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109-646: Brugg is the Swiss German term for bridge ( German : Brücke ). This is an allusion to the purpose of the medieval town's establishment under the Habsburgs , as the town is located at the narrowest point on the Aare in the Swiss midlands . The Habsburgs’ oldest known residence is located in the neighborhood of Altenburg , which had previously been an independent community. Prior to their relocation to Austria , Brugg

218-582: A -) might weaken its doubling capacity. The presence of this separable prefix also makes the boundaries between the reduced infinitival reduplication form and the prefix hard if not impossible to determine. Thus, in the example above for afaa , an argument could be made that the prefix a- is left off, while the full reduplicated form is used: Mier We fanged start- 1PL jetzt now afa start ässe eat- INF Mier fanged jetzt afa ässe We start-1PL now start eat-INF We're starting to eat now. / We start eating now. In this case,

327-536: A Swiss German speaker, when shown on television in Germany, will require subtitles. Although Swiss German is the native language in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, Swiss school students are taught Swiss Standard German from the age of six. They are thus capable of understanding, writing and speaking Standard German, with varying abilities. Unlike most regional languages in modern Europe, Swiss German

436-658: A camp of a Roman Legion, breaking with a 170-year "civilian phase." Around 370 AD the Romans established a fort as part of the Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes -System in Altenburg. The Romans, though, ultimately withdrew between the years 401 and 406 AD. Settlement of the Alemanni in their stead has been traced to the 7th century. In the late 10th century a noble dynasty under Lanzelin , which was possibly related to

545-1200: A distinction is made between the German-speaking people living in Valais, the Walliser , and those who have migrated, the Walsers . The latter can mainly be found in Grisons and Ticino in Switzerland, Vorarlberg in Austria, south of the Monte Rosa mountain chain in Italy (e.g. in Issime in Valle d'Aosta ), South Tyrol in northern Italy, and the Allgäu in Bavaria). Generally, the Walser communities were situated on higher alpine regions, so were able to stay independent of

654-431: A distinction of quantity. Aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] have secondarily developed by combinations of prefixes with word-initial /h/ or by borrowings from other languages (mainly Standard German): /ˈphaltə/ 'keep' (standard German behalten [bəˈhaltn̩] ); /ˈtheː/ 'tea' (standard German Tee [ˈtʰeː] ); /ˈkhalt/ 'salary' (standard German Gehalt [ɡəˈhalt] ). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, aspirated /kʰ/

763-506: A few cantonal and municipal ones), in the main news broadcast or in the presence of non- Alemannic speakers. This situation has been called a "medial diglossia ", since the spoken language is mainly Swiss German, whereas the written language is mainly (the Swiss variety of) Standard German . In 2014, about 87% of the people living in the German-speaking portion of Switzerland were using Swiss German in their everyday lives. Swiss German

872-453: A hill between the Aare and Reuss on what is today territory of the neighboring community of Windisch. The Romans constructed a military post at Vindonissa around 15 BC, which they expanded into an encampment of a Roman Legion . At this time the first wooden bridge over the Aare was built as part of a Roman road across the Jura mountains to Augusta Raurica (known today as Augst ). It was

981-477: A resolution of individual villages. Speaking the dialect is an important part of regional, cantonal and national identities. In the more urban areas of the Swiss plateau , regional differences are fading due to increasing mobility and to a growing population of non-Alemannic background. Despite the varied dialects, the Swiss can still understand one another, but may particularly have trouble understanding Walliser dialects. Most Swiss German dialects have completed

1090-712: Is a music genre using the language; many Swiss rock bands, however, sing in English instead. The Swiss Amish of Adams County, Indiana , and their daughter settlements also use a form of Swiss German. Swiss German is a regional or political umbrella term , not a linguistic unity. For all Swiss-German dialects, there are idioms spoken outside Switzerland that are more closely related to them than to some other Swiss-German dialects. The main linguistic divisions within Swiss German are those of Low , High and Highest Alemannic, and mutual intelligibility across those groups

1199-535: Is across the Aare river in Würenlingen . Villigen has an area, as of 2009 , of 11.22 square kilometers (4.33 sq mi). Of this area, 3.88 square kilometers (1.50 sq mi) or 34.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.5 square kilometers (2.1 sq mi) or 49.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.51 square kilometers (0.58 sq mi) or 13.5% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.31 square kilometers (0.12 sq mi) or 2.8%

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1308-574: Is almost fully seamless, despite some differences in vocabulary. Low Alemannic is only spoken in the northernmost parts of Switzerland, in Basel and around Lake Constance . High Alemannic is spoken in most of the Swiss Plateau , and is divided into an eastern and a western group. Highest Alemannic is spoken in the Alps . One can separate each dialect into numerous local subdialects, sometimes down to

1417-533: Is also present in native words, corresponding to the affricate /kx/ of the other dialects, which does not occur in Basel or Chur. Swiss German keeps the fortis–lenis opposition at the end of words. There can be minimal pairs such as graad [ɡ̊raːd̥] 'straight' and Graat [ɡ̊raːt] ' arête ' or bis [b̥ɪz̥] 'be ( imp. )' and Biss [b̥ɪs] 'bite'. That distinguishes Swiss German and Swiss Standard German from German Standard German , which neutralizes

