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166-716: A survey by the Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro State (FIRJAN) found that Brumado is considered to be the sixth most developed municipality in Bahia, based on the FIRJAN Municipal Development Index (IFDM 2013) published in 2015. A query made exclusively by Urban Systems, in January 2016, for Exame Magazine, concluded that the city is among the 100 best in Brazil to invest, ranking 84th in

332-413: A bimonthly magazine: Entrevip, also with printed and online versions, focused on the world of fashion. Transportation services are satisfactory. The city has a circular bus company that makes lines between Neighborhoods and village and also carries out transportation of employees of companies of the city. There is a bus company that does intercity and interstate transportation and tourism trips. Brumado has

498-580: A consequence, molecular vibration reduces and the molecule develops a lower zero point energy (see Kinetic isotope effect ). The abundances of certain bonds in certain molecules are sensitive to temperature at which it formed (e.g., abundance of C O O in carbonates as C- O bond). This information has been exploited to form the foundation of clumped isotope geochemistry . Clumped isotope thermometers have been established for carbonate minerals like dolomite , calcite , siderite etc and non-carbonate compounds like methane and oxygen . Depending on

664-476: A correction called the 'acid fractionation correction' is added to the magnesite clumped isotope value obtained at temperature of digestion. Since the CO 2 gas is liberated from carbonate mineral during acid digestion, leaving one O behind- a fractionation occurs, and the isotopic composition of the analyzed CO 2 gas needs to be corrected for this. For magnesite, the most reliable fractionation factor( α) equation

830-427: A greater share absorbed by the mining industry, either by constant services, or by temporary services resulting from casual investments. Civil construction has also contributed a lot to economic growth and since 2009, projects have been carried out and, although they slowed down in 2015, the city still sees works being carried out, with expectation of other civil construction projects to be executed. The northern part of

996-708: A need of mineral specific calibration emerges. The mismatch arises since bonding in magnesite is different from calcite/dolomite and/or acid digestion is conducted at higher temperature. Using clumped isotope derived temperature, C and O isotopic composition of the parental fluid can be calculated using known magnesite-fluid isotope fractionation factors, since fractionation is temperature dependent. Reported magnesite-fluid O and C isotope fractionation factors in literature are not in agreement with each other. The fractionation behaviors have not been substantiated by experimental observation. In low temperature, thus, hydrous Mg-carbonates ( hydromagnesite , nesquehonite etc.) form. It

1162-415: A nine-and-a-half hour period and reconcile morning and afternoon shifts. School reinforcement classes - mainly in mathematics — diversified activities and constant meetings between teachers were responsible for much of the success of the project. A high investment was made to improve the quality of the municipal education network. The number of classrooms doubled, and reform of other schools was carried out. In

1328-524: A pejorative used to refer to the bureaucratic elite of the Federal District. Only when the city lost its status as Federal District (to Brasília ) and became the State of Guanabara in 1960 did carioca become an official demonym along with guanabarino . In 1975, Guanabara State was incorporated into Rio de Janeiro State, becoming the present City of Rio de Janeiro. Carioca became the demonym of

1494-508: A road complex that gives access to the cities of Vitória da Conquista (BA-262 highway); Caetité (BR-030 highway); Livramento de Nossa Senhora and Rio de Contas (BA-148 highway) Rail transportation is geared towards ore disposal and is currently carried out by VLI Multimodal S.A railroad, through the old railroad, the Federal Railway Network A.S. (RFFSA S.A.). The city has a ring road, extension of BR-030 Highway, which allows

1660-451: A sculptural material for some of his artworks. The recent advancement in the field of stable isotope geochemistry is the study of isotopic structure of minerals and molecules. This requires study of molecules with high resolutions looking at bonding scenario (how heavy isotopes are bonded to each other)- leading to knowledge of stability of molecule depending on its isotopic structure. Isotopically substituted molecules have higher mass. As

1826-425: A significant share of industry and little influence on the agricultural sector, which represents only 0.4% of the product gross domestic state. In the past, sugar cane and later, coffee had a considerable impact on the economy of Rio de Janeiro. The area around Campos dos Goytacazes was most affected by the fall of sugar cane: at the beginning of the 20th century, Campos had 27 mills in operation and, throughout

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1992-413: A total of 87,654 heads, 37,657 heads of chickens . The goats totaled 29,654 heads; Sheep, 13 534 heads; 16 326 heads, according to IBGE data in 2014. According to the (SEI), in 2006 the industry accounted for 52.31% of the municipality's GDP. This percentage is obtained as a function of mineral extractive activities by the companies Magnesita S.A., Xilolite S.A., Ibar Nordeste S.A. and Cimento Cimpor. Mining

2158-549: A well developed crystal structure, the cryptocrystalline magnesite is amorphous- mostly aggregate of fine grains. Since clumped isotopic composition depends on specific bonding, difference in crystal structure is very likely to affect the way clumped isotopic signatures are recorded in these different structures. This leads to the fact that their pristine signatures might be modified differently by later thermal events like diagenesis /burial heating etc. Clumped isotopes have been used in interpreting conditions of magnesite formation and

2324-768: A wide variety of species, both in flora and fauna. The Brumado municipality is part of the De Contas River basin and of the Do Antônio River sub-basin, which also includes the municipalities: Caculé, Rio do Antônio, Licínio de Almeida, Guajeru and Malhada de Pedras. The main drains of the Do Contas River basin are: Brumado River, São João River, Santa Maria Stream, Do Antônio River and Gavião River; The main tributaries of Antônio River are: Paiol River, Do Salto River and Do Quirino Stream. The Antônio River Basin has an area of 6,540 square kilometers. Two of

2490-622: A year. According to the IBGE of 2022, there were 16,055,174 people residing in the state. The population density was 367 inhabitants per square kilometre (950/sq mi). Urbanization : 96.9% (2004); Population growth : 1.3% (1991–2000). The last PNAD (National Household Survey) census revealed the following numbers: 6,739,901 White people (42.0%), 6,682,740 Pardo ( Multiracial ) people (41.6%), 2,594,253 Black people (16.2%), 21,837 Asian people (0.1%), 15,904 Amerindian people (0.1%). People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of

2656-448: Is 22 °C. It is characterized by two biomes : Caatinga and Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica), which have suffered deforestation , to give way to agriculture and urbanization. It covers an area of 4 477.62 square kilometers. The municipality that most demands water from the basin is Jequié . The sub basin of the Do Antônio River has suffered over time with water degradation, due to the intense pollution of its waters, deforestation of

2822-469: Is 29.01 inhabitants per square kilometer. The Brumado municipality is characterized by mountainous formations typical of the Serra do Espinhaço (Of Espinhaço Mountain), which is the mountainous chain that occupies much of the southwest of the State and which belongs the relief of the municipality. The relief of Brumado is very bumpy, presenting mountainous areas denominated mountains and/or altomontanas , like

2988-423: Is also known for producing significant athletes in volleyball , yachting , swimming , basketball , skateboarding , surfing , beach volleyball , rowing , jiu-jitsu and MMA . The state hosted the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cup finals, as well as the 2016 Summer Olympics . It also hosted the 2007 Pan American Games , the 1995 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) , the 1954 FIBA World Championship and

3154-482: Is common in these localities: Water is stored in artesian wells, small lakes. With the government's encouragement, through the Água para Todos Program (Water for All), cisterns are built on the floor for consumption, or boxes of fiber or polyethylene are distributed for the storage of water, for human consumption. Brumado has a campus of the State University of Bahia (Uneb), the only public university in

3320-523: Is complete. Digesting magnesite is hard since it takes a long time and different labs report different digestion times and temperatures (from 12 hours at 100 °C to 1 hour at 90 °C in phosphoric acid ). Due to digestion at this high temperature, some of the C- O bonds in the liberated CO 2 are broken (leading to reduction in abundance of 'clumped' CO 2 ) during phosphoric acid digestion of carbonates. To account for this additional (analytical artifact),

3486-488: Is cultivated naturally, without human intervention, for being native, therefore, present in all extension of the municipality. Other low-productivity crops are: mango , with 25 hectares planted and harvested, and coconut-bay with 20 hectares planted and harvested. These data are from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2014. In livestock, cattle with 45 105 heads and galiform with

