96-478: The " Brazilian National Anthem " ( Hino Nacional Brasileiro ) was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva in 1831 and had been given at least two sets of unofficial lyrics before a 1922 decree by president Epitácio Pessoa gave the anthem its definitive, official lyrics, by Joaquim Osório Duque-Estrada , after several changes were made to his proposal, written in 1909. The lyrics have been described as Parnassian in style and Romantic in content. The melody of
192-515: A French prince, Gaston, Count of Eu , in an arranged marriage and they had three sons. During her father's absences abroad, Isabel acted as regent. In her third and final regency, she actively promoted and ultimately signed a law, named Lei Áurea or the Golden Law, emancipating all slaves in Brazil . Even though the action was broadly popular, there was strong opposition to her succession to
288-517: A certain shrewdness, but she was very accepting of existence as it was and certainly not given to pondering the justification of existence for the established order." All this meant that Isabel would not attempt "a position in life autonomous of her father", even less rival him. That happened because the Princess Imperial was "at an essential disadvantage with her father. She had a strong personality but she could not turn it to account. As
384-414: A child she did not share Pedro II's seriousness, his single mindedness, or his interest in the larger world. The coming of adolescence did not improve matters." In fact, she lacked introspection and had a "tendency to take a cheerful view of life". Also, Isabel "did not naturally possess much patience or notable powers of endurance. She moved from one interest to another as each in turn caught her fancy. She
480-542: A child, and even Pedro II, who gave lessons in Latin , geometry , and astronomy. The education provided to Isabel was lacking, however. All she assimilated were abstract ideas which did not teach her "how to integrate" them "with practical application". Her tutors and parents did not prepare her to rule Brazil, nor to understand its political and social issues. A way of preparing her for a role as future Empress "would have been to give her from an early age personal experience of
576-453: A final agreement to the marriage. Isabel and Leopoldina were not informed until Gaston and August were mid-Atlantic. Arriving in early September, Gaston described the princesses as "ugly", but thought Isabel less so than her sister. For her part, Isabel in her own words "began to feel a great and tender love" for Gaston. Gaston and Isabel, and August and Leopoldina, were engaged on 18 September. On 15 October, Gaston and Isabel were married at
672-409: A happy and healthy upbringing. She and her sister "grew up in a stable, secure environment dramatically different from the one her father and aunts had known, and light years away from the childhood chaos of Pedro I." The early death of both of his sons had an enormous impact on Pedro II. Aside from his personal grief, the loss of his sons affected his future conduct as monarch and would determine
768-429: A home life that was secure, safe and predictable." Isabel and her sister "loved their gentle mother and worshipped their demanding but emotionally distant father." From both parents, Isabel inherited a lack of racism. Pedro II surrounded himself with men "regardless of their race." Historian James McMurtry Longo said that as "her father's student, daughter, and heir Princess Isabel followed his example. Race never played
864-673: A própria morte! Ó Pátria amada, Idolatrada, Salve! Salve! Brasil, um sonho intenso, um raio vívido De amor e de esperança à terra desce, Se em teu formoso céu, risonho e límpido, A imagem do Cruzeiro resplandece. Gigante pela própria natureza, És belo, és forte, impávido colosso, E o teu futuro espelha essa grandeza. Refrão: Terra adorada, Entre outras mil, És tu, Brasil, Ó Pátria amada! Dos filhos deste solo és mãe gentil, Pátria amada, Brasil! II Deitado eternamente em berço esplêndido, Ao som do mar e à luz do céu profundo, Fulguras, ó Brasil, florão da América, Iluminado ao sol do Novo Mundo! Do que
