he gave Goku piercing eyes based on Bruce Lee's paralysing glare. In Masashi Kishimoto ’s Naruto manga, the characters Might Guy and Rock Lee were modelled by him after Bruce Lee. Bruce Lee films such as Game of Death and Enter the Dragon were the foundation for video game genres such as beat 'em up action games and fighting games . Kung-Fu Master (1984), considered

3828-577: The differentiated somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg was also far from being well understood. However, by 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten and in 2016, a Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing 500 cloned embryos per day. In SCNT, not all of the donor cell's genetic information is transferred, as the donor cell's mitochondria that contain their own mitochondrial DNA are left behind. The resulting hybrid cells retain those mitochondrial structures which originally belonged to

3915-442: The mitochondria in the cytoplasm also contains DNA and during SCNT this mitochondrial DNA is wholly from the cytoplasmic donor's egg, thus the mitochondrial genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced. This may have important implications for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to death. Artificial embryo splitting or embryo twinning ,

4002-601: The " Frozen zoo " at the San Diego Zoo , to store frozen tissue from the world's rarest and most endangered species. This is also referred to as 'conservation cloning'. Engineers have proposed a 'lunar ark' in 2021 – storing millions of seed, spore, sperm and egg samples from Earth's contemporary species in a network of lava tubes on the Moon as a genetic backup. Similar proposals have been made since at least 2008. These also include sending human customer DNA, and

4089-1249: The Dragon (1973) and Game of Death: The Clouse Cut (1978), both films directed by Robert Clouse . When Enter the Dragon became a box office success worldwide, many Hong Kong studios feared that a movie without their most famous star in it would not be financially successful and decided to play on Lee's sudden international fame by making movies that sounded like Bruce Lee starring vehicles. They cast actors who looked like Lee and changed their screen names to variations of Lee's name, such as Bruce Li and Bruce Le . After Bruce Lee's death, many actors assumed Lee-like stage names . Bruce Li ( 黎 ( Lí ) 小龍 from his real name Ho Chung Tao 何宗道), Bruce Chen, Bruce Lai (real name Chang Yi-Tao), Bruce Le ( 呂 ( Lǚ ) 小龍 from his real name Wong Kin Lung, 黃建龍), Bruce Lie, Bruce Leung , Saro Lee, Bruce Ly, Bruce Thai, Brute Lee, Myron Bruce Lee, Lee Bruce, and Bruce Lei / Dragon Lee (real name Moon Kyoung-seok) were hired by studios to play Lee-styled roles. Bruce Li appeared in Bruce Lee Against Supermen , in which he stars as Kato , assistant of

4176-600: The Game of Death , were rehashes of Bruce Lee's classics. Others told Lee's life story and explored his mysteries, such as Bruce Lee's Secret (a farcical rehash starring Bruce-clone Bruce Li in San Francisco defending Chinese immigrants from thugs), Exit the Dragon, Enter the Tiger (where Bruce Li is asked by Bruce Lee to replace him after his death), and Bruce's Fist of Vengeance . Other films used his death as

4263-576: The Grave , featured Lee imitators but with a plot having nothing to do with Bruce Lee. One of Lee's fight choreographers , actor-director Sammo Hung , famously satirised the phenomenon of Bruceploitation in his 1978 film, Enter the Fat Dragon . Elliott Hong 's They Call Me Bruce? satirised the tendency for all male Asian actors (and by extension, male Asians in general) to have to sell themselves as Bruce Lee-types to succeed. One notable film

4350-487: The Green Hornet , a role originally played by the real Bruce Lee. Additionally, when some Japanese karate and Korean taekwondo films were dubbed into English for U.S. release, the protagonists were given new Lee-like stage names. Such was the case with Jun Chong (credited as Bruce K. L. Lea in the altered and English-dubbed Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave ) and Tadashi Yamashita (credited as Bronson Lee in