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3652-410: Is given as: 10 ln(α) = [(6.845 ± 0.475)∗10 /T ] + (4.22 ± 0.08); T in K Different researchers have also used other fractionation factors like dolomite fractionation factor. While measuring samples of unknown composition, it is required to measure some standard materials (see Reference materials for stable isotope analysis ). With internal standards and reference materials, analytical session

3818-576: Is information in the city that is the largest center of candomblé in the world, in the shape of a castle. For Catholics, they have the traditional processions, such as the procession of St. Sebastian, patron saint of the city. Since 1960, every January 20, Catholic faithful have celebrated St. Sebastian's Day, walking several streets in the city center. It is also celebrated the Day of Santa Rita, with processions . Many other religious manifestations are held, mostly by Catholics and sympathizers. For evangelicals ,

3984-623: Is known as the "Capital of Ore", Because it has a large amount of minerals in its subsoil, which is the basis of its economy, and has large mining companies that carry out their extractive activities in Serra das éguas (Das Éguas Saw, which translating into English means saw of the mares), which, by the way, also is one of the tourist points of the municipality, to form mountainous landscapes. Brumado makes municipal boundaries with Livramento de Nossa Senhora , Dom Basílio , Aracatu , Rio de Contas , Malhada de Pedras , Tanhaçu , Ituaçu , Rio do Antônio , Lagoa Real and Caraíbas . For making border with

4150-401: Is mixed with extraction and transformation, it is assumed that this percentage is technically divided between the secondary sector and the primary sector. The tertiary sector accounts for 46.24% of the municipality's GDP, the second largest sector contributing to the municipal economy. Trade plays an important role in the economic development of the city. Many of the trades are associated with

4316-442: Is not added to 5.04% of the primary sector, but to the secondary sector; If this happened, the primary sector would have a higher percentage. The miners, in addition to extracting the primary resources, manufacture some products for direct consumption, such as medicinal talc, cosmetic talc and processed mineral talc for the manufacture of pulp and an infinity of products for consumption in agribusiness. Given that 52.31% of municipal GDP

4482-614: Is not uncommon in some mountainous cities such as Teresópolis, Nova Friburgo and Petrópolis and snow has been reported occasionally in the Itatiaia National Park. Annual mean temperatures on the coast are around 23 °C (73 °F), 26 °C (79 °F) in summer and 20 °C (68 °F) in winter. In the mountains annual mean temperatures are around 18 °C (64 °F) but can range from 20 °C (68 °F) at an elevation of 600 to 700 metres (2,000 to 2,300 ft) above sea level to 7 °C (45 °F) in

4648-607: Is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil . It has the second largest economy of Brazil, with the largest being that of the state of São Paulo . The state, which has 8.2% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for 9.2% of the Brazilian GDP . The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast (assigned by IBGE ). Rio de Janeiro shares borders with all

4814-533: Is part of the Mata Atlântica biome and is made up of two distinct morphological areas: a coastal plain , known as baixada , and a plateau , which are disposed in parallel fashion from the shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean inland towards Minas Gerais . The coastline extends 635 kilometers and is formed by the bays of Guanabara , Sepetiba , and Ilha Grande . There are prominent slopes near

4980-431: Is possible to convert these phases into magnesite by changing temperature by mineral dissolution-precipitation or dehydration. While so happens, an isotope effect associated can control the isotopic composition of precipitated magnesite. Disequilibrium processes like degassing, rapid CO 2 uptake etc. modify clumped isotopic composition of carbonate minerals specifically at low temperatures. They variably enrich or deplete

5146-436: Is routinely monitored. Standard materials are majorly calcite and marble. To convert clumped isotope data into temperature, a calibration curve is required which expresses the functional form of temperature dependence of clumped isotope composition. No mineral specific calibration exists for magnesite. Based on some experimental data where mineral precipitation temperature and clumped isotope derived temperature doesn't match,

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5312-654: Is served by several quick access routes, such as the Linha Vermelha/Red Line and Linha Amarela/Yellow Line freeways and Avenida Brasil/Brazil Avenue , thus conveniently serving residents of the city's southern, northern and western zones. There are special shuttle buses linking Galeão to Santos Dumont, and bus and taxi service to the rest of the city. The airport complex also has Brazil's longest runway at 4,240 metres (13,910 ft), and one of South America's largest and best equipped cargo logistics terminals. Rio de Janeiro has several important ports, such as

5478-578: Is so rich in minerals. In addition to magnesite, Brumadian soil contains all these minerals already mentioned above, which leads us to conclude that it is one of the richest soils in Brazil and one of the oldest in the world, making it one of the most studied by geologists . The predominant climate in Brumado is the tropical steppe, making a transition with the semi-arid climate , classified as BSh (hot and dry), according to Wladimir Köppen and Rudolf Geiger , however, there are much lower temperatures at

5644-456: Is speculated that coarse high temperature magnesites are formed from mantle derived fluids whereas cryptocrystalline ones are precipitated by circulating meteoric water, taking up carbon from dissolved inorganic carbon pool, soil carbon and affected by disequilibrium isotope effects. Magnesites forming in lakes and playa settings are in general enriched in heavy isotopes of C and O because of evaporation and CO 2 degassing. This reflects in

5810-463: Is the 4th producer in the country (116 million fruits in 2019), which is produced in the cities of São Francisco de Itabapoana , São João da Barra , Campos dos Goytacazes and Quissamã . It has small productions of cassava (216 thousand tons in 2019, 20th place in the country), banana (76 thousand tons in 2019, 20th place in the country), orange (68 thousand tons in 2019, 10th place in the country), tangerine (37 thousand tons in 2019, 5th place in

5976-506: Is the city that receives the most foreign tourists in all of Latin America. In Brazil, it receives almost 40% of foreign tourists who visit the country and receives the most tourists in all of Brazil. It was named one of the ten most beautiful cities in the world by global travel guide website Ucityguides. It is the city that receives the most tourists from cruise ships. During the summer, the city receives more than three million tourists, being

6142-966: Is the factor that most contributes to putting animals on the extinction list. There are also a myriad of birds that are part of the fauna; Most of them are targeted by breeders and collectors, favoring the trafficking of these animals. Among the most common and well-known are: canary , quail, partridge, northeastern cardinal ( Paroaria dominicana ), Caatinga bacural ( Chordeiles pusillus ), canan crow ( Cyanocorax cyanopogon ), mustache( Sporophila lineola ), cowgirl-heron ( Bubulcus ibis ), Great Blue Heron ( Casmerdius albus ), garrincha ( Thryothorus genibarbis ), seriema ( Cariama cristata ), fire sanhaço ( Piranga flava ), blackbird or coqui ( Gnorimopsar chopi ), white anu ( Guira guira ), black anu ( Crotophaga ani ), woodpecker ( Dryocopus lineatus ), crack iron ( Saltador simillis ), vi-vi or fim-fim ( Euphonia clorotica ) Caatinga ( Aratinga cactorum ), sofrê ( Icterus jamacaii ), canary of

6308-482: Is the largest component of GDP at 51.6%, followed by the service sector at 47.8%. Agriculture represents 0.6% of GDP (2004). Rio de Janeiro (state) exports: petroleum 44.8%, fuel 17.5%, siderurgy 13%, chemicals 3.6%, nonferrous metals 2.8%, vehicles 2.1% (2002). Participation in the Brazilian economy: 15.6% (2004). There are 3,915,724 vehicles in the state (as of Jan. 2006), 10 million mobile phones, 5.3 million telephones, and 92 cities. Rio de Janeiro

6474-414: Is the largest source of wealth in the municipality and generates employment for the majority of the population. Brumado has rich deposits of magnesite, mineral talc and other minerals such as vermiculite , dolomite , rock crystal and granites of the most varied types. The mineral magnesite is the main product of the mining industry, and of all the mines of this open-air ore existing in the world, Brumado

6640-490: Is the predominant vegetation . In the ridges of the hills and mountains, such as Das Éguas Saw and of Pedra Preta Hill, and on the banks of the rivers are closed and small tropical forests , called "generals". Campos rupestres (in english Rupestrian field), typical vegetation of montane and higmontanes environments, occur at altitudes above 900 m, as is the case again in the Das Éguas Saw and Da Pedra Preta Hill; Is characterized by