1526-663: Is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland , and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy bordering Switzerland. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg , which are closely associated to Switzerland's. Linguistically, Alemannic

1635-425: Is as consistent as Icelandic in that respect. The grammar of Swiss dialects has some idiosyncratic features in comparison to Standard German: In Swiss German, a small number of verbs reduplicate in a reduced infinitival form, i.e. unstressed shorter form, when used in their finite form governing the infinitive of another verb. The reduced and reduplicated part of the verb in question is normally put in front of

1744-458: Is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects. Like Bavarian dialects, Swiss German dialects have preserved the opening diphthongs of Middle High German : /iə̯, uə̯, yə̯/ : in /liə̯b̥/ 'lovely' (standard German lieb but pronounced /liːp/ ); /huə̯t/ 'hat' (standard German Hut /huːt/ ); /xyə̯l/ 'cool' (Standard German kühl /kyːl/ ). Some diphthongs have become unrounded in several dialects. In

1853-623: Is contentious, as the Acta Murensia was first drawn up in 1160 and included a number of various older documents. Between 1164 and 1174 the place was mentioned as Brucca and between 1227 and 1234 as Brukke . At the end of the 12th century the Black Tower, or Schwarze Turm , was constructed at the behest of Count Albrecht III, Werner II 's son. The Black Tower is the oldest standing structure remaining in Brugg's old town today. During

1962-499: Is divided into Low , High and Highest Alemannic , varieties all of which are spoken both inside and outside Switzerland. The only exception within German-speaking Switzerland is the municipality of Samnaun , where a Bavarian dialect is spoken. The reason Swiss German dialects constitute a special group is their almost unrestricted use as a spoken language in practically all situations of daily life, whereas

2071-414: Is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.7%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 4.6% of the area. 47.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 18.1% is used for growing crops and 13.4%

2180-497: Is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.79 square kilometers (1.08 sq mi) or 50.2% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.38 square kilometers (0.15 sq mi) or 6.8% is either rivers or lakes and 0.03 km (7.4 acres) or 0.5% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 7.9% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 24.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 14.7%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.1%. 27.9% of

2289-497: Is given in the following table: The village of Villigen is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites . As of  2007 , Villigen had an unemployment rate of 1.51%. As of 2005 , there were 89 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 33 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 13 businesses in this sector. 1,966 people are employed in

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2398-474: Is intelligible to speakers of other Alemannic dialects, but largely unintelligible to speakers of Standard German who lack adequate prior exposure. This is also a challenge for French- or Italian-speaking Swiss who learn Standard German at school. In the rare cases that Swiss German is heard on TV in Germany and Austria, the speaker is most likely to be dubbed or subtitled. More commonly, a Swiss speaker will speak Standard German on non-Swiss media. "Dialect rock"

2507-540: Is more often on the first syllable than in Standard German, even in French loans like [ˈmɛrsːi] or [ˈmersːi] 'thanks' (despite stress falling on the final syllable in French ). However, there are many different stress patterns, even within dialects. Bernese German has many words that are stressed on the first syllable: [ˈkaz̥inɔ] 'casino' while Standard German has [kʰaˈziːno] . However, no Swiss German dialect

2616-482: Is pastures, while 3.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Bear's Gambe in pale couped Or and in Chief three Mullets of Five of the same one and two and Coupeaux Vert. Villigen has a population (as of December 2020 ) of 2,120 As of June 2009 , 22.6% of the population are foreign nationals. Over

2725-544: Is the everyday spoken language for the majority of the population, in all social strata, from urban centers to the countryside. Using Swiss German conveys neither social nor educational inferiority and is done with pride. There are a few settings where speaking Standard German is demanded or polite, e.g., in education (but not during breaks in school lessons, where the teachers will speak with students in Swiss German), in multilingual parliaments (the federal parliaments and

2834-475: Is the first verifiable residence of the Habsburgs. With the acquisition of this territory between the Aare and Reuss, known as the " Eigenamt ," the Habsburgs established the steppingstone of their imperium. The earliest documented use of the name Bruggo has been dated to the year 1064, when Count Werner I attested to the possession of goods on the part of Muri Abbey in the area. The exact date, however,

2943-557: The Aargauische Südbahn commissioned its line to Hendschiken on 1 June 1882. Despite these excellent transit links and the availability of land, industrial development was still slow to take root. In 1864 a printing press opened on the site of the "Effingerhof," the former town residence of the Habsburgs , which necessitated its demolition. Another prominent building, the Hallwylerfestung (Hallwyler Fortress),

3052-465: The Act of Mediation , signed by Napoléon Bonaparte on 19 March 1803, Brugg was definitively made a district capital in the newly arranged canton of Aargau. At the beginning of the 19th century Brugg became a stronghold of Liberalism and its politicians played a leading role in the development of the new canton. In an outward symbol of this break from the past the town's moat was filled in 1811, followed by