960-2021: A própria morte. Refrão 1 [ow.ˈvi.ɾɐ̃w̃ du‿i.pi.ˈɾɐ̃.ɡɐ‿az ˈmaʁ.ʒẽj̃s ˈpla.si.dɐs] [d͡ʒi‿ũ ˈpo.vu‿e.ˈɾɔj.ku‿u ˈbɾa.du ʁe.tũ.ˈbɐ̃.t͡ʃi |] [i‿u sɔw da li.beʁ.ˈda.d͡ʒi‿ẽj̃ ˈʁaj.us ˈfuw.ʒi.dus] [bɾi.ˈʎo(w) nu sɛw da ˈpa.tɾjɐ ˈne.si‿ĩs.ˈtɐ̃.t͡ʃi ǁ] [si‿u pe.ˈɲoʁ ˈdɛ.sɐ‿i.ɡwaw.ˈda.d͡ʒi] [kõ.se.ˈɡĩ.mus kõ.kis.ˈta(ʁ) kõ ˈbɾa.su ˈfɔʁ.t͡ʃi |] [ẽj̃ tew ˈsej.u | ɔ li.beʁ.ˈda.d͡ʒi |] [de.za.ˈfi.‿u ˈnɔ.su ˈpej.tu‿a ˈpɾɔ.pɾja ˈmɔʁ.t͡ʃi ǁ] [ɔ ˈpa.tɾjɐ‿a.ˈma.dɐ |] [i.do.lɐ.ˈtɾa.dɐ |] [ˈsaw.vi ˈsaw.vi ǁ] [bɾa.ˈziw ũ ˈso.ɲu‿ĩ.ˈtẽ.su‿ũ ˈʁaj.u ˈvi.vi.du] [d͡ʒi‿a.ˈmoɾ i d͡ʒi‿es.pe.ˈɾɐ̃.sɐ‿a ˈtɛ.ʁɐ ˈdɛ.si] [si‿ẽj̃ tew foʁ.ˈmo.zu sɛw ʁi.ˈzõ.j̃u‿i ˈlĩ.pi.du] [a‿i.ˈma.ʒẽj̃ du kɾu.ˈze(j).ɾu ʁes.plɐ̃.ˈdɛ.si ǁ] [ʒi.ˈɡɐ̃.t͡ʃi ˈpe.lɐ ˈpɾɔ.pɾja na.tu.ˈɾe.zɐ |] [ɛ(j)z ˈbe.lu‿ɛ(j)z ˈfɔʁ.t͡ʃi‿ĩ.ˈpa.vi.du ko.ˈlo.su |] [i‿u tew fu.ˈtu.ɾu‿is.ˈpe.ʎɐ‿ɛ.sɐ ɡɾɐ̃.ˈde.zɐ ǁ] [ɾefɾɐ̃w̃:] [ˈtɛ.ʁɐ‿a.do.ˈɾa.dɐ |] [ˈẽ.tɾi‿o(w).tɾɐz ˈmiw |] [ɛ(j)s tu bɾa.ˈziw ǁ] [ɔ ˈpa.tɾjɐ‿a.ˈma.dɐ ǁ] [dus ˈfi.ʎuz ˈdes.t͡ʃi ˈsɔ.lu‿ɛ(j)z mɐ̃j̃ ʒẽ.ˈt͡ʃiw |] [ˈpa.tɾjɐ‿a.ˈma.dɐ bɾa.ˈziw ǁ] 2 [dej.ˈta.du‿e.tɛʁ.na.ˈmẽ.t͡ʃi‿ẽj̃ ˈbeʁ.su‿is.ˈplẽ.d͡ʒi.du] [aw sõ du maɾ i‿a lu(j)z du sɛw pɾo.ˈfũ.du |] [fuw.ˈgu.ɾɐz | ɔ bɾa.ˈziw | flo.ˈɾɐ̃w̃ da‿a.ˈmɛ.ɾi.kɐ |] [i.lu.mi.ˈna.dʊ‿aw sɔw du ˈno.vu ˈmũ.du ǁ] [du ki‿a ˈtɛ.ʁɐ majz ɡa.ˈʁi.dɐ] [tewz ʁi.ˈzõ.j̃uz ˈlĩ.dus ˈkɐ̃.pus tẽj̃ majs ˈflo.ɾis ǁ] [ˈnɔ.suz ˈbɔs.kis tẽj̃ majz ˈvi.dɐ |] [ˈnɔ.sɐ ˈvi.dɐ no tew ˈsej.u majz a.ˈmo.ɾis ǁ] [ɔ ˈpa.tɾjɐ‿a.ˈma.dɐ |] [i.do.lɐ.ˈtɾa.dɐ |] [ˈsaw.vi ˈsaw.vi ǁ] [bɾa.ˈziw | d͡ʒi‿a.ˈmoɾ e.ˈtɛɾ.nu ˈse.ʒɐ ˈsĩ.bo.lu] [u ˈla.ba.ɾu ki‿os.ˈtẽ.tɐz is.tɾe.ˈla.du |] [i ˈd͡ʒi.ɡɐ‿u ˈveʁ.d͡ʒi ˈlo(w).ɾu ˈdɛ.sɐ ˈflɐ̃.mu.lɐ] [pa(j)z nu fu.ˈtu.ɾu‿i ˈɡlɔ.ɾjɐ no pa.ˈsa.du ǁ] [ma(j)s si‿eʁ.ɡez da ʒus.ˈt͡ʃi.sɐ‿a ˈkla.vɐ ˈfɔʁ.t͡ʃi |] [ve.ˈɾas ki‿ũ ˈfi.ʎu tew nɐ̃w̃ ˈfɔ.ʒi‿a ˈlu.tɐ |] [nẽj̃ ˈtẽj̃.mi kẽj̃ t͡ʃi‿a.ˈdo.ɾɐ‿a ˈpɾɔ.pɾja ˈmɔʁ.t͡ʃi ǁ] [ʁefɾɐ̃w̃:] I The placid shores of
1056-584: A role in her social life, political relationships, alliances or disagreements." And concludes: "It may have been the most important lesson learned from him." The Imperial family lived in São Cristóvão palace but during the summer (from December to April) went to Pedro II's palace in Petrópolis (nowadays the Imperial Museum of Brazil ). Isabel lived an almost completely secluded life from
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#17327758913461152-446: A single issue: the immediate abolition of slavery". It is for this achievement that she is remembered. As explained by Barman, paradoxically this "principal exercise of power by which posterity alone remembers her ... contributed to her exclusion from public life". Isabel herself wrote, on the day after the republican coup d'état that deposed her father, "If abolition is the cause for this, I don't regret it; I consider it worth losing
1248-522: A strict father who demanded obedience", but who, at the same time, was very kind and concerned with his children. However, Pedro II "found difficult if not impossible" to grant intimacy to not only Isabel, but "to any member of his family." During her upbringing Isabel "absorbed from her instructors conformity to traditional gender roles. She accepted women as dependent and obedient, and indeed her mother's and her governess's behavior did not justify anything else." She "did not lack powers of observation and
1344-497: A symbol. And may the laurel-green of this pennon say: "Peace in the future and glory in the past." But if thou raisest the strong cudgel of justice, thou shalt see that a son of thine fleeth not from battle, nor do those who love thee fear death itself. Chorus (*) The passages in quotation marks were extracted from Gonçalves Dias ' poem " Canção do exílio ". Francisco Manuel da Silva Francisco Manuel da Silva (21 February 1795 – 18 December 1865)
1440-469: A terra, mais garrida, Teus risonhos, lindos campos têm mais flores; "Nossos bosques têm mais vida", "Nossa vida" no teu seio "mais amores." (*) Ó Pátria amada, Idolatrada, Salve! Salve! Brasil, de amor eterno seja símbolo O lábaro que ostentas estrelado, E diga o verde-louro dessa flâmula – "Paz no futuro e glória no passado." Mas, se ergues da justiça a clava forte, Verás que um filho teu não foge à luta, Nem teme, quem te adora,