6806-833: Is the sector with the lowest participation in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the municipality. It is not such a strong economic base. In 2006, the Superintendency of Economic and Social Studies of Bahia (SEI) published data, where agriculture and cattle raising appeared in that year with only 5.04% of the municipal GDP. Although this sector has a minimal contribution, it can highlight some important activities. In agriculture, crops such as cotton stand out, with 800 hectares planted and harvested; Beans with 2 000 hectares planted and harvested; ricinus or mamona , 200 hectares planted and harvested; watermelon 350 hectares, planted and harvested; And umbu , which

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6972-522: Is the smallest state by area in the Southeast macroregion and one of the smallest in Brazil. It is, however, the third most populous Brazilian state , with a population of over 16 million people at the 2022 Census (making it the most densely populated state in Brazil ), and it has the third longest coastline in the country (after those of the states of Bahia and Maranhão ). In the Brazilian flag ,

7138-652: Is the third largest. It also has the second largest mineral talc mine in Brazil. The secondary sector is closely linked to the primary sector. Since there are few processing industries in the municipality, much of the primary sector's share is consequently integrated into the secondary sector because of mineral extraction - since the mining industries themselves are part of the two sectors - since they extract Ore and manufacture various products from its own extraction, along with other small industries, including cement and metallurgical industries, contributing to this sector have great potential. However, mineral extraction potential

7304-456: Is to say of very old volcanic actions, which favored the formation of metamorphic rocks of a great quantity of minerals, metals and nonmetals such as iron, manganese , emeralds , quartz , granites and different types of ornamental stones. The chart below shows the main occurrences of minerals in the Brumadian underground and their corresponding percentages. In geochronology studies it

7470-444: Is venomous. The teiú ( Tupinambis merianae ) and the armadillo are well-hunted animals. The best-known snake species are rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus ) and jararaca ( Bothrops jararaca ), both are venomous. In the 2010 census, the population was 64,602, of which 31,747 were men and 32,855 were women. The urban resident population was 45 131 inhabitants and in the rural area, 19 471. With an area of 2 207,612 square kilometers,

7636-407: Is very developed, and the city has seven banking institutions: Itaú Bank , Bradesco Bank , Do Nordeste Bank , Do Brasil Bank , Caixa Bank , Sicoob Bank and Do Povo Bank. From the discovery of the mines of magnesite and mineral talc, the city began to develop, and with that the commerce was strengthened. The primary sector , which encompasses extractive, livestock and agricultural activities,

7802-577: The 1963 FIBA World Championship , among many others. Horse racing takes place at the Gávea Hippodrome . Jacarepaguá was the venue for the Brazilian leg of the Formula One Grand Prix , between 1978 and 1990, and Champ Car (1996–1999). The WCT and WQS surf tours took place on Rio's beaches between 1985 and 2001. The capital also hosts an ATP 500 tennis tournament . The capital has three major stadiums: Maracanã ,

7968-528: The Brumado city became known by recent events. To the south of the former Das Éguas farm was formed a kind of closed condominium : the Catiboaba village; The Presidente Getúlio Vargas village was also formed around the company, fruit of the flow of workers who came from the most varied places to work in the mines of magnesite and mineral talc. In 1969, it was the turn of Xilolite S.A. , which also settled on

8134-721: The Maracanã stadium are among the main visiting points. Among the biggest events in the carioca calendar is the Carnival , which, according to the Guinness Book, is the biggest party on the planet with five million revelers playing in the streets of the city, and the New Year's party in Copacabana, which is also Listed in Guinness Book as the largest New Year's party in the world, with more than 4 million people spread across

8300-621: The Port of Rio de Janeiro , the Port of Itaguaí and the Port of Açu , in addition to others such as Niterói and Angra dos Reis. All ports in the state have several rail and road accesses.The Port of Rio de Janeiro is a major exporter of Minas Gerais iron, steel products and vehicles, importing containers, wheat, steel products and zinc concentrate. The Port of Itaguaí exports Minas Gerais iron ore and containerized cargo, importing coal, coal coke, containerized cargo, alumina and steel products. Açu, in 2023,

8466-522: The Rio Brumado was used by garimpeiros and bandeirantes to distinguish loss or deceit, mystification or disappearance of gold in the mining site that supposedly had an abundance of that ore. In the 18th century, captain Francisco de Souza Meira and his team left the captaincy of Minas Gerais (current state of Minas Gerais ), crossing the Brumado river, advancing along the right bank until reaching

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8632-479: The Royal Military Academy  [ PT ] . There followed a process of cultural enhancement influenced not only by the arrival of the royal family, but also by the presence of European graphic artists who were hired to record the society and Brazilian natural features. During this same time, The Royal School of Sciences, Arts, and Works  [ PT ] was founded as well. In 1834,

8798-840: The Serra da Mantiqueira which forms the physical border with neighbouring Minas Gerais . Its principal rivers are the Guandu , the Piraí , the Paraíba do Sul , the Macaé and the Muriaé . The entire state is located within the tropics (the Tropic of Capricorn passes just a few kilometers south of the state's southernmost point) so a tropical climate is predominant. However, due to altitude, temperatures can drop to freezing point or below in some parts. Frost

8964-709: The 1970s, with the transfer of the capital to Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro began to be one of the worst states in the country in terms of economic dynamism. There was no political discussion about the course of the city after it ceased to be the country's capital. "Rio de Janeiro was a job hanger for politicians from all over Brazil. Everyone referred a friend, a relative to take a position in the federal district," explains Marieta de Moraes Ferreira, history professor at UFRJ . Left-wing governors and mayors such as Leonel Brizola , Saturnino Braga , Marcello Allencar , César Maia , Anthony Garotinho , and Benedita da Silva , among others, helped drive away many industries that still existed in

9130-569: The Algarves from 1815 to 1822, and of later independent Brazil as a kingdom and republic from 1822 to 1960. The state's 22 largest cities are Rio de Janeiro , São Gonçalo , Duque de Caxias , Nova Iguaçu , Niterói , Campos dos Goytacazes , Belford Roxo , São João de Meriti , Petrópolis , Volta Redonda , Magé , Macaé , Itaboraí , Cabo Frio , Armação dos Búzios , Angra dos Reis , Nova Friburgo , Barra Mansa , Barra do Piraí , Teresópolis , Mesquita and Nilópolis . Rio de Janeiro

9296-800: The Brazilian Constitution of 1988, Brumado is part of a presidential republic, based on the Democratic government of the United States model. The municipal administration is in charge of the Executive Branch and the Legislative Branch. Until 1930, the Brazilian municipalities were governed by the mayor of the corresponding municipality, called intendants or executive agents. After the Revolution of 1930,

9462-624: The Catholic Church are considered Catholic, even if they practice another religion. In Brumado, in 2012, according to data from the IBGE, 50 869 people professed Catholicism, 7 422 identified themselves as evangelicals and 994 people identified themselves as spiritists. Of those who professed umbanda or candomblé , they were not even mentioned; But this does not mean that religions of African matrices are not present. There are no numbers on these religions in Brumado, but they do exist, and there

9628-674: The City Council of Shopkeepers (CDL). There are more than 1 800 registered companies in every municipality, of which 1 775 are active; Between industries, stores and service providers. These companies employed 12 677 people who, together with all the employed persons, obtained the value of 14 913, in active companies and with due registration (IBGE / data of 2012). Service companies that performed federal and state works beginning in 2011 employed large numbers of people, including from other municipalities. The largest employers of these companies were Grupo Andrade Gutierrez and VALEC, responsible for

9794-423: The Das Éguas Saw and Black stone hill (Morro da Pedra Preta). There are also level areas, which are flat and / or wavy forms, which make the transition between the upper and lower areas, forming species of stairs. Also has flat and flat relief shapes. In general, the Brumadian relief is quite rugged, slightly undulating and presents erosions due to the floods, favorable characteristics for biodiversity, contributing to

9960-438: The IBGE indicated that in 17 159 homes had treated water. The selective collect is also done. To meet the requirements of Federal Law No. 11445, of January 5, 2007, regulated by Federal Decree 7217 of June 21, 2010 — Which obliges municipalities to create efficient means to eliminate garbage and other waste produced — It is discussed the elaboration of the new sanitation plan for the city. In the rural zone, sanitation follows what

10126-487: The Interior (20th Coorpin), and the military police have the 34th Independent Military Police Company (34th CIPM). Although we do not find the percentage of crimes in the municipality, it is verified that in Brumado there are also big problems, such as the police deficit and the lack of financial and social incentives of the state government. This causes the number of armed robberies to increase significantly. The year of 2013