3161-480: The Austrian forelands . On 1 May 1308 King Albrecht I was murdered by his nephew John Parricida in the neighboring community of Windisch. In memory of this event his wife, Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol , founded Königsfelden Abbey (Cloister of King's Field), a Franciscan monastery and Clarisse convent, in 1310–11 at the site – approximately 200 meters from Brugg. Albrecht's oldest daughter, Agnes of Hungary ,

3270-468: The Grand Council approved of its incorporation into Brugg on 1 January 1901. Brugg thus saw its surface area doubled. Agriculture had never played a significant role in the town's economy, but various circumstances led to the rise of Brugg as the "Farmers Metropolis" (" Bauernmetropole ") at the start of the 20th century. The " Landwirtschaftliche Winterschule ," a training institute for farmers,

3379-584: The Helvetic Republic . Under the centralized government of the Helvetic Republic cantons were purely administrative entities, which were in turn divided into districts and municipalities. Brugg thus lost all of its previously privileges and became a district capital in the canton of Aargau. The revolutionary atmosphere that had followed the declaration of the Helvetic Republic dissipated rapidly in 1799. Responsible for this sudden shift

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3488-537: The High German consonant shift . Unlike Standard German , which has only shifted t to [t͡s] or [s] and p to [p͡f] or [f] , they have also shifted k to [k͡x] or [x] . The dialects of Chur and Basel are exceptions to this. Basel German is a Low Alemannic dialect (mostly spoken in Germany near the Swiss border), and Chur German is basically High Alemannic without initial [x] or [k͡x] . Examples: The High German consonant shift occurred between

3597-708: The Jura on the northern side. The southwesternmost area of Brugg is primarily a flood plain , known as the Wildischachen , which is located between the Aare and a hill, the Wülpelsberg , upon which the Habsburg castle in the neighboring community of Habsburg was built. Approximately two kilometers (1.25 mi.) further north two separate branches of the Aare come together near the village of Altenburg. In between these two branches, which came into being following

3706-608: The Limmat . In the northeasternmost part of town, nestled between the mouth of the Limmat and the Reinerberg (522 m (1,713 ft) is the village of Lauffohr, which also is a part of Brugg. Brugg has an area, as of 2007, of 5.56 square kilometers (2.15 sq mi). Of this area, 0.74 square kilometers (0.29 sq mi) or 13.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while1.58 square kilometers (0.61 sq mi) or 28.4%

3815-570: The SP (18.5%), the FDP (13.2%) and the CVP (11.8%). In Villigen about 77.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year ), there are 101 students attending primary school in the municipality. The historical population

3924-686: The Swiss Confederation . It supplied not only Bernese Aargau, but the neighboring districts of the Freie Ämter (Free Bailiwicks) and County of Baden as well. After the beginning of the French Revolution , demands for equality and rights found a great deal of support in town. As the French proceeded through Swiss territory and the end of Bern's rule drew near at the beginning of 1798, a revolutionary committee seized power. On 12 April 1798 General Guillaume Marie Anne Brune proclaimed

4033-416: The Swiss army is also based in the town. The municipality extends for six kilometers (4 mi.) from its southwestern to northeastern boundaries, and is barely wider than one kilometer (2/3 mi.) at its broadest point. The Aare, which flows through the centre of the old town, divides the municipality into two separate, distinct landscapes – the Swiss plateau on the southern bank and the beginnings of

4142-721: The Wynental from the Hallwyls in 1616. Bern, however, refused to tolerate this gradual expansion of power on the part of its subject territory and ultimately took possession of the titles itself. During an epidemic of the plague in 1541 around 180 people died, a total of one fourth of the town's residents. By 1611 the population climbed to a peak of 930, reaching a level not seen in two hundred years. The last and severest of plague epidemics struck in September 1667 and lingered until January 1669, during which time 514, over 60 percent of

4251-511: The railroad initially hurt the town's economy, as the road over the Bözberg Pass was replaced by rail and the businesses serving these travelers lost their clientele. Brugg also found fault with the location of the train station, which was built ten minutes from the town itself. Windisch, on the other hand, complained about the fact that stationed was named for Brugg despite actually being located on its territory. The cause of this conflict

4360-734: The syllable coda and intervocalic /lː/ are pronounced as a [w] or [wː] respectively. A labiodental approximant [ʋ] is used instead of the Northern Standard German fricative [v] as the reflex of Middle High German /w/ . In Walser German, the fricative is used instead. Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, unlike other High German dialects. Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding

4469-446: The tertiary sector , with 48 businesses in this sector. As of 2000 there was a total of 789 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 592 or about 75.0% of the residents worked outside Villigen while 1,071 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 1,268 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 16.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.6% used

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4578-615: The "Prophet Town" (" Prophetenstadt "). Despite its subject status, the town repeatedly tried to expand its own influence into the surrounding area. It had, for instance, possessed the patronage of the church in Mönthal since the 13th century. In 1588 Johann Georg von Hallwyl, later Bishop of Basel , sold two-thirds of the parishes of Bözberg and Rein to the town, as well as one third of the lower jurisdiction ( niedere Gerichtsbarkeit ) in Villnachern . Brugg also acquired Trostburg in