1536-465: A version where the first and last sections of the first verse are used, followed by the chorus and the ending. Otherwise an official rendition of the anthem consists of the introductory section, the first verse, chorus, and ending. The second stanza is usually omitted from most official occasions. In the lyrics, the opening line's mention of the Ipiranga river refers to the stream near (and now part of)
1632-570: A visit to Europe in 1873 she consulted a specialist doctor, and visited the shrine at Lourdes . By December 1873, she was pregnant. Despite Isabel's pleas to remain in Europe until after the birth, the Emperor insisted she returned to Brazil so that the child, who might inherit the throne, would not be born abroad. They arrived at Rio in June 1874. After a labor of 50 hours in late July, the baby died in
1728-459: A week." She might have been officially heiress to the throne, "but by his treatment of her Pedro II deprived the honor of any meaning." Pedro II's behavior as a father was completely different as an emperor. A "man remarkable for his self-control, was at his most affectionate and most outgoing with children, above all his daughters." His daughters, "whom I love deeply", as Pedro II wrote in his diary in 1861, "both loved and admired him." He "was
1824-472: Is called Escola de Música da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro University Music School). He was taught by José Maurício Nunes Garcia and, most probably, by Sigismund Neukomm . He was directly responsible for Capela Imperial 's reinstatement and being turned to its old beauty. He left a handful of works, spread around Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo archives, covering gospel music , modinhas and lundus . He composed
1920-465: Is sung in Brazil's official national language, the Portuguese language. The song consists of two consecutive stanzas . The adoption in 1922 of lyrics containing two stanzas thus created the present situation of the music of the anthem being played twice so as to allow for the singing of both stanzas. Brazilian law stipulates that the music needs to be played only once in instrumental renditions of
2016-710: The Brazilian National Anthem , first as a patriotic march, since emperor Pedro I's abdication , later being officialized as anthem by the Brazilian Republic Revolution (1889). He also composed one opera, O prestigio da lei . Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Dona Isabel (29 July 1846 – 14 November 1921), nicknamed " the Redemptress ", was the Princess Imperial ( heiress presumptive to
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#17327758913462112-767: The Imperial Chapel in Rio by the archbishop of Bahia. Although Gaston encouraged his wife to read broadly, and the Emperor took her on tours of government offices, her outlook remained one of narrow domesticity. She led a life typical of aristocratic women of her generation. For the first six months of 1865, she and her husband toured Europe. As Brazil had broken off diplomatic relations with Britain, and her French relations had been deposed in France, they travelled as private citizens and met Queen Victoria as relatives not as official state guests. On their return to Brazil, Gaston
2208-527: The Ipiranga heard, the resounding shout of a heroic people. And the sun of Liberty in shining beams, shone in the homeland's sky at that instant. If the pledge of this equality we managed to conquer with strong arm, in thy bosom, O Freedom, our chest defieth death itself! O beloved, idolized homeland, Hail, hail! Brazil, an intense dream, a vivid ray of love and hope to earth descendeth. If in thy beautiful, smiling and limpid sky,
2304-538: The Prince of Joinville , was considered. His mother was Isabel's aunt Princess Francisca of Brazil . Pierre, however, was not interested and declined. Instead, Joinville suggested his nephews, Gaston, Count of Eu, and Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as suitable choices for the imperial princesses. The two young men travelled to Brazil in August 1864 so that the prospective brides and grooms could meet before