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10292-441: The Itatiaia National Park. Summers in these areas tend to be warm but not hot, with averages around 22 °C (72 °F). Winters are quite chilly by Brazilian standards with lows around 8 to 9 °C (46 to 48 °F) Rains tend to be concentrated in the summer (December to March) with a dry season in the winter (June to September). Most of the state receives between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres (39 and 59 in) of rainfall in

10458-571: The Lagos region are also very popular, in the towns of Cabo Frio and Arraial do Cabo ; and Ilha Grande . The mountainous region is home to the imperial city, Petrópolis , seat of Brazil's ancient empire; its neighbor Teresópolis ; Nova Friburgo , colonized by the Germans; Penedo , colonized by the Finns, and the village of Visconde de Mauá, in the municipality of Resende , as winter refuges to enjoy

10624-468: The National Institute of Studies and Research (INEP). Its objective was to implement full-time schools in the municipality. Approved by 80% of the parents of the students, this initiative, besides contributing to their intensive learning, also helps to keep them away from risks, as contact with drug traffickers, for remaining the rest of the day unoccupied by the streets. Full-time classes have

10790-662: The Presidente Dutra highway was re-tendered to enable a billion-dollar upgrade project for the Serra das Araras road, the oldest section of the highway, built in the 1920s. Generally, the state's highways have a large movement of freight and passenger vehicles. The main Federal highways that cross the state are: Since August 2004, with the transfer of many flights from Santos Dumont Airport , to Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport , Rio de Janeiro has second international airport of Brazil. According to data from

10956-611: The Rio de Contas city through the river that has the same name, consequently also makes border with the Chapada Diamantina. The city has a privileged location allied to other benefits, such as important road junctions such as BA-262, BA-148 and BR-030, also counting on the Centro-Atlântica Railroad (FCA). There are several theories about the origin of the name Brumado. According to Teodoro Fernandes Sampaio,

11122-407: The adherents of these and other minorities constitute 6.2% of Rio de Janeiro's population. Rio de Janeiro is the state with the lowest percentage of Catholics in Brazil, and the state with the highest percentage of people without religion (such as atheists and agnostics ). In addition, it is the state with the highest percentage of spiritists in Brazil. The variety of denominations is a mark of

11288-607: The background. The outer part of the coat of arms represents the state's agricultural richness, sugarcane (left) and coffee (right). Magnesite Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula Mg C O 3 ( magnesium carbonate ). Iron , manganese , cobalt , and nickel may occur as admixtures, but only in small amounts. Magnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product of ultramafic rocks , serpentinite and other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regional metamorphic terrains. These magnesites are often cryptocrystalline and contain silica in

11454-487: The banks of the rivers and streams of the region, the fauna is composed of animals adapted to the Caatinga. Animal biodiversity often ends up having its natural habitat threatened by miners, ranchers and hunters , who aim at territorial expansion, exploitation of natural resources and also illegal trade in animals; Consequently, it ends up entailing a predatory activity unrestrained and without any control with respect to

11620-507: The barrel of oil reached $ 93.48. But oil revenues, used by the government to repay financing debts, including the payroll of idle workers, fell to 1.6 billion reais. The international price of a barrel fell to USD 50.48 in 2016 and reached a low of USD 28. Petrobras became the target of the largest anti-corruption operation in Brazil, with the participation of governors such as Sérgio Cabral Filho and Pezão , linked to leftist Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , pushing back investments that were to be at

11786-687: The best-known Brazilian city abroad. The capital of Rio de Janeiro is internationally known for the beauty of its beaches and hills, in addition to having several sites. According to Embratur , it is the most sought-after destination by foreign tourists who visit Brazil for leisure, and second place in business and events tourism. Christ the Redeemer , elected one of the seven wonders of the modern world , Sugarloaf (with its famous cable car), Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon , Copacabana , Ipanema and Barra da Tijuca beaches, Tijuca forest , Quinta da Boa Vista , Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden , Cinelândia and

11952-538: The capital. Italians and Spaniards are also present in the capital as well as in the surrounding cities. Racial groups of Rio de Janeiro in 2022 Religion in Rio de Janeiro (2010) According to the 2010 Brazilian census, there were 7,324,315 Roman Catholics (45.8%), 4,696,906 Protestants (29.4%), 647,572 Spiritists (4%), and 2,416,303 people without religion (14.6%). There are also adherents of Islam , Judaism , Buddhism , Hinduism , esoterism , neo-paganism , afro-Brazilian religions and Asian religions. Together,

12118-434: The century, it was one of the largest producers in the world. In Brazil, however, as of 2020, only two sugar mills were operating in the city. The state, which harvested about 10 million tonnes in the 1980s, reached only 1 million tonnes in 2017, when it began to recover, harvesting 1.8 million tonnes in the 2019/ 20. In the agricultural field, the State of Rio currently stands out for some products, such as pineapple , where it

12284-439: The chemically inert ' dead-burnt ' product- which is preferred for use in refractory materials such as furnace linings. In fire assay, magnesite cupels can be used for cupellation , as the magnesite cupel will resist the high temperatures involved. Magnesite can also be used as a binder in flooring material ( magnesite screed ). Furthermore, it is being used as a catalyst and filler in the production of synthetic rubber and in

12450-560: The city has no tourist tradition, a survey conducted in 2016 by Expedia Brasil, a company specialized in tourism and travel, found that Brumado is one of the 40 small cities in Brazil that deserve to be visited, due to the tourist potential not explored, With highlight to of the Cristalândia Village. Within the territory of the Magnesita Refratários company there are the ruins of Do Brejo loft and Condado Farm,

12616-511: The city is the one that has contributed the most to small works, due to the large number of houses built recently. The city has only one public hospital, however, counting on several health posts, distributed among the neighborhoods. It has 23 units with coverage of the Unified Health System (SUS) that perform care from small to medium complexity. The good thing is that the city can be considered well served by clinics that perform

12782-482: The city of Rio de Janeiro was established by Estácio de Sá . In the 17th century, cattle raising and sugar cane cultivation stimulated the city's progress, which was definitively assured when the port started to export gold extracted from Minas Gerais in the 18th century. In 1763, Rio de Janeiro became the capital of Colonial Brazil. With the flight of the Portuguese royal family from Portugal to Brazil in 1808,

12948-552: The city of Rio de Janeiro was transformed into a "neutral city" , remaining as capital of the state, while the captainships became provinces, with headquarters in Niterói , a neighbouring city. In 1889, the city became the capital of the Republic, the neutral city became the federal district and the province a state. In 1894, Petrópolis became the capital of Rio de Janeiro, until 1902 when Niterói recovered its capital status. With

13114-400: The city was supplied by the old dam of the Do Antônio River, Which was analyzed belatedly and the water declared as unfit for human consumption, because it contains excess of minerals of various types. Thanks to the attendance of the public power to the appeal of the population, finally the reservoir was built, and the municipality has not suffered any major problems with water supply. In 2012,

13280-438: The city's beaches, including 2 million on Copacabana Beach alone. Of the 10 most visited cities in the country by leisure tourists, 4 are in the state of Rio. In addition to the capital, in the lake region, Armação dos Búzios , and in the south of the state, Angra dos Reis , both focused on high-end tourism; also in the south of the state, the town of Paraty , with its colonial architecture and cobbled streets. The beaches of

13446-567: The city, while fluminense continues to be used for the state as a whole. European presence in Rio de Janeiro dates back to 1502. Rio de Janeiro originated from parts of the captainships of de Tomé and São Vicente. Between 1555 and 1567, the territory was occupied by the French, who intended to install a colony, France Antarctique . Aiming to prevent the occupation of the Frenchmen, in March 1565,

13612-420: The city; Baiano Federal Institute (Ifba), which also encompasses superior courses to its curriculum. The National Industrial Learning Service (SENAI) and the former Luís Eduardo Magalhães Model College (Ceep) offer technical and professional courses, as well as other private technical schools. In 2010, according to the IBGE census, 50 899 people were literate. Check the table below for a portrait of education in

13778-537: The clumped isotope derived temperature being very low. These are affected by pH effect, biological activity as well as kinetic isotope effect associated with degassing. Magnesite forms as surface moulds in such conditions but more generally occur as hydrous Mg-carbonates since their precipitation is kinetically favored. Most of the times, they derive C from DIC or nearby ultramafic complexes (e.g., Altin Playa, British Columbia, Canada ). Magnesites in metamorphic rocks, on