4687-476: The 13th century the settlement at the fortified river crossing took on the characteristics of a small town. Coins were minted from 1232, while a toll post was established in 1273. The town had a mayor, or Schultheiss , by 1278 and the first mention of a market can be traced to 1283. The importance of Brugg to the Habsburg can be seen in their decision to relocate to the town between 1220 and 1230. The confines of

4796-559: The 1950s and 1960s) were sold off or shut down. The crisis also killed off the high-flying plans of the economic boom. Only the shopping centers Neumarkt I and Neumarkt II – opening in 1975 and 1982, respectively – and the "Middle Bypass" (" Mittlere Umfahrung "), which was completed in 1980 and relieved the old town from traffic, were actually realized. Swiss German Swiss German ( Standard German : Schweizerdeutsch , Alemannic German : Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch Mundart , and others)

4905-519: The 4th and 9th centuries south of the Benrath line , separating High German from Low German (where high refers to areas of greater altitude). It combines Upper German and Central German varieties - also referring to their geographical locations. The Walser migration, which took place in the 12th and 13th centuries, spread varieties from upper Valais to the east and south, into Grisons and to modern western Austria and northern Italy. Informally,

5014-464: The 8 years between the two surveys, the number of private households in the municipality increased by 110. There was a total of 1 empty apartment for a 0.1% vacancy rate. As of 2007 , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.7 new units per 1000 residents. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 40.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were

5123-457: The Alemannic n - apocope , which has led to the loss of final -n in words such as Garte 'garden' (standard German Garten ) or mache 'to make' (standard German machen ). In some Highest Alemannic dialects, the n -apocope has also been effective in consonant clusters, for instance in Hore 'horn' (High Alemannic Horn ) or däiche 'to think' (High Alemannic dänke ). Only

5232-684: The Alsatian Etichonids , settled in Altenburg. He expanded the established Roman fort into the Altenburg Castle and made it his seat. Around 1020 Lanzelin's son, Radbot , ordered the construction of the Habsburg Castle approximately three kilometers to the southwest on the Wülpelsberg in the modern town of Habsburg . A few decades later the royal house adopted the castle's name as its own. Consequently, Altenburg

5341-642: The Battle of Sempach. This left Brugg in a predicament as its periphery and forest on the Bruggerburg along the northern bank of the Aare remained outside of the jurisdiction of Bern. Brugg was therefore required to consult regularly with the rulers of Schenkenberg concerning its northern territory. King Frederick III of the House of Habsburg joined with Zürich in 1443 in the Old Zürich War and demanded

5450-484: The Habsburg Castle had become too small for the family members that lived there. In 1242 the town is said to have been plundered by supporters of the Habsburg's Laufenburg Line . Rudolf I , who spent a great deal of time in Brugg before his election to King of the Romans , awarded Brugg city rights , or Stadtrecht , on 23 July 1284. The decree awarding this new status was identical, word for word, to that of

5559-716: The Highest Alemannic dialects of the Lötschental and of the Haslital have preserved the - n . The phoneme /r/ is pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] in many dialects, but some dialects, especially in the Northeast or in the Basel region, have a uvular trill [ʀ] , and other allophones resulting in fricatives and an approximant as [ ʁ ʁ̥ ʁ̞ ] like in many German varieties of Germany. In many varieties of Bernese German and adjacent dialects, an /l/ at

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5668-462: The IPA diacritic for voicelessness as /b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ɣ̊ ʒ̊/ . Swiss German /p, t, k/ are not aspirated. Nonetheless, there is an opposition of consonant pairs such as [t] and [d] or [p] and [b] . Traditionally, it has been described as a distinction of fortis and lenis in the original sense, that is, distinguished by articulatory strength or tenseness . Alternatively, it has been claimed to be

5777-893: The Zürich dialect, short pronunciations of / i y u / are realized as [ ɪ ʏ ʊ ]. Sounds like the monophthong [ɒ] can frequently become unrounded to [ɑ] among many speakers of the Zürich dialect. Vowels such as a centralized [ a ] and an open-mid [ ɔ ] only occur in the Bernese dialect. Like in Low German , most Swiss German dialects have preserved the old West-Germanic monophthongs /iː, uː, yː/ : /pfiːl/ 'arrow' (Standard German Pfeil /pfaɪ̯l/ ); /b̥uːx/ 'belly' (Standard German Bauch /baʊ̯x/ ); /z̥yːlə/ 'pillar' (Standard German Säule /zɔʏ̯lə/ ). A few Alpine dialects show diphthongization, like in Standard German, especially some dialects of Unterwalden and Schanfigg (Graubünden) and

5886-415: The canton of Aargau forcibly merged twelve smaller communities against their will, as they no longer appeared to be economically viable as independent entities and could therefore not meet their legally prescribed duties and responsibilities. Altenburg found itself among this group. Although the final vote in the town meeting came down firmly against its cessation of independence (42 against versus 2 in favor),