2400-546: The château d'Eu in Normandy, the former home of King Louis Philippe I , and the couple furnished it with items received from Brazil in the early 1890s. By 1908, Isabel's eldest son Pedro wanted to marry an Austro-Hungarian aristocrat Countess Elisabeth Dobrženský of Dobrženitz , but Gaston and Isabel withheld consent because Elisabeth was not a princess. Their consent was only forthcoming when their second son, Luiz, who had travelled to Brazil but had been forbidden to land by
2496-709: The Beau Séjour. Gaston's father provided them with a monthly allowance. By September, they had taken a villa near Versailles and their sons were enrolled in Parisian schools. Isabel's father died in December 1891, and his property in Brazil was sold with much of the proceeds used to pay off his debts in Europe. Isabel and Gaston purchased a villa in Boulogne-sur-Seine , where they lived an essentially quiet life. Attempts by Brazilian monarchists to restore
2592-695: The Brazilian Emperor was present. During the Empire of Brazil era, the U.S. composer and pianist Louis Moreau Gottschalk , then residing in Rio de Janeiro, composed two nationalistic works of classical music based on the Brazilian National Anthem that achieved great popularity at the time: the Brazilian Solemn March ("Marcha Solene Brasileira", in the modern Portuguese spelling or "Marcha Solemne Brazileira", in
2688-581: The Brazilian National Anthem were proclaimed by decree of president Epitácio Pessoa (Decree No. 15,761 of 1922), issued on 6 September 1922, at the height of the celebrations of the Independence Centennial . This presidential decree was issued in accordance with authorization contained in a legislative decree adopted by the National Congress of Brazil on 21 August 1922. Furthermore, as allowed by said legislative decree, and before
2784-676: The Brazilian national anthem was composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva, and was presented to the public for the first time in April 1831. On 7 April 1831, the first Brazilian Emperor, Pedro I , abdicated the Crown and days later left for Europe, leaving behind the then-five-year-old Emperor Pedro II . From the Brazilian proclamation of independence in 1822 until the 1831 abdication, an anthem that had been composed by Pedro I himself, celebrating
2880-484: The Emperor and Empress embarked on their own tour of Europe. Isabel was appointed regent with full powers to govern Brazil in the Emperor's absence, though prime minister José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco , and Gaston were expected to hold the reins of power in reality. Following the abolition of slavery in the United States, Pedro II was committed to a gradual program of liberation. On 27 September 1871, with
2976-678: The Emperor still abroad, Isabel signed a new anti-slavery act, passed by the Chamber of Deputies . The Law of Free Birth , as it was called, freed all children born of slaves after that date. On Pedro II's return to Brazil in March 1872, Isabel was once again excluded from government, and resumed private life. Throughout the first years of her marriage, Isabel was eager to have children, but her first pregnancy ended in miscarriage in October 1872. Worried about her apparent inability to conceive, during
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3072-460: The Portuguese. The music, however, continued enjoying sustained popularity and by 1837 it was played, without lyrics, in all public ceremonies. Although no statute was passed during the imperial period to declare Francisco Manuel da Silva's musical composition as the national anthem, no formal enactment was considered necessary for the adoption of a national anthem. A national anthem was seen as resulting from praxis or tradition. Thus, by 1837, when it
