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24-613: The 350 IAP (350th Interceptor Aviation Regiment) began in 1984 with a number of Tupolev Tu-128 (Fiddler) aircraft. Bratsk was responsible for air defense of most of the Siberian interior region and depended on the long-range capability of the Tu-128 to cover this vast territory. By the 1990s, the unit had been upgraded with MiG-31 jets. The 350 IAP was disbanded in 2002; following this, a small search and rescue detachment of three An-26 (Curl) transports and three Mi-8 (Hip) helicopters under

48-677: A ton typically refers to a short ton of 2,000 lb (907.2 kg) and to a lesser extent to a long ton of 2,240 lb (1,016 kg), with the term tonne rarely used in speech or writing. Both terms are acceptable in Canadian English . Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in general use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages (cf. Old English and Old Frisian tunne , Old High German and Medieval Latin tunna , German and French tonne ) to designate

72-519: A large cask, or tun . A full tun, standing about a metre high, could easily weigh a tonne. See also the common German word de:Mülltonne (literal translation: garbage drum ). The spelling tonne pre-dates the introduction of the SI in 1960; it has been used with this meaning in France since 1842, when there were no metric prefixes for multiples of 10 and above, and is now used as the standard spelling for

96-630: A staging base for cargo flights to Kamchatka . The airport is operated by AeroBratsk , its major civilian tenant. The airport consistently serves more than 100,000 passengers each year. It is the second largest airport in the Irkutsk region. This Russian military article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an airport in Russia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tupolev Tu-128 The Tupolev Tu-28 ( NATO reporting name Fiddler )

120-572: Is a long-range interceptor aircraft introduced by the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The official designation was Tu-128 , but this designation was less commonly used in the West. It was the largest and heaviest fighter ever in service. In the 1950s, the Soviet Union sought means to defend against nuclear-armed American bombers possibly penetrating its borders (especially its long and vulnerable northern border). Contemporary interceptors, such as

144-481: Is a unit of mass equal to 1,000  kilograms . It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI . It is also referred to as a metric ton in the United States to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton ( United States customary units ) and the long ton ( British imperial units ). It is equivalent to approximately 2,204.6 pounds , 1.102 short tons, and 0.984 long tons. The official SI unit

168-445: Is an established spelling alternative to metric ton . In the United States and United Kingdom, tonne is usually pronounced the same as ton ( / t ʌ n / ), but the final "e" can also be pronounced, i.e. " tunnie " ( / ˈ t ʌ n i / ). In Australia, the common and recommended pronunciation is / t ɒ n / . In the United States, metric ton is the name for this unit used and recommended by NIST; an unqualified mention of

192-438: Is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelled either as ton or tonne with the relevant prefix attached. A metric ton unit (mtu) can mean 10 kg (22 lb) within metal trading, particularly within the United States. It traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% (i.e. 10 kg) of metal. The following excerpt from a mining geology textbook describes its usage in

216-424: Is significant, and use of other letter combinations can lead to ambiguity. For example, T, MT, mT, are the SI symbols for the tesla , megatesla, and millitesla, respectively, while Mt and mt are SI-compatible symbols for the megatonne (one teragram) and millitonne (one kilogram). If describing TNT equivalent units of energy, one megatonne of TNT is equivalent to approximately 4.184 petajoules . In English, tonne

240-400: Is the joule . One tonne of TNT is approximately equivalent to 4.2 gigajoules. In the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy : the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil , approximately 42 GJ. There are several slightly different definitions. This is ten times as much as a tonne of TNT because atmospheric oxygen is used. Like

264-509: Is the megagram ( Mg ), a less common way to express the same amount. The BIPM symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit in 1879. Its use is also official for the metric ton in the United States, having been adopted by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period . Use of lower case

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288-481: Is the mass of one cubic metre of pure water at 4 °C (39 °F). As a non-SI unit, the use of SI metric prefixes with the tonne does not fall within the SI standard. For multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more usually used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events in equivalent mass of TNT , often loosely as approximate figures. When used in this context, there

312-466: Is used as a proxy for energy, usually of explosions (TNT is a common high explosive ). Prefixes are used: kiloton(ne), megaton(ne), gigaton(ne), especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield , based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of about 4.2  MJ / kg (or one thermochemical calorie per milligram ). Hence, 1 t TNT = approx. 4.2  GJ , 1 kt TNT = approx. 4.2  TJ , 1 Mt TNT = approx. 4.2  PJ . The SI unit of energy