13944-544: The cold. The state of Rio de Janeiro is one of the best in the country in terms of infrastructure, although it has some shortcomings, mainly due to its mountainous terrain. In the highway sector, there are about 800 km of highways , the main highway being BR-101 , then BR-116 . The Presidente Dutra highway, the name given to the BR-116 on the section that connects the country's two main cities (São Paulo to Rio), passing through Volta Redonda , Barra Mansa and Resende,

14110-617: The construction of the West-East Integration Railway (FIOL). Until 2013, these companies and their subcontractors played an important role in the local economy, in addition to the miners who invested in their facilities between 2011 and 2015, generating employment for the city's population and also for other neighboring cities.91 In the 2014 and 2015, some companies that provided services to the State had their works suspended several times, which caused financial insecurity for employees and for commerce. Service delivery has

14276-477: The country), lemon (20 thousand tons in 2019, 5th place in the country) and persimmon , where it has 6% of national production, being 4th place in the country. The state was also an important producer of coconuts , in the regions of Quissamã and the Lakes Region, and in 2009 it was the 7th national producer, but between 2010 and 2020 several producers abandoned the activity. The industrial sector

14442-572: The diversion of heavy vehicles. It also has the sub-headquarters of the Regional Traffic Circumscription (Ciretran) and State Department of Traffic (Detran), Besides the Department of Transit and Urban Transport of the municipality (DTTU). At least until 1998, carnival was one of the most traditional events. The story of this event dates back to 1949, when a group of friends decided to join and go out to streets to toy

14608-457: The ecological imbalance that this action can cause. Brumado has a very wide biodiversity, both vegetal and animal, ranging from small specimens to medium-sized animals threatened with extinction. In the fauna , a reasonable amount of mammals prevails; At least 148 species were cataloged in the interior of the municipality and in the surrounding regions, practically all threatened with extinction. They are distributed between Cerrado and Caatinga; As

14774-667: The electorate, the new headquarters of the electoral forum was inaugurated in 2013. The Brumado Municipality is composed of three districts: Ubiraçaba, Itaquaraí and Cristalândia; And more than 30 neighborhoods, as Apertar do Morro I and II, Centro, Cidade das Esmeraldas, Feliciano Pereira Santos, Jardim de Alá, Malhada Branca, Santa Tereza, São Félix, São José, São Sebastião, Tanque do Abaeté, Baraúnas, Dr. Juracy, Esconso, Flores, Ginásio Industrial, Centenário, Jardim Brasil, Maria José Viana, Mercado, Nobre, Norberto Marinho, Novo Brumado, Olhos d’Àgua, Parque Alvorada, Rodoviário, Vila Presidente Vargas, Brisas I, II, III and IV and São Jorge. Trade

14940-415: The energy began to function in an integral way. In 1962, the districts of Santa Bárbara dos Casados, Olhos d'Água and São Pedro would have their toponyms changed to Ubiraçaba, Itaquaraí and Aracatu, respectively. From 1967 to 1970, the mayor was elected doctor Juracy Pires Gomes, with the support of partner Armindo dos Santos Azevedo. In his mandate important works were carried out, such as the new city hall,

15106-408: The enlargement of the network, also were constructed auditoriums, poliesportivas courts with dressing rooms, computer rooms and industrial kitchens. In addition, these schools have four meals a day. Social inclusion is also practiced in these schools, and students with different types of disabilities receive specialized treatment. Although the federal government's incentives are minimal and insufficient,

15272-406: The first mayor elected by direct vote . The merchant and cattle rancher was elected in three terms: 1948 - 1950, 1955 - 1958 and 1963 - 1966. In its management , the municipality achieved great advances, such as water supply, electricity and paving of many streets and squares in the center of city. The energy in Brumado in the 1940s to 1970s only worked until 9:30 p.m. It was from then on that

15438-809: The fluid sufficiently so as to precipitate magnesite. As this happens with increasing time, fluid cools, evolves by mixing with other fluids and when it forms magnesite, it decreases its temperature. So the presence of associated carbonates have a control on magnesite isotopic composition. Origin of Martian carbonates can be deconvolved with the application of clumped isotope. Source of the CO 2 , climatic-hydrologic conditions on Mars could be assessed from these rocks. Recent study has shown (implementing clumped isotope thermometry ) that carbonates in ALH84001 indicate formation at low temperature evaporative condition from subsurface water and derivation of CO 2 from Martian atmosphere. People can be exposed to magnesite in

15604-410: The forefront of the pre-salt exploration. Even when state municipalities received millions of reais in royalties, public spending was used for marginal improvements, for beautification, such as porcelain floors, whale-shaped monuments, without generating revenue or benefit. jobs for the population. Political leaders are blamed for the lack of a unified project for Rio de Janeiro's economy. The state

15770-432: The form of opal or chert . Magnesite is also present within the regolith above ultramafic rocks as a secondary carbonate within soil and subsoil , where it is deposited as a consequence of dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals by carbon dioxide in groundwaters. Magnesite can be formed via talc carbonate metasomatism of peridotite and other ultramafic rocks. Magnesite is formed via carbonation of olivine in

15936-1265: The former largest stadium in the world in terms of capacity; Engenhão , planned to host the athletics and football events of the 2007 Pan American Games, and São Januário , the largest private stadium in Rio. In the state of Rio, Olympic medalists were born such as: Martine Grael , Clínio de Freitas , Daniel Adler , Eduardo Penido , Isabel Swan , Kiko Pelicano , Marcelo Ferreira , Marcos Soares , Nelson Falcão and Ronaldo Senfft in yachting; Thiago Pereira , Bruno Fratus and Jorge Fernandes in swimming; Robson Caetano and José Telles da Conceição in athletics; Luiz Felipe de Azevedo in horse riding; Afrânio da Costa and Fernando Soledade in shooting; Affonso Évora , Alfredo da Motta , Algodão , Edson Bispo , Fernando Brobró , Fritz , Marcus Vinícius Dias , Ruy de Freitas and Sérgio Macarrão in basketball; Adriana Samuel , Ana Cristina , André Nascimento , Bernard , Bernardinho , Bruninho , Fabiana Alvim , Fernanda Ferreira , Fernandão , Janina , Kátia Lopes , Leandro Vissotto , Marcelo Elgarten , Nalbert , Rui , Tande , Thaísa and Valeskinha in volleyball; Bárbara Seixas , Jackie Silva , Raquel da Silva, Sandra Pires in beach volleyball, in addition to Hugo Calderano ,

16102-417: The fourth and last lord of Sobrado do Brejo, became the first intendant. Currently Brumado is part of the 90th electoral zone of Bahia with more than 66 061 voters, counting with the voters of the municipalities of Aracatu and Malhada de Pedras, of which 47 845 are in Brumado. The legislative chamber is composed of 13 councilors elected from among the 72 candidates who ran in the 2012 elections. To better serve

16268-401: The government, (such as crop insurance), cotton boll weevil (pests that destroy crops), high interest rates for production financing, and of the processing. Currently, the production of passion fruit has been outstanding, in the district of Itaquaraí, one of the largest production locations in Brazil. In 1930, two important events marked the economic history of the municipality: the arrival of

16434-972: The great tributaries are born in very different places: the Brumado River, affluent of the Contas, is born in the Saw of souls (Serra das Almas) and of Antônio River in General Saw (Serra Geral), in Licínio de Almeida municipality. In De Contas River is inserted the dam of Cristalândia Which supplies the city, and in Do Antônio River, the dam of the Antônio River, which supplied the urban population by 2010. Most rivers are temporary, such as Do Antônio River and São João River. The De Contas River Basin has annual precipitation between 700 and 800 mm, with little possibility of major floods. The average temperature

16600-483: The greatest festive religious event is the March for Jesus , which usually takes place in September. Many evangelicals gather in the center of the city to fraternize with their brothers to the sound of gospel music . Also on Evangelical Day, June 11, which coincides with the date of Brumado's birthday, supporters celebrate in a double dose, reconciling the dates to the two celebrations, with musical shows According to

16766-400: The greatest table tennis player in the history of Brazil; Nelson Piquet , three-time F1 world champion, Bob Burnquist , considered one of the greatest skateboarders of all time and Marcus Vinicius D'Almeida , archery world runner-up. An eagle , symbol of Brazil's royal family, appears on the state flag with the rock formation Dedo de Deus (" The Finger of God ") near Teresópolis in