3168-778: The President of the Republic issued his decree proclaiming the official adoption of Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada's lyrics as the official lyrics of the National anthem, the Federal Government finalized the purchase of the lyrics written by Duque Estrada, signing with the composer the contract that transferred all the rights of authorship over the said lyrics to the Federal Union, and paying the agreed price of Rs5:000$ (five contos of réis ). On 7 September 1922, on
3264-520: The Rio Police's mishandling of a pro-abolition demonstration in early 1888, Isabel acted and appointed Conservative João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira in Cotegipe's place. Oliveira's government supported unconditional abolition and swiftly introduced legislation. On 13 May 1888, Isabel signed the Golden Law ( A Lei Áurea ), as it was known, which enabled the complete cessation of slavery. Isabel
3360-551: The Russian National Anthem . The Grand Triumphal Fantasy , long forgotten, resurfaced in popularity in 1985, at the dawn of Brazil's New Republic , during the country's re-democratization process after the military dictatorship that ruled the country from 1964 to 1985, when it was played to accompany the funeral cortège of president-elect Tancredo Neves . After the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 ,
3456-403: The age of 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 , propelled Isabel to the position of Pedro II's heir presumptive . She briefly lost the position with the birth of Prince Imperial Pedro. After his death in 1850, Isabel became the definitive heiress as Princess Imperial, the title given to the first in the line of succession. Isabel's early years were a time of peace and prosperity in Brazil. Her parents provided
3552-452: The anthem should be played with no lyrics. Emperor Pedro II directed that Francisco Manuel da Silva's composition, as the national anthem of the Empire of Brazil , should be played, without lyrics, on all occasions when the monarch presented himself in public, and in solemnities of military or civilian nature; the composition was also played abroad in diplomatic events relating to Brazil or when
3648-443: The anthem without vocal accompaniment (thus, in instrumental renditions without vocal accompaniment, the playing of the music twice is optional), but both stanzas must be sung in vocal performances. Certain renditions of the anthem exist for sporting events which vary in length and composition. For example, FIFA matches only have the first three paragraphs of the first stanza followed by the ending instrumental. The Olympic Games uses
3744-471: The armistice. Isabel wrote to Gaston that she "went out of [her] mind" with grief "but the Good Lord restored it." Just three months later, Luiz died after a long illness. Isabel's own health was deteriorating, and by 1921 she was barely able to walk. She was too ill to travel to Brazil when the republican government lifted the family's banishment in 1920. Gaston and Pedro revisited Brazil in early 1921, for
3840-563: The authorities, married Princess Maria di Grazia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and Pedro renounced his claim to the Brazilian throne in favor of his brother. Luiz and his youngest brother Antônio both served in the British army during World War I (as members of the French royal family they were forbidden to serve in the French military). Luiz was invalided from active service in 1915, and Antônio died from wounds sustained in an air crash shortly after
3936-498: The birth, to the dismay of local physicians whose pride was wounded by Isabel's use of foreign practitioners. After a labor of 13 hours, a boy, baptized Pedro de Alcântara after his grandfather, was delivered with the aid of forceps. Possibly as the result of the difficult delivery, Pedro was born with a disabled left arm. The Emperor embarked on a major tour of North America, Europe and the Middle East in March 1876, and Isabel
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4032-436: The city of São Paulo where Prince Dom Pedro, the future Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil, declared Brazilian independence from Portugal. I Ouviram do Ipiranga as margens plácidas De um povo heroico o brado retumbante, E o sol da liberdade, em raios fúlgidos, Brilhou no céu da pátria nesse instante. Se o penhor dessa igualdade Conseguimos conquistar com braço forte, Em teu seio, ó liberdade, Desafia o nosso peito