5995-417: The center of Lauffohr by a large, undeveloped swath of land. The residents of Au gravitated towards Brugg and therefore strived for the fusion of the two communities. A referendum was held in September 1962, with 97 individuals voting for, and 64 voting against, the merger of the two municipalities. Brugg, however, was not overly enthusiastic about the possible fusion – 494 voted in favor, while 409 voted against

6104-592: The closing of a number of businesses. Under the influence of the Nazi seizure of power in Germany in 1933, there were multiple demonstrations and counterdemonstrations organized by the National Front and opposition groups in town, which drew up to 3,000 participants at their peak. From 1935 until 1939 there was an active NSDAP organization in town, the members of which, though, were all German laborers. After

6213-453: The completion of the railroad. The Market Hall ( Markthalle ) evolved into one of the most important national transshipment hubs by 1930. The cattle market was ultimately shut in 1997 and moved to Brunegg . Catholics, whose portion of the population rose greatly due to the arrival of factory workers, were allowed to build their own church in 1907, about 400 years after the Reformation and Brugg's subsequent conversion to Protestantism. In 1911

6322-427: The conflict region to aid Zürich. To assist in their advance towards the town, Brugg was attacked on the night of the 29th / 30 July 1444. A small band led by Baron Thomas von Falkenstein sneaked down the Bruggerberg and forced its way through town, ransacking homes and setting a number of them ablaze. Many citizens were kidnapped in the ensuing chaos and held for ransom. Although the ordeal did not cause many deaths, it

6431-402: The constraints and restrictions of World War II , the town entered another period of rapid economic growth that lasted three decades. The almost-euphoric economic expansion led to plans for disproportionate and oversized development projects, most of which were never realized. For example: The construction of a four-lane highway and the urban renewal and reconfiguration of the area to the south of

6540-421: The construction of the hydroelectric power station Wildegg-Brugg, is the forested island of Schacheninsel . Following a bend in the river, at which it alters its course from the north to the east, the river enters a 200-meter-long section with a rapids and a (650 ft) gorge. The Aare narrows from its previous width of about 130 meters (430 feet) to a mere 12 m (39 ft). It is along this gorge that

6649-452: The destruction of its fortifications between 1829 and 1840. The steep incline of the Hauptstrasse , the most important thoroughfare through the old town, hindered transportation and was therefore leveled in 1836 under the supervision of the later-renowned engineer Alois Negrelli . In 1823 Brugg reached an agreement with Lauffohr to purchase about one-fourth of Lauffohr's territory for the sum of 1,669 Swiss Francs . Four years later, in 1827,

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6758-860: The dialect of Issime (Piedmont). Some Western Swiss German dialects like Bernese German have preserved the old diphthongs /ei̯, ou̯/ , but the other dialects have /ai̯, au̯/ like Standard German or /æi̯, æu̯/ . Zürich German , and some other dialects distinguish primary diphthongs from secondary ones that arose in hiatus : Zürich German /ai̯, au̯/ from Middle High German /ei̯, ou̯/ versus Zürich German /ei̯, ou̯/ from Middle High German /iː, uː/ ; Zürich German /bai̯, frau̯/ 'leg, woman' from Middle High German bein , vrouwe versus Zürich German /frei̯, bou̯/ 'free, building' from Middle High German frī , būw . In many Swiss German dialects, consonant length and vowel length are independent from each other, unlike other modern Germanic languages. Here are examples from Bernese German: Lexical stress

6867-487: The fortis–lenis opposition at the ends of words. The phenomenon is usually called final-obstruent devoicing even though, in the case of German, phonetic voice may not be involved. Unlike Standard German, Swiss German /x/ does not have the allophone [ç] but is typically [x] , with allophones [ʁ̥ – χ] . The typical Swiss shibboleth features this sound: Chuchichäschtli ('kitchen cupboard'), pronounced [ˈχuχːiˌχæʃtli] . Most Swiss German dialects have gone through

6976-540: The grain house ( Kornhaus ) into barracks in 1856. Between 1876 and 1878 an exercise grounds was constructed near the "Geissenschachen," followed by a new barracks complex in 1898. The breakthrough in industrial development came about in 1892 with the commissioning of the town's electric plant (in operation until 1952). Within a few years a large number of industrial firms settled in town and Brugg experienced an economic boom. The town, however, soon found itself bumping against its small borders. Meanwhile, between 1898 and 1901,

7085-433: The head of Brugg's government at this time sat two mayors, called Schultheiss , each of whom served two-year, alternating terms as chair. Together with seven further individuals they made up the "Small City Council," which undertook various administrative tasks. Below them stood the "Large Council," which was composed of twelve members. It was expected to keep the Small Council in check. Both councils were selected from among

7194-415: The historic center of Brugg formed near the old bridge, with sections of the old town developing on both banks. Today the southern bank is heavily built up and is composed primarily of residential and industrial buildings, while the northern bank, due to the lack of space at the foot of the Bruggerberg (516 m (1,693 ft), is less settled. The Aare broadens again after it exits the gorge and departs

7303-441: The household, 356 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 283 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.46 individuals. As of 2000 , there were 711 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. In 2008 there were 370 single family homes (or 45.1% of the total) out of a total of 821 homes and apartments. Over