16932-601: The headquarters area occupying 2 174 square kilometers, its population density is 29.01 inhabitants per square kilometer. See below the evolution of population growth, according to the City Hall. Between 1970 and 2016, the population had an increase of 31 169 inhabitants. Bahia is a very culturally diverse state and when it comes to religion it could not be different. Nevertheless, many who attend catholic cults also attend cults of religions of African matrices, such as umbanda and candomblé . In Brazil, all who are baptized in

17098-568: The highlight is the puma known as suçuarana (or Jaguarundi ), being one of the species most endangered and the mocca ( Kerodon rupestris ), because it is endemic (exclusive of the region). Other examples are: caatinga deer, armadillo or tatupeba ( Euphractus ), paca ( Agouti paca ), possum ( Conepatus semistriata ), fox and raccoon ( Dusicyon thous ), mallard cat or puma yagouaroundi ( Herpailurus yaguaroundi ), ferret ( Galictis vittatus ), coati ( Nasua nassua ), among others. Disordered hunting of these animals for food consumption

17264-455: The industrial production of magnesite at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 316 K was described by Vandeginste. In those experiments small additions of hydrochloric acid alternated periodically with additions of sodium carbonate solution. New was also the very short duration of only a few hours for the alternating dissolution and precipitation cycles. Magnesite was detected in meteorite ALH84001 and on planet Mars itself. Magnesite

17430-432: The isotopic composition of the precipitating fluid. Within ultramafic complexes, magnesites are found within veins and stockworks in cryptocrystalline form as well as within carbonated peridotite units in crystalline form. These cryptocrystalline forms are mostly variably weathered and yield low temperature of formation. On the other hand, coarse magnesites yield very high temperature indicating hydrothermal origin. It

17596-407: The kingdom, canary of the earth, sabiá and many others. Due to size, quail and partridge are hunted constantly inside the municipality. The species of amphibians and reptiles present in the local fauna are small animals, like calango ( Tropidurus torquatus ). Of these species, the green calango ( Ameiva ameiva ) is the most commonly seen because it has no commercial value, is not edible, nor

17762-633: The lands returned to the hands of the Meiras. In 1755, Campo Seco farm was bought by the Portuguese Miguel Lourenço de Almeida ( familia do Santo Ofício ), clan of the Canguçu family in the municipality. The Serra das Éguas farm was close to the area that is now the city of Brumado. It was located on the southern slope, the lower part of a mountain , now known as Serra das Éguas, known for its deposits of magnesite and mineral talc. Over

17928-435: The latter almost reaching the annual average. The highest accumulated of that month happened in 1985, when it was registered more than 1 100 mm. In the table below, one can more accurately understand the climatic effects in the municipality in a normal year. Along the municipality, there are four types of vegetation existing in all Brazilian territorial extent: Ciliar Forest , Cerrado , Rupestre Field and Caatinga, which

18094-530: The latter still existing; Both from the early nineteenth century and have a rich historical value, but were not tumbled because they were acquired by the company Magnesita. the natural beauties of the municipality are little publicized, such as the caves Das Éguas Saw and its springs. Cristalândia village is one of the attractions. Below are some points considered tourist: Rio de Janeiro (state) Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈne(j)ɾu] , [ˈʁi.u dʒɐˈ-] )

18260-549: The major carbonate bearing phase in Earth's mantle and possible carriers for deep carbon reservoirs. For similar reason, it is found in metamorphosed peridotite rocks in Central Alps, Switzerland and high pressure eclogitic rocks from Tianshan, China. Magnesite can also precipitate in lakes in presence of bacteria either as hydrous Mg-carbonates or magnesite. Similar to the production of lime, magnesite can be burned in

18426-463: The major problem is that these artificial processes require sufficient porosity-permeability so that the fluids can flow but this is hardly the case in peridotites . Magnesite can be cut, drilled, and polished to form beads that are used in jewelry-making. Magnesite beads can be dyed into a broad spectrum of bold colors, including a light blue color that mimics the appearance of turquoise . The Japanese-American artist Isamu Noguchi used magnesite as

18592-607: The mining company Magnesita S.A., today, RHI Magnesita founded by two French friends naturalized Brazilian and resident in Brazil, Miguel Pierre Cahen and Georges Louis Minviele - in partnership with Antônio Mourão Guimarães -, a politician of the time, and the construction of the Federal Railroad Network (RFFSA), which would facilitate the transportation of the newly discovered ore to the port of Aratu in Salvador. Both events occurred in 1939. The Magnesita company

18758-423: The most diverse types of tests and specific treatments. In 2012, the municipality had a total of 122 health facilities, 2 of which were state, 34 were municipal and 77 were private. The sanitation in the city is satisfactory, but although it has a sewage network, the waste is directly thrown into the bed of the Antônio River, which cuts through the city. The Baiana Water and Sanitation Company (Embasa) does not treat

18924-583: The mouth of the Do Antônio river, arriving to the indigenous territory, Tupinambas fierce, and between them a great fight took place, close to the area where today is the headquarters of the Brumado Municipality. It was the first part taken and received the name "Conquista", later he founded a farm called Das Éguas Serra. Although these Indians strongly resisted the attacks of the captain and his group, they gradually dispersed, disturbed by

19090-616: The municipal government has so far sought partnerships and participation in federal education programs such as the National Education Program and the National Literacy Program in the Right Age. The public security in Brumado is in charge of the civil and military police of Bahia, besides the municipal guard. The civil police has a headquarters called the 20th Regional Police Coordination of

19256-427: The municipal powers were divided between executive and legislative. In 1877, the provincial deputy Marcolino Moura elaborated a project calling for the political emancipation of Brumado, then called Bom Jesus dos Meiras. Brumado, then, emancipated himself from Caetité at the time of coronelism, on June 11 of that year. The city council was created on January 13 of the following year, when Colonel Exupério Pinheiro Canguçu,

19422-568: The municipality in 2015. The higher education institutions present in the municipality, whether with distance or face-to-face education, are: The institutions offering technical education are: The Municipal Assistance Program for Learning (PMAA), which was financed only with municipal funds, began to be implemented between 2009 and 2011, had a high investment and won the Innovation Award in Educational Management of

19588-467: The municipality, with 1 100 meters. The municipality limits with Livramento de Nossa Senhora and Dom Basilio, to the north ; Rio de Contas, Ituaçu and Tanhaçu, to the northeast; Aracatu, to the east ; Rio do Antônio and Lagoa Real, to the west ; Malhada de Pedras to the southwest and the Caraíbas to the south . Its micro-region has a homonymous name. The urbanization rate is 69.86%, population density

19754-420: The name "Brumado" comes from the expression Tupi language : Itimbopira ( Y - timbó - pyra ), which means misty, covered in fog, but according to José Dias, former priest of the city, the name originates from the Serra das Éguas, when the morning fog descends from it covering the city. Another theory says that the origin of the name Brumado is attributed to the word bromine - a word that at the time of mining on

19920-462: The new municipal market, the city's first public library ; The main one was the dam of the Do Antônio River that would supply the city until the year 2010. At the beginning of the 20th century, the economy was based on agriculture : large-scale cotton farming, coffee and cereals , and cattle raising, goats , sheep and cattle, favoring the export of sheep skins raw or tanned, dry leather and salty, as well as lump cotton and live cattle. Cotton

20086-490: The north side of the mountain range and has since exploited magnesite and mineral talc, with the acquisition of one of the mines in 1973. In 1993, Matsulfur, a cement factory, later acquired by Lafarge , under the name Cement Brumado, today Cimpor, Cimento de Portugal (Cement of Portugal), belonging to InterCement ( Camargo Corrêa Group ). The Brumado municipality is located in the Center South (or Southwest) of Bahia, in

20252-453: The ocean, featuring also diverse environments, such as restinga vegetation , bays , lagoons and tropical forests . Most of the state however consists of highlands, often higher than 1000 m, formed by several mountain chains like the Serra do Mar which separates Rio from the state of São Paulo . The highest point of the state, the Pico das Agulhas Negras (Black Needles Peak) is located in