4128-495: The country that I have loved and love so much, and to the happiness of which I have striven to contribute and for which I will continue to hold the most ardent hopes. The imperial family arrived at Lisbon on 7 December 1889. Three weeks later, Isabel's mother died at Porto , while Isabel and her family were in southern Spain. Back in Portugal, Isabel fainted at her mother's lying in state . Further bad news came from Brazil, as
4224-473: The country's affairs" to any minister or Isabel. Isabel retired to her estate at Petrópolis where she gave birth to a second son, Luiz, in late January 1878. Three months later, Gaston, Isabel and their two sons left Brazil for an extended stay in Europe, where Pedro was to receive medical treatment for his arm. Throughout their stay of three and a half years, Isabel avoided politics and showed no interest in current affairs. Pedro's treatment proved futile, and
4320-510: The country's independence (and that now continues to be an official patriotic song, the Independence Anthem ), was used as the national anthem. In the immediate aftermath of the abdication of Pedro I, the anthem composed by him fell in popularity. Francisco Manuel da Silva then seized this opportunity to present his composition, and the anthem written by him was played in public for the first time on 13 April 1831. On that same day,
4416-624: The country, along with the Flag , the Coat of Arms and the National Seal . The legal norms currently in force concerning the national anthem are contained in a statute passed in 1971 (Law No. 5,700 of 1 September 1971), regulating the national symbols. This law regulates in great detail the form of the national anthem and how and when it is to be played. The music of the national anthem was originally intended to be played by symphonic orchestras; for
4512-523: The couple made plans to return after the birth (with the assistance of forceps) of their final child and third son, Antônio, in August 1881. Isabel and her family returned to Brazil in December 1881. From November 1884 to March 1885, Isabel toured southern Brazil with her husband, and in January 1887, they left Brazil for a six-month visit to Europe. Their trip was cut short, however, as Pedro II fell ill in March, and they returned in early June. The Emperor
4608-561: The crown were unsuccessful, and Isabel lent them only half-hearted support. She thought military action unwise and unwelcome, and correctly assumed that it was unlikely to succeed. Gaston's father died in 1896, and Gaston's inheritance gave him and Isabel financial security. Their three sons enrolled at a military school in Vienna, and Isabel continued her charitable work associated with the Catholic Church. In 1905, Gaston purchased
4704-403: The end of slavery. They had lost the support of slave-owning plantation owners, who held great political, economic and social power. Isabel was uninterested in politics and did not cultivate politicians or public support. Her religious zeal was distrusted, and it was widely assumed that if she became Empress Gaston would hold power, but Gaston was isolated because of his increasing deafness, and
4800-545: The exact day of the Independence Centennial, radio broadcasts began in Brazil, and the first broadcast was the performance of the National Anthem with the new lyrics, followed by the speech by president Epitácio Pessoa, the first radio address by a Brazilian president. The national anthem is considered by the current Constitution of Brazil, adopted in 1988, to be one of the four national symbols of
4896-493: The fate of the Empire. In the Emperor's eyes, the deaths of his children seemed to portend an eventual end of the Imperial system. The future of the monarchy as an institution no longer concerned him, as he increasingly saw his position as being nothing more than that of Head of State for his lifetime. The Emperor's words revealed his inner conviction. After learning of the death of his son Pedro in 1850, he wrote: "This has been