336-602: The Yakovlev Yak-28P , were able to cover a radius of just a few hundred kilometers flying from northern Soviet bases like Talagi and Savatiya ; the newly developed surface-to-air missiles had even shorter range. Considering both, the sheer numbers required to defend a 5,000 km air front were economically impossible to maintain. This left the Soviet Union able to provide a modern air defense only for selected valuable areas. The PVO decided to cover

360-596: The belly carried testing instruments, mistook it for a large ventral radar for a mixed interceptor/ AWACS role. The production version lacked the bulge and had a large nose radome housing a radar, known as RP-S Smerch , having a detection range of about 50 km (31 mi ) and a lock-on range of about 40 km (25 mi). Armament of the Tu-128 was four Bisnovat R-4 air-to-air missiles (known as K-80 during development; NATO reporting name AA-5 'Ash'). Usually two of them were R-4Rs with semi-active radar homing and two were R-4T infrared-homing missiles, with

384-423: The command of the 32 OSAP (32nd Otdel’nyy smeshannaya avia polk, or “Independent Composite Aviation Regiment”) based at Yekaterinburg. This detachment had previously been known as 11 APSO. Most of the military barrack blocks and ancillary buildings have now been demolished, although the large hangar dating back to the 1980s is still standing. Currently, Bratsk Airport continues to serve a vital civil aviation role as

408-405: The entire territory, but with a looser defence. In 1955 it placed a requirement for a large area-defense interceptor, that would achieve it with sparse airbases. The PVO requirement called for a supersonic aircraft with enormous fuel tanks for both a good patrol time and long range, a capable radar , and the most powerful air-to-air missiles possible. The first attempt, although unsuccessful,

432-501: The former on the outer pylons and the latter on the inner underwing pylons. There was no internal weapons bay. Production of the Tu-128 ended in 1970 with a total of 198 aircraft having been built. Development of various projects designated Tu-28A , Tu-28-80 , Tu-28-100 , Tu-138 , and Tu-148 were proposed by the Tupolev Design Bureau but all were abandoned. The Tu-128's only publicly reported combat operation

456-522: The metric mass measurement in most English -speaking countries. In the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau , but these terms are now obsolete. The British imperial and United States customary units are comparable to the tonne and the spelling of ton in English is the same, though they differ in mass. One tonne is equivalent to: A tonne

480-482: The particular case of tungsten: Tungsten concentrates are usually traded in metric tonne units (originally designating one tonne of ore containing 1% of WO 3 , today used to measure WO 3 quantities in 10 kg units. One metric tonne unit (mtu) of tungsten (VI) contains 7.93 kilograms of tungsten. In the case of uranium , MTU is sometimes used in the sense of metric ton of uranium (1,000 kg [2,200 lb]). The tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT)

504-453: Was changed in 1963 to Tu-128 , identical to the designation used by the OKB . The Tu-128 had a broad, low/mid-mounted swept wing carrying the main landing gear in wing-mounted pods, and slab tailplanes . Two Lyulka AL-7 F-2 turbojet engines were mounted in the fuselage. The two-man crew of pilot and navigator were seated in tandem. The Tu-128, with its maximum weight of 43 tonnes ,

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528-523: Was the Lavochkin La-250 , a 30-tonne interceptor prototype which was the last of the Lavochkin design bureau's aircraft. Iosif Nezval of Tupolev Design Bureau led development of the new interceptor aircraft. The work began in 1958, based on an existing single prototype of the unsuccessful Tu-98 supersonic bomber. The military designation of the interceptor was at first Tu-28 , but it

552-616: Was the destruction of NATO reconnaissance balloons . The aircraft remained in service until 1990. Through the 1980s, units armed with the Tu-128 converted to the Mikoyan MiG-31 , which features more advanced sensors and weapons. Data from Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft General characteristics Performance Armament Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Tonne The tonne ( / t ʌ n / or / t ɒ n / ; symbol:  t )

576-460: Was the heaviest fighter to enter service. A pure interceptor with high wing loading , unsophisticated but reliable avionics , and poor visibility, it was not an agile aircraft and was intended only to engage NATO bombers like the B-52 , not dogfight smaller aircraft. The interceptor made its initial public appearance in the 1961 Tushino air parade . Western experts, unaware that the bulge on

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