4437-520: The North Star , the main character Kenshiro was deliberately created by them based on Bruce Lee, combined with influences from the film Mad Max . Kenshiro’s appearance resembles that of Lee, as well as mannerisms inspired by Lee, such as his fighting style and battle cries. Additionally, in Hokuto no Ken ’s prequel Souten no Ken , the main character is Kenshiro’s uncle, named Kenshiro Kasumi, who

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4524-689: The Pando trees , the Kentucky coffeetree , Myrica , and the American sweetgum. It also occurs accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry identical DNA. Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes , but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters , non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It

4611-488: The Sleazy Joys of Lowbrow Cinema (Ledatape Organisation, Melbourne 2018) "is cleaning up the territory and sharpening the contours of the category of Bruceploitation which as he sees it has not been worked out rigorously enough by early pioneers." This book appeared after Home made and exhibited an art film meditation on the subject of Bruceploitation for Glasgow International in 2016. The Legend of Bruce Lee (2008),

4698-431: The altered English-dubbed Bronson Lee, Champion ). Jackie Chan , who started his movie career as an extra and stunt artist in some of Bruce Lee's movies, was also given roles where he was promoted as the next Bruce Lee as Chan Yuen Lung (with Yuen Lung's stage name borrowed from his fellow Fortunes actor Sammo Hung ), such as New Fist of Fury (1976). Only when he made some comedy-themed movies for another studio

4785-503: The amplified fragment is inserted into a vector (piece of DNA). The vector (which is frequently circular) is linearised using restriction enzymes , and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase . Following ligation, the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of alternative techniques are available, such as chemical sensitisation of cells, electroporation , optical injection and biolistics . Finally,

4872-477: The big time as part of the wave of Bruceploitation . Lo is said to have been linked with Chinese organized crime, the Triads . Lo ran the production company "Lo Wei Motion Picture Company", which operated until 1977–78 due to heavy cost-cutting measures as a result of Jackie Chan signing a deal with Golden Harvest . Lo is credited with over 135 films as an actor, over 60 films as a director, over 30 films as

4959-474: The cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers, which provide blue/white screening (alpha-factor complementation) on X-gal medium. Nevertheless, these selection steps do not absolutely guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the cells obtained. Further investigation of the resulting colonies must be required to confirm that cloning was successful. This may be accomplished by means of PCR , restriction fragment analysis and/or DNA sequencing . Cloning

5046-405: The donor's somatic cell nucleus is inserted into the oocyte. The oocyte will react to the somatic cell nucleus, the same way it would to a sperm cell's nucleus. The process of cloning a particular farm animal using SCNT is relatively the same for all animals. The first step is to collect the somatic cells from the animal that will be cloned. The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in

5133-409: The effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism. Before this demonstration, it had been shown by John Gurdon that nuclei from differentiated cells could give rise to an entire organism after transplantation into an enucleated egg. However, this concept was not yet demonstrated in

5220-435: The egg. As a consequence, clones such as Dolly that are born from SCNT are not perfect copies of the donor of the nucleus. Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction

5307-556: The end of the trend, Bruce Lee's influence on Hong Kong action cinema remained strong, but the actors began establishing their own personalities, and the films began to take on a more comedic approach. In 2017, Michael Worth began an effort to shine more light on the subject, producing what would become Enter the Clones of Bruce (2023), the first official documentary on the subject with Severin Films . The documentary interviews many of

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5394-587: The few Famicom/NES games to have two languages (English and Arabic) available in game and one of the few in Arabic at all. The game's official Arabic title as shown on the title screen is التنين ("Al-Tinneen") and the box also gives the game the Chinese title of 李小龍 ("Lǐ Xiǎolóng", Bruce Lee's name in Chinese) and the alternate title of Lee Dragon . Many other video games have characters based on Lee, although he