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#17327758913464992-413: The female gender. "Pedro II believed, as did most men of his day", says Barman, "that a single woman could not manage life's problem on her own, even if she possessed the powers and authority of an empress." Isabel began her education on 1 May 1854, when she was taught how to read and write by a male instructor, who was openly republican. As the Portuguese (and later Brazilian) court tradition demanded,
5088-590: The heir of the throne was supposed to have an aio (supervisor, tutor or governess ) in charge of his education once he achieved the age of seven. After a long search, Pedro II chose the Brazilian-born Luísa Margarida Portugal de Barros , the Countess of Barral, daughter of a Brazilian noble and wife of a French noble. Barral assumed her position on 9 September 1856, when Isabel was ten years old. The 40-year-old Countess
5184-470: The hymn was written in early 1823 and others consider the evidence of composition dating back to 1822 or 1823 unreliable, and hold that the Anthem presented on 13 April 1831 was written in 1831, and not before. In any event, the Anthem remained in obscurity until it was played in public on 13 April 1831. In style, the music resembles early Romantic Italian music such as that of Gioachino Rossini . Initially,
5280-411: The image of the [Southern] Cross blazeth. Giant by thine own nature, Thou art beautiful, strong, a fearless colossus, And thy future mirrors that greatness Chorus: Adored land Amongst a thousand others art thou, Brazil, O beloved homeland Of the sons of this ground Thou art kind mother Beloved homeland, Brazil! II Eternally lying on a splendid cradle, to the sound of
5376-466: The members of her family, and Isabel and Cristina honored Isabel's maternal grandmother and mother, respectively. She was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza through her father, and from birth was referred to using the honorific Dona (English: Dame or Lady ). She was the granddaughter of Brazil's Emperor Pedro I (who also briefly reigned as Portugal's King Pedro IV), and
5472-442: The middle of 1877, during a serious drought in northeastern Brazil that threatened public order, Isabel largely remained at home resting because she was again going through a difficult pregnancy. On Pedro II's return to Brazil in late September 1877, he avoided speaking to Isabel, and distanced himself from the government's actions during the regency by declaring that throughout his entire journey he had not sent "a single telegram on
5568-416: The most fatal blow that I could receive, and certainly I would not have survived were it not that I still have a wife and two children whom I must educate so that they can assure the happiness of the country in which they were born." Seven years later, in 1857, when it was more than clear that no more children would be born, the Emperor wrote: "As to their education, I will only say that the character of both
5664-467: The music composed by Francisco Manuel da Silva was given lyrics by Appeals Judge Ovídio Saraiva de Carvalho e Silva not as a national anthem, but as a hymn commemorating the abdication of Pedro I and the accession of Pedro II to the Throne. It was known during this early period as "April 7 Hymn". The lyrics by Ovídio Saraiva soon fell out of use, given that they were considered poor, and even offensive towards
5760-489: The national anthem was made official in 1971, other vocal arrangements (as well as other instrumental arrangements departing from the one recognized in law) are unofficial. Because of that, for the remainder of the Military Dictatorship era (that lasted until 1985), the playing of the anthem with any artistic arrangement that departed from the official orchestration and vocal adaptation was prohibited, and there