20418-403: The official Brazilian travel bureau, Embratur, nearly 40% of foreign tourists who visit Brazil choose Rio as their gateway, meaning Galeão Airport. Besides linking Rio to the rest of Brazil with domestic flights, Galeão has connections to 18 other countries. It can handle up to 15 million passengers a year in two passenger terminals. Located 20 kilometers from downtown Rio, the international airport

20584-659: The official demonym of the Royal Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro and subsequently of the Province of Rio de Janeiro. From 1783 through the Imperial Regime , carioca remained an unofficial term which other Brazilians used for the inhabitants of the city as well as the province. During the first years of the Brazilian Republic, carioca came to be the name given to those who lived in the city's slums or

20750-528: The other hand, indicate very high temperature of formation. Isotopic composition of parental fluid is also heavy- generally metamorphic fluids. This has been verified by fluid inclusion derived temperature as well as traditional O isotope thermometry involving co-precipitating quartz-magnesite. Often, magnesite records lower clumped isotope temperature than associated dolomite, calcite. The reason might be that calcite, dolomite form earlier at higher temperature (from mantle like fluids) which increases Mg/Ca ratio in

20916-588: The other states in the same Southeast macroregion: Minas Gerais ( N and NW ), Espírito Santo ( NE ) and São Paulo ( SW ). It is bounded on the east and south by the South Atlantic Ocean . Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km (16,855 sq mi). Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro , which was the capital of the Portuguese Colony of Brazil from 1763 to 1815, of the following United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and

21082-404: The population of Rio, and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30,84%. In other words, native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51,20% of the inhabitants of Rio, or a total of 267664 people in 1890. Other European ethnic groups , such as Swiss , Finnish and Germans settled mostly in the mountainous areas ( Nova Friburgo , Petrópolis , etc.) and in

21248-403: The postulation of a "dehydration barrier" being involved in the low-temperature formation of anhydrous magnesium carbonate. Laboratory experiments with formamide , a liquid resembling water, have shown how no such dehydration barrier can be involved. The fundamental difficulty to nucleate anhydrous magnesium carbonate remains when using this non-aqueous solution. Not cation dehydration, but rather

21414-418: The predominance of shrubs and/or herbaceous plants, precisely in the mountainous summits of the mountains. The species occurring in the Caatinga are very diversified, some with important commercial and ecological value, such as aroeira ( Astronium urundeuva ) and braúna, or baraúna ( Schinopsis brasiliensis ), angico and black angico ( Anadenanthera macrocarpa ) and umbuzeiro ( Spondias tuberosa ), one of

21580-415: The preparation of magnesium chemicals and fertilizers. Research is proceeding to evaluate the practicality of sequestering the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in magnesite on a large scale. This has focused on peridotites from ophiolites (obducted mantle rocks on crust) where magnesite can be created by letting carbon dioxide react with these rocks. Some progress has been made in ophiolites from Oman. But

21746-430: The presence of charcoal to produce MgO , which, in the form of a mineral, is known as periclase . Large quantities of magnesite are burnt to make magnesium oxide : an important refractory (heat-resistant) material used as a lining in blast furnaces , kilns and incinerators . Calcination temperatures determine the reactivity of resulting oxide products and the classifications of light burnt and dead burnt refer to

21912-468: The presence of religious diversity in the demographic profile of the state. The state of Rio de Janeiro has the 4th best education in Brazil, second only to the Federal District , São Paulo and Goiás . The state has the fourth lowest illiteracy rate in Brazil, about 4% of its population. The illiteracy rate in the state is compared to countries like Singapore, Portugal, and China. Most of

22078-422: The presence of water and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and high pressures typical of the greenschist facies . Magnesite can also be formed via the carbonation of magnesium serpentine (lizardite) via the following reaction : However, when performing this reaction in the laboratory, the trihydrated form of magnesium carbonate (nesquehonite) will form at room temperature. This very observation led to

22244-478: The presence of white men. In the future, the Serra das Éguas farm was acquired by João Antunes Moreira, who in turn left it to his son, the Catholic priest André Antunes da Maia; who finally sold it on June 30, 1749 to José de Souza Meira, son of Francisco de Souza Meira, for $ 462,700 (1 million, 462 thousand and 700 réis ), with 232 heads of cattle, 105 head of equine cattle and a slave called Manuel. In this way,

22410-723: The provision of sewage and water supply services, and the State Electricity Company of Bahia (Coelba) provides public services for the supply of electricity and maintenance of the electricity grid. The Brumadian population enjoys satisfactory means of communication, as a sign of four cellular operators: Claro , Vivo , TIM and Oi ; Several news sites, the main ones are: Brumado Agora, Brumado Notícias, Destque Bahia, Portal Brumado, 97 News; Two radios transmitted in modulated frequency (FM): Alternativa 97.9 and Radio Nova Vida 87.9; And two newspapers in printed and online versions: Tribuna do Sertão and Jornal do Sudoeste; And

22576-514: The ranking, totaling 2 306 points. A study carried out by IBGE, in 2012, concluded that of the 64 602 inhabitants from the time, 50 899 were literate, 31 747 were men and 32 855 were women. The per capita income was R$ 12,144.11, and in distribution between rural and urban areas, in the private households in the rural area, it was R$ 217.00, and in the urban area it was R$ 333.33. The fleet of motor vehicles such as road transport, including motorcycles, as well as tractors and trucks totaled 31 000. The city

22742-431: The realization of it. Officials claim that the reasons are the lack of funds or the effects of drought. The city has a certain tourist potential developed by the realization of traditional festivities, like St. John and St. Peter. Has a well-structured hotel network. Besides these attractions, those who visit the city can take walks through the Das Éguas Saw, with the permission of the mining companies that are there. Although

22908-574: The region known geographically as the Polygon of the Droughts, in Serra Geral, under the coordinates: 14° 12' 13", south latitude; 41° 39' 55" west longitude, at 454 meters altitude and is 555 kilometers southwest of Salvador. The urban area covers an area of 2 174 square kilometers. There is no information if there is a point higher than the Das Éguas Saw peak, probably this is the highest point of

23074-668: The region soon benefited from urban reforms to house the Portuguese. Chief among the promoted changes were the transformation of agencies of public administration and justice, the creation of new churches and hospitals, the foundation of the first bank of the country (the Bank of Brazil ) and the Royal Press, with the Gazette do Rio of Janeiro. The following years witnessed the creation of the Jardim Botânico (Botanical Garden) and

23240-435: The relocation of the federal capital to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro became Guanabara State . Niterói remained the state capital for Rio de Janeiro state, while Rio de Janeiro served the same status for Guanabara. In 1975, a further change took place, with the merger of the states of Rio de Janeiro and the state of Guanabara, restoring the then city-state to the status of a municipality, governed by mayors. In

23406-455: The requests of the inhabitants; Today, the old chapel is the mother church of Brumado, that at that time was called Church Senhor do Bonfim, in honor of the patron of the city, Bom Jesus, and had like first vicar the priest Jose Mariano Meira Rocha. Bom Jesus dos Meiras separated from Caetité in 1877, receiving the title of village . The author of the project was a deputy from the province of Bahia, Marcolino Moura. The political leader at that time

23572-399: The revelry of Momo . In 1951, the party started to be held in clubs, taking turns between one and the other. However, in 1998, the year of the great drought, carnival happens sporadically, and one of the city's most popular urban festivity is no longer as traditional as it once was. If we do a search on the carnival of Brumado, we will find more news about the cancellation of the event than

23738-635: The riparian forests and the excess of dams that are built. The main drainage of the sub basin, the river of the same name, has as its main function human supply, with minimum use for irrigation . Geologically, Brumado is located in the São Francisco Craton, precisely in the Gavião Geological Block, in the Greenstone Belts Umburanas. In these areas, the rocks are formed by metavulcanic sequences, that

23904-542: The scarcity of rainfall, the city already suffered with excesses, as in 1968, when the Do Antônio River suffered a great flood at the point of water reaching the center of the city, after passing over the bridge of the São Félix neighborhood, which Was caught. Other floods occurred in 1982 and 1992. It also suffered major droughts, as in 1998. The months of January of the years of 2015 and 2016 were considered "good of rain", registering 350 mm and 530 mm, respectively,

24070-540: The sewage network, and the city has long been channeling the galleries to the Do Atônio River. In 2005, the construction of the Cristalândia dam in the district of the same name began in Rio de Contas after a marked drought between 1998 and 1999. The Brumadian population at that time had the water supply compromised in its totality, being supplied by tank truck. Before the construction of the Cristalândia dam,