7412-399: The infinitive of the second verb. This is the case for the motion verbs gaa 'to go' and choo 'to come' when used in the meaning of 'go (to) do something', 'come (to) do something', as well as the verbs laa 'to let' and in certain dialects afaa 'to start, to begin' when used in the meaning of 'let do something', or 'start doing something'. Most affected by this phenomenon is

7521-423: The invaders and allowed them to enter the town unopposed. In return Bern left the town alone. The town and the Eigenamt, in turn, found themselves in the northeasternmost section of Bern's subject territories, known as Bernese Aargau . At the same time, the Habsburgs relinquished control of Schenkenberg , originally in the district of Bözberg , to creditors they had pledged the territory to following their loss in

7630-438: The last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 3.6%. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (88.8%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.4%) and Albanian being third ( 1.7%). The age distribution, as of 2008 , in Villigen is; 158 children or 8.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 218 teenagers or 11.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 276 people or 14.0% of

7739-431: The municipality of Schinznach Bad merged into Brugg. Archeological discoveries from the prehistoric era are scant. Two blades and fragments of a stone ax from the early Stone Age as well as a sickle from the Bronze Age are all that have been unearthed. In 58 BC, or shortly thereafter, the Helvetii , who had returned to the Swiss Plateau following the Battle of Bibracte , (re-)founded the settlement of Vindonissa on

7848-425: The neighboring community of Lauffohr . This was followed by the acquisition of a number of properties in 1827 from Umiken . Windisch sold the area around the train station in 1863 and transferred the land around the gas works in 1912. The village of Altenburg was incorporated into Brugg in 1901, and was followed in 1970 by the remainder of Lauffohr. On 1 January 2010 the municipality of Umiken and on 1 January 2020

7957-430: The northern bank of the Aare to be their personal property and took offense at the town's claims upon it. By 1460, Bern had had enough of the constant harassment of its subject town and seized the dominion. All residents of Brugg were thereafter subjects of Bern. Nonetheless, this changed little on the outskirts of town, as Bern's border had been pushed to the north by only a few kilometers, and conflict continued to impair

8066-581: The old town, where it flows alongside the Aufeld plain. A majority of the population in this area is concentrated in a small band along the southeastern slope of the Bruggerberg. On the eastern border of the municipality three of the most important Swiss rivers flow together, first the Reuss and the Aare, the combination of which is met approximately one and a half kilometers (0.93 miles) further downstream by

8175-510: The old town. An inland water transport port with two basins in Aufeld was also envisioned as part of a plan to make the High Rhine and the Aare navigable. A contentious political issue during the 1960s was the incorporation of Lauffohr into Brugg. Over two-thirds of the residents of Lauffohr lived in the rapidly growing neighborhood of Au. It bordered directly on Brugg and was separated from

8284-523: The only position along the Aare between Lake Thun and the Rhine at which the river could be crossed with a single log. Remains of around 350 Roman graves have since been discovered within Brugg, where two large Roman burial grounds were located, and archeologists estimate that a total of 7,000 graves exist. After the invasion of the Alemanni between 259 and 270 AD the Romans converted Vindonissa back into

8393-499: The population are between 20 and 29 years old. 263 people or 13.4% are between 30 and 39, 351 people or 17.8% are between 40 and 49, and 327 people or 16.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 200 people or 10.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 120 people or 6.1% are between 70 and 79, there are 50 people or 2.5% who are between 80 and 89,and there are 4 people or 0.2% who are 90 and older. As of 2000 , there were 49 homes with 1 or 2 persons in

8502-403: The population, perished. An accident of note occurred on 1 September 1626, when a ship on its way to Zurzach capsized on the Aare. Over 100 people, included 47 from Brugg, drowned in the incident. It was only in 1840 that the town's population returned to that of 1611. Artisanry and craftsmanship were predominant trades at this point in Brugg's history. They catered primarily to the needs of

8611-531: The prefix would be omitted, which is normally not permissible for separable prefixes, and in its place, the reduplication form is used. Villigen Villigen is a municipality in the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland . In January 2006, Villigen incorporated the former municipality of Stilli . The Paul Scherrer Institute is primarily located in Villigen, although part

8720-493: The proposal. The narrow vote and the strong weight placed upon the independence of communities at the time moved the cantonal parliament not to recognize the results of the referendum. In August 1965, all of the seats in the Lauffohr town council were won by supporters of the fusion and the matter remained topical. In April 1969, another round of referendums was held. In Brugg the final tally was 1095 in favor and 397 against, while

8829-414: The reduplicated part. Between laa and afaa , these effects are weakest in afaa . This means that while reduplication is mandatory for laa in declarative main clauses almost everywhere in the country, this is the case for fewer varieties of Swiss German with afaa . The reason for this is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that the fact that afaa has a separable prefix (

8938-540: The result in Lauffohr was much closer – 113 in favor and 100 against. Meanwhile, the cantonal parliament's position on town mergers had changed during the intervening years and it confirmed the results. The fusion ultimately occurred on 1 January 1970. The 1973 oil crisis resulted in structural changes in the economy and the further development of the service sector. Companies such as Georg Fischer AG moved their production facilities, while others such as Traugott Simmen AG (the most-renowned furniture producer in Switzerland in