5481-419: The first beat 'em up game, is based on Lee's Game of Death , with the five-level Devil's Temple reflecting the movie's setting of a five-level pagoda with a martial arts master in each level. Kung-Fu Master in turn served as the prototype for most subsequent martial arts action games in the late 1980s. Datasoft Inc. also released the game Bruce Lee in 1984. The fighting game Yie Ar Kung-Fu (1985)

5568-467: The future), and largely also not replication – also described as mind cloning – of potential whole brain emulations. Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved as safe by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety. In practical terms,

5655-417: The inclusion of "licensing requirements for embryo research projects and fertility clinics, restrictions on the commodification of eggs and sperm, and measures to prevent proprietary interests from monopolizing access to stem cell lines" in international cloning regulations has been proposed, albeit e.g. effective oversight mechanisms or cloning requirements have not been described. Cloning, or more precisely,

5742-563: The key players of the Bruceploitation movement, including Ho Chung-tao ( Bruce Li ), Huang Jianlong ( Bruce Le ), Ryong Keo ( Dragon Lee ), and Leung Choi-sang ( Bruce Liang ). The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Tribeca Film Festival . Bruceploitation has continued in the United States in a muted form since the 1970s. Films such as Force: Five , No Retreat, No Surrender , and The Last Dragon used Bruce Lee as

5829-476: The laboratory for later use. The hardest part of SCNT is removing maternal DNA from an oocyte at metaphase II. Once this has been done, the somatic nucleus can be inserted into an egg cytoplasm. This creates a one-cell embryo. The grouped somatic cell and egg cytoplasm are then introduced to an electrical current. This energy will hopefully allow the cloned embryo to begin development. The successfully developed embryos are then placed in surrogate recipients, such as

5916-416: The most anticipated targets for cloning is the woolly mammoth , but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, though a joint Russo-Japanese team is currently working toward this goal. In January 2011, it was reported by Yomiuri Shimbun that a team of scientists headed by Akira Iritani of Kyoto University had built upon research by Dr. Wakayama, saying that they will extract DNA from

6003-651: The need for immunosuppressive drugs , and to stave off the effects of aging. Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology. Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large. Cloning humans could lead to serious violations of human rights . Religious groups are divided, with some opposing

6090-476: The nucleus (containing the DNA) from an egg cell and inserting a nucleus from the adult cell to be cloned. In the case of someone with Alzheimer's disease, the nucleus from a skin cell of that patient is placed into an empty egg. The reprogrammed cell begins to develop into an embryo because the egg reacts with the transferred nucleus. The embryo will become genetically identical to the patient. The embryo will then form

6177-499: The reconstruction of functional DNA from extinct species has, for decades, been a dream. Possible implications of this were dramatized in the 1984 novel Carnosaur and the 1990 novel Jurassic Park . The best current cloning techniques have an average success rate of 9.4 percent (and as high as 25 percent ) when working with familiar species such as mice, while cloning wild animals is usually less than 1 percent successful. Several tissue banks have come into existence, including

6264-508: The relevant genomic sequence. To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an origin of replication , which is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein production , affinity tagging , single-stranded RNA or DNA production and

6351-564: The sheep achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell. Another example of artificial cloning is molecular cloning , a technique in molecular biology in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules. In bioethics , there are a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning . The use of embryonic stem cells , which can be produced through SCNT, in some stem cell research has attracted controversy . Cloning has been proposed as

6438-481: The shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under ethical scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation. Many trees, shrubs , vines , ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally. Parts of an individual plant may become detached by fragmentation and grow on to become separate clonal individuals. A common example

6525-576: The success of the kung fu comedies Snake in the Eagle's Shadow and Drunken Master . These films established him as the "new king" of Hong Kong martial arts cinema. Another factor in the end of Bruceploitation was the beginning of the Shaw Brothers film era in the late 1970s, which started with movies such as Five Deadly Venoms which featured new martial arts stars in the Venom Mob . Since