24236-473: The spatial configuration of carbonate anions creates the barrier in the low-temperature nucleation of magnesite. Magnesite has been found in modern sediments, caves and soils. Its low-temperature (around 40 °C [104 °F]) formation is known to require alternations between precipitation and dissolution intervals. The low-temperature formation of magnesite might well be of significance toward large-scale carbon sequestration . A major step forward toward

24402-463: The state is represented by Mimosa , the beta star in the Southern Cross (β Cru). The original demonym for the State of Rio de Janeiro is fluminense , from Latin flumen, fluminis , meaning "river". While carioca (from Old Tupi ) is an older term, first attested in 1502, fluminense was sanctioned in 1783, twenty years after the city had become the capital of the Brazilian colonies, as

24568-687: The state's leading universities are public. The most prestigious university is the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , regarded as the best Federal university in Brazil , and fifth best in Latin America according to the QS World University Rankings . Some other well-known colleges, and universities in the state: Much of the economy of the state of Rio de Janeiro is based on the provision of services, with

24734-507: The state's mountainous interior and connects Rio de Janeiro to the northeastern region of Brazil. The BR-040 connects Rio to Minas Gerais and its capital Belo Horizonte . Also of note is the Metropolitan Arc , which surrounds the capital with the aim of removing unnecessary traffic from this area, and which is in the process of being fully completed, with only 23 km of duplication of an old existing section missing. Recently,

24900-402: The state. Combined with the incitement to favelas, where Brizola said for example that "the favela is not a problem, the favela is a solution", the capital has deteriorated in a few decades, dragging down the State. The state still maintains itself as the largest oil producer in Brazil (80% of the total), where royalties and special participations brought the state 4.2 billion reais in 2014, when

25066-400: The state. The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39,74% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro. Including all of the Rio de Janeiro, the proportion raised to 46,30% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil. The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high, accounting for 72% of the foreigners who lived in the capital. Portuguese born people accounted for 20,36% of

25232-549: The strength of cation-carbonate oxygen (ie, Mg-O, Ca-O) bonds- different carbonate minerals can form or preserve clumped isotopic signatures differently. Clumped isotopic analysis has certain aspects to it. These are: Clumped isotopic analysis is usually done by gas source mass spectrometry where the CO 2 liberated from magnesite by phosphoric acid digestion is fed into the isotope ratio mass spectrometer. In such scenario, one needs to ensure that liberation of CO 2 from magnesite

25398-406: The surface area and resulting reactivity of the product (this is typically determined by an industry metric of the iodine number). ' Light burnt ' product generally refers to calcination commencing at 450 °C and proceeding to an upper limit of 900 °C – which results in good surface area and reactivity. Above 900 °C, the material loses its reactive crystalline structure and reverts to

25564-455: The system in heavy isotopes of C and O. Since clumped isotope abundance depends on abundance of isotopes of C and O, they are also modified. Another very prominent effect here is that of pH of precipitating fluid. As pH of precipitating fluid changes, DIC pool is affected and isotopic composition of precipitating carbonate changes. Crystalline and cryptocrystalline magnesites have very different mineral structures. While crystalline magnesite has

25730-468: The then vice president of the Bahia province , Antônio Ledeslau de Figueiredo Rocha, signed Provincial Decree-Law No. 1091, thus transforming Bom Jesus dos Meiras in a district of the same name, annexing it to Caetité , who was already emancipated. Soon after, Antônio Pinheiro Pinto Canguçu, the second lord of Sobrado do Brejo, contributed financially and with labor to build the Chapel of Bom Jesus, attending

25896-454: The top of the hills, always citing as an example the Das Éguas Saw and Pedra Preta Hill, one of the highest points of this mountain range. The rainy season is concentrated between October and January, with a difference of 128 mm between the driest month, August and the rainier month, of December. The rest of the year, the rains are scarce. The average temperature is 23.8 °C, with an average annual rainfall of 590 to 600 mm. same with

26062-430: The which is protected by Municipal Law No. 1030 of 1992. Other notable species are the juazeiro and jatobá , and other species: cassutinga ( Caesalpinia microphylla ), black maria ( Vitex sp. ), umburana or northeastern cumaru ( Amburana cearensis ), white jurema ( Mimosa sp. ), among many other creeping and shrub plant. Although the municipality has small forest islands called Riparian Forests, often located on

26228-429: The years, a small village grew about ten kilometers from the city center on the same bank of the river, thanks to the success of the adventurers who worked in crops and livestock, giving life to the village that would later become the seat of the municipality. Bom Jesus dos Meiras belonged to Livramento do Brumado village (current Livramento de Nossa Senhora). On June 19, 1869, still under the name of Bom Jesus dos Meiras,

26394-588: Was Colonel Exupério Pinheiro Canguçu, the fourth and last lord of Sobrado do Brejo . Political emancipation occurred on June 11, 1877, with the creation of Provincial Law n ° 1756. The first City Council of Bom Jesus dos Meiras was created on February 13, 1878, composed of the following persons listed below and their Respective positions: President: Colonel Exupério Pinheiro Canguçu; Secretary: Belarmino Jacundes Lobo; Prosecutor: Rufiniano de Moura Amorim; Supervisor: Plácido Guedes d'Oliveira; Porter: Francisco Alves Piranha. In 1948, Armindo dos Santos Azevedo took office as

26560-726: Was authorized to operate in 1940 through Decree nº 6220 and since then, it has exploited most of the magnesite and mineral talc reserves contained in Das Éguas Saw. In the 1970s, Brumado arrived at the Brazilian Refractory Products Industries (IBAR S.A.). The company interested in extracting magnesite has established its facilities in the northern part of the saw. In the following years, the municipality witnessed great changes, such as large-scale population growth, construction of houses and commercial establishments. Faced with this great attraction, people from other cities were arriving, commerce strengthened, and

26726-919: Was identified on Mars using infrared spectroscopy from satellite orbit. Near Jezero Crater , Mg-carbonates have been detected and reported to have formed in lacustrine environment prevailing there. Controversy still exists over the temperature of formation of these carbonates . Low-temperature formation has been suggested for the magnesite from the Mars-derived ALH84001 meteorite. Magnesium-rich olivine ( forsterite ) favors production of magnesite from peridotite. Iron-rich olivine ( fayalite ) favors production of magnetite-magnesite-silica compositions. Magnesite can also be formed by way of metasomatism in skarn deposits, in dolomitic limestones , associated with wollastonite , periclase , and talc . Resistant to high temperature and able to withstand high pressure, magnesite has been proposed to be one of

26892-457: Was the culture that most contributed to the economic development of the municipality. Between 1930 and 1955, the production was so great that the producers started to benefit it in the field even using handmade machines. Faced with the success of cotton growing, odern cotton factories were installed in the city. The municipality had six plants in operation. Since 1980, the crop has declined, due to several factors, as an nterruption of financial aid by

27058-492: Was the first duplicate highway in the country, in 1967. The section of the BR-101 is the one that connects the capital to the border with Espírito Santo , passing through important towns such as Niterói , bordering Cabo Frio and Búzios , then Macaé and finally Campos dos Goytacazes . The section between Rio Bonito and Campos, bidding to have its 176 km duplicated, already has 126 km doubled. BR-116 passes through

27224-471: Was the most violent of the last ten, registering 20 homicides. Human development services and public services, such as paving, construction of galleries for sanitary sewage, etc., are under the responsibility of the Municipal Department of Infrastructure. Essential services such as piped and treated water and electricity are provided by state-owned companies in Bahia. Embasa is responsible for

27390-447: Was the third largest private iron ore terminal in Brazil, where it is responsible for 30% of the country's oil exports. In addition, in 2023, it was building the largest thermoelectric park in Latin America, and it houses the largest offshore support base in the world. The sport that stands out the most in the state is football . The three main football clubs in Rio de Janeiro are Botafogo , Fluminense and Vasco da Gama . The state

27556-618: Was verified that the oldest rock formations of South America , with the age of 3.4 to 3.5 billion years, are between the municipalities Brumado municipality and Vitória da Conquista municipality. In the geological scale, the soil is from the Paleoproterozoic Age or the Lower Proterozoic Age, equivalent to 1.6 and 2.5 Gigaannum . It was at this age that the oldest rocks and the richest soils in any and every type of ore were formed. This explains why Das Éguas Saw

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