9047-399: The return of his Argovian territories. The residents of Brugg expected an economic boost upon the return of the Habsburgs and were therefore sympathetic to Zürich's cause. Brugg's location at the edge of Bern's territory had led to a substantial economic slowdown in town. As Zürich was besieged by troops from the other Swiss cantons, French King Charles VII dispatched Armagnac mercenaries to

9156-618: The right to elect the town's priest and the town's open assembly, the " Maiding ," was purely symbolic. In January 1528, Bern decided to introduce reforms to religious institutions and, therewith, join the Reformation . Referendums were held in all towns and Landvogteien . The areas surrounding Brugg voted in favor of breaking with the Catholic Church , while the town itself voted by a majority of five to remain Catholic. Brugg

9265-537: The ruling forces of those days, who did not or were not able to oversee them all the time in these hostile environments. Hence the Walsers were pioneers of the liberation from serfdom and feudalism . In addition, Walser villages are easily distinguishable from Grisonian ones, as Walser houses are made of wood rather than stone. Like most other Southern German dialects, Swiss German dialects have no voiced obstruents . The voiceless lenis obstruents are often marked with

9374-448: The same, where such doubling effects are not found as outlined in the examples. Reduplication effects are weaker in the verbs laa 'to let' and afaa 'to start, to begin' than they are in gaa 'to go' and choo 'to come'. This means that afaa is most likely to be used without its reduplicated and reduced form while retaining grammaticality, whereas utterances with goo are least likely to remain grammatical without

9483-399: The south; Villnachern and Schinznach to the west; and Riniken and Bözberg to the northwest. Over time the built-up areas of Brugg have grown into the neighboring communities of Umiken and Windisch. Up until the 19th century Brugg consisted of only one-tenth of its current surface area. The municipality's expansion began in 1823 with the purchase of around one-fourth of the territory of

9592-481: The surrounding area and, along with the increasing expansion of transportation routes, to travelers. This was particularly so after the construction of a road over the Bözberg Pass between 1773 and 1779. No guilds of any political significance existed in town at this time. In the 18th century the salt trade grew in importance. The Salt House ( Salzhaus ), constructed in 1732, was one of the largest salt depots in

9701-562: The territory, but to no avail. In 1856 the cantonal government found that the situation was no longer appropriate and awarded control of the Ehfäde to Windisch. Windisch, however, was in a difficult fiscal position and found itself in need of funds. In 1863 they agreed to sell the land, where the train station was located, to Brugg for 25,000 Swiss Francs. With the construction of additional rail lines Brugg became an important rail junction. The Bözbergbahn to Basel opened on 2 August 1875, while

9810-494: The thirty-two-member " Kleinglocke " (literally "Small Bell"), members of which were named by the Small Council. This meant that unwanted candidates had no chance of assuming higher office, other than through the use of bribes. These councils were therefore exclusive, with a small number of influential members of the community sharing these lucrative posts among one another. Meanwhile, the disempowered citizenry possessed only

9919-456: The total land area was heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 8.3% is used for growing crops and 4.0% is pastures, while 1.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams. Brugg is bordered by the municipalities of Rüfenach and Villigen to the north; Untersiggenthal and Gebenstorf to the northeast; Windisch and Lupfig to the east; Hausen , Habsburg , Holderbank , and Veltheim to

10028-454: The town lacked the political will and commitment necessary for the development of industry . Brugg's bourgeoisie was particularly prejudiced against factory workers. This hesitation benefited neighboring communities such as Windisch and Turgi , where large textile factories emerged. The Schweizerische Nordostbahn expanded its Zürich-Baden line to Brugg on 29 September 1856, and the cantonal capital of Aarau on 15 May 1858. The expansion of

10137-464: The town of Aarau. At the same time Brugg was granted independence from the Eigenamt and became a separate polity. Although the Habsburgs had moved their center of power a few years earlier to Vienna , they continued to maintain close ties with Brugg. The "Austrian House," later known as "Effingerhof," served as accommodations and a headquarters during military conflicts throughout this period of time in

10246-543: The town purchased a tract of land near the Brunnenmühle from Umiken in the vicinity of the "Vorstadt" and, in return, agreed to abstain from its right to wood and fields in the "Umiker Schachen." The initially positive outlook held by the town when it came to facing the challenges posed by the modern gave way to a more conservative mindset. In turn, the residents of Brugg concentrated primarily on their supposed strengths – handicraft , artisanry and trade . At this time

10355-462: The town was under Habsburg control, there were still the beginnings of an independent polity. In the 1350s Brugg agreed to association, or Burgrecht , treaties with Baden and Mellingen (1351) and with the Cloister of Wittichen in the upper Kinzig Valley (1353). The departments of Bözburg and Eigenamt, upon their reversion of Habsburg control in 1364, also fell under the military leadership of