6612-442: The technology as usurping "God's place" and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits. There is at least one religion, Raëlism , in which cloning plays a major role. Contemporary work on this topic is concerned with the ethics, adequate regulation and issues of any cloning carried out by humans, not potentially by extraterrestrials (including in

6699-563: The third season of the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series , the character of Hun (originally a muscle-bound Caucasian from the 2003 cartoon series ) makes his debut, with his appearance and behaviour closely patterned after Bruce Lee. The first Spanish book on the genre by Ivan E. Fernandez Fojón, Bruceploitation. Los clones de Bruce Lee was published by Applehead Team Creaciones in November 2017. Stewart Home ’s book Re-Enter The Dragon: Genre Theory, Brucesploitation &

6786-442: The transfected cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low efficiency, there is a need to identify the cells that have been successfully transfected with the vector construct containing the desired insertion sequence in the required orientation. Modern cloning vectors include selectable antibiotic resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, to grow. Additionally,

6873-407: The transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (somatic cell) to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a blastocyst from which the nucleus has been removed. If the egg begins to divide normally it is transferred into the uterus of the surrogate mother. Such clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA. Additionally,

6960-479: The use of cloning rings (cylinders). In this technique a single-cell suspension of cells that have been exposed to a mutagenic agent or drug used to drive selection is plated at high dilution to create isolated colonies, each arising from a single and potentially clonal distinct cell. At an early growth stage when colonies consist of only a few cells, sterile polystyrene rings (cloning rings), which have been dipped in grease, are placed over an individual colony and

7047-481: The world. Nokia launched an Internet-based campaign in 2008 with staged "documentary-looking" footage of Bruce Lee playing ping-pong with his nunchaku and also igniting matches as they are thrown toward him. The videos went viral on YouTube , creating confusion as some people believed them to be authentic footage. The clothing apparel company Bow & Arrow released the "Gung Fu Scratch" t-shirt, featuring an image of Bruce Lee photoshopped to make it look like he

7134-612: Was a Hong Kong film director and actor best known for launching the martial arts film careers of both Bruce Lee , in The Big Boss and Fist of Fury , and Jackie Chan , in New Fist of Fury . Lo began his entertainment career as an actor in the Second World War. He moved to Hong Kong in 1948. During the 1950s, Lo became a popular matinee idol. After Lee's death it was Lo who gave Jackie Chan his first shot at

7221-401: Was also inspired by Bruce Lee films, with the main player character Oolong modelled after Lee (like Bruceploitation films). In turn, Yie Ar Kung-Fu established the template for subsequent fighting games. The Street Fighter video game franchise (1987 debut) was inspired by Enter the Dragon , with the gameplay centered around an international fighting tournament, and each character having

7308-634: Was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs. In 1924 he and his student, Hilde Mangold , were the first to perform somatic-cell nuclear transfer using amphibian embryos – one of the first steps towards cloning. Reproductive cloning generally uses " somatic cell nuclear transfer " (SCNT) to create animals that are genetically identical. This process entails

7395-612: Was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland by British scientists Sir Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six. She was born on 5 July 1996 but not announced to the world until 22 February 1997. Her stuffed remains were placed at Edinburgh's Royal Museum , part of the National Museums of Scotland . Dolly was publicly significant because

7482-572: Was he able to attain box-office success. In 2001, actor Danny Chan Kwok-kwan sported Lee's look in the Cantonese comedy film Shaolin Soccer . The role landed him to play Lee in the biographical television series The Legend of Bruce Lee . Some of the films, such as Re-Enter the Dragon , Enter Three Dragons , Return of Bruce , Enter Another Dragon , Return of the Fists of Fury , or Enter

7569-468: Was unrelated to problems with the cloning process. This idea that the nuclei have not irreversibly aged was shown in 2013 to be true for mice. Dolly was named after performer Dolly Parton because the cells cloned to make her were from a mammary gland cell, and Parton is known for her ample cleavage. The modern cloning techniques involving nuclear transfer have been successfully performed on several species. Notable experiments include: Human cloning

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