10464-509: The town's economy. During the eighty years subsequent to the "Brugg Night of Murder" the population of Brugg was halved and surrounding communities were able to expand their trading areas and markets at the expense of Brugg. Brugg was granted the special status of "municipal town" ( Munizipalstadt ) in Bern. It was therefore not subject to another, intermediary sovereign, or Landvogtei , and possessed more autonomy than other comparable towns. At

10573-489: The town's gas work was brought online (closure in 1967) on territory ceded to Brugg from Windisch at no cost. The economic boom came to an end during World War I , during which many residents were forced to live under the subsistence level. During the National Strike ( Landesstreik ) in 1918 strikes impacted all factories in town. The global economic depression also hit Brugg hard, contributing to high unemployment and

10682-650: The town. During this time the Austrians regularly assembled their armed forces in Brugg, as Duke Leopold III did in 1386 prior to the Battle of Sempach . Frederick IV fell into disregard at the Council of Constance in 1415, after he assisted the flight of the opposition Pope John XXIII . In response, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund requested the Swiss to take control of Aargau . Bern did not hesitate and dispatched troops at once. The residents of Brugg did not resist

10791-423: The use of the Alemannic dialects in other countries is restricted or even endangered. The dialects that comprise Swiss German must not be confused with Swiss Standard German , the variety of Standard German used in Switzerland. Swiss Standard German is fully understandable to all speakers of Standard German, while many people in Germany – especially in the north – do not understand Swiss German. An interview with

10900-430: The verb gaa , followed by choo . Both laa and afaa are less affected and only when used in present tense declarative main clauses . Declarative sentence examples: As the examples show, all verbs are reduplicated with a reduced infinitival form when used in a declarative main clause. This is especially interesting as it stands in contrast to the standard variety of German and other varieties of

11009-480: The widow of the Hungarian King Andrew III , moved to Königsfelden in 1317 and led it to commercial success, but did not join a religious order. In 1348 she received the sovereign rights to Brugg as well as the neighboring districts of Bözberg (including Lauffohr ) and the Eigenamt (including Altenburg) from her brother Duke Albrecht II . These rights lapsed after her death in 1364. Although

11118-410: Was detected at an early stage and consequently repelled, whereupon they pillaged surrounding villages. In 1451, Thüring of Aarburg sold Schenkenberg to Hans and Markwart of Baldegg. The new rulers and Brugg soon found themselves in conflict with one another over Brugg's right to use the Bruggerberg. The Baldeggs, who had demonstratively aligned themselves with the Austrians, considered their territory on

11227-578: Was nonetheless characterized as a downright massacre by Zürich's opponents and subsequently referred to as the "Brugg Night of Murder" ( Brugger Mordnacht ). In retaliation, forces from Bern and Solothurn attacked and destroyed Falkenstein's family seat near Niedergösgen . Meanwhile, the Armagnac's advance was halted at the Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs on 26 August 1444, making the raid on Brugg militarily insignificant. On 5 September 1445 troops from Zürich launched another assault on Brugg, but their raid

11336-533: Was nonetheless isolated in this desire and ultimately caved in to Bern under massive political pressure. The town's school, in existence since at least 1396, was consequently converted into a state-administered Latin school . It served primarily as a preparatory school for students bound for the theological academy in the city of Bern. It was supported financially by the income of the now-disbanded Kloster Königsfelden. The school itself produced an above-average number of priests and scholars, which led many to label Brugg

11445-624: Was opened in 1887 and moved into a new building on Baslerstrasse in 1901. The selection of Brugg as the seat of the Swiss Farmers' Union ( Schweizerischer Bauernverband ) was purely coincidental: The wife of the Union's husband was from Brugg and did not want to move. The Union itself was therefore relocated to Brugg from Bern. The small farmers secretariat developed over time into one of the largest special interest groups in Switzerland . Cattle trade also emerged as an important industry following

11554-589: Was the War of the Second Coalition , during which the battlefront ran directly through the Aare Valley and hundreds of French soldiers were quartered in houses in the town. When the French withdrew from Switzerland for a number of months in 1802, the supporters of the old order had the upper hand. During the ensuing Stecklikrieg farmers from the surrounding area plundered the town's armory. Following

11663-578: Was the center of the Habsburgs' territory. Between 1415 and Napoleon ’s invasion in 1798, Brugg was a subject territory of Bern . Since then it has belonged to the canton of Aargau. The town is the home of the Swiss Farmers’ Union and is the location of a campus of the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland . Brugg's Vindonissa museum is listed as a heritage site of national significance . An engineer training unit of

11772-444: Was the complex border between the two towns. Brugg had only possessed a thin strip of land, known as the "Burgerziel," around the town's old wall. To the south of this was the "Ehfäde," which was agricultural land located in a special district owned entirely by citizens of Brugg. Although all changes in ownership had to be approved by Brugg, the land was politically and taxably part of Windisch. The town had repeatedly attempted to acquire

11881-405: Was torn down in 1883 and replaced with a schoolhouse. 1882 saw the development of a new water system and, beginning in 1896, a sewage system . The town's military tradition began in 1848 when an engineer corps was deployed to Brugg. It initially exercised in the old town and was accommodated in private homes. Following numerous complaints from residents, the cantonal government decided to convert

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