5856-528: The new Federal Republic , the National Anthem continued without official lyrics, but several lyrics were proposed, and some were even adopted by different states of Brazil. The lack of uniform, official lyrics would only be terminated in 1922, during the celebrations of the first centennial of the Proclamation of Independence, when an adapted version of Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada's lyrics, first proposed in 1909, were deemed official. The official lyrics of
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#17327758913465952-492: The new government abolished the imperial family's allowances, their only substantial source of income, and declared the family banished. On the back of a large loan from a Portuguese businessman, the imperial family moved into the Hotel Beau Séjour at Cannes . In early 1890, Isabel and Gaston moved into a private villa, which was far cheaper than the hotel, but their father refused to accompany them and remained at
6048-500: The new republican rulers held a contest in order to choose a new anthem; the contest was won by Leopoldo Miguez , with lyrics by Medeiros e Albuquerque . After protests against the adoption of the proposed new anthem, however, the head of the Provisional Government, Deodoro da Fonseca , formalized Francisco Manuel da Silva's composition as the national anthem, while the composition by Miguez and Medeiros e Albuquerque
6144-489: The niece of Queen Maria II of Portugal (wife of Ferdinand II). Through her mother, she was a granddaughter of Francis I and niece to Ferdinand II , both kings of the Two Sicilies in turn. At the time of her birth, she had an elder brother named Afonso who was heir apparent to the Brazilian throne. Two other siblings followed: Leopoldina in 1847 and Pedro in 1848. Afonso's death in 1847, at
6240-603: The original spelling in force at the time of composition) and the Great Triumphal Fantasy on the Brazilian National Anthem ("Grande Fantasia Triunfal sobre o Hino Nacional Brasileiro"). The former was dedicated to Emperor Pedro II, and the latter was dedicated to his heiress presumptive, the Princess Imperial Isabel . Those works are in the vein of similar compositions written at the time in other nations, such as Charles Gounod 's Fantasy on
6336-691: The outside world, far away from the eyes of the Brazilians. She and her sisters had a few friends. Three of them would remain lifelong friends of Isabel: Maria Ribeiro de Avelar (whose mother was a childhood friend of Pedro II's sisters), Maria Amanda de Paranaguá (daughter of João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, the 2nd Marquis of Paranaguá, a member of the Liberal Party and later Prime Minister) and Adelaide Taunay (daughter of Pedro II's former teacher Félix Émile Taunay and sister of Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay ). The sole male child who
6432-500: The playing of the anthem by bands, the march composed by Antão Fernandes is included in the instrumentation. This adaptation, long in use, was made official by the 1971 statute regulating national symbols. This same statute also confirmed as official the traditional vocal adaptation of the lyrics of the national anthem, in F major, composed by Alberto Nepomuceno . Due to the fact that the traditional vocal adaptation composed by Alberto Nepomuceno for Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada's lyrics of
6528-405: The political realities and climate. To historian Roderick J. Barman, the Emperor "could not conceive of women, his daughters included, playing any part in governance. [...] In consequence, although he valued D. Isabel as his daughter, he simply could not accept or perceive her in cold reality as his successor or regard her as a viable ruler." The main reason for this behavior was his attitude toward
6624-455: The princesses ought to be shaped as suits Ladies who, it may be, will have to direct the constitutional government of an Empire such as Brazil". Although the Emperor still had a legal successor in his beloved daughter Isabel, the male-dominated society of the time left him little hope that a woman could rule Brazil. He was fond and respectful of the women in his life, but he did not consider it feasible that Isabel could survive as monarch, given
6720-576: The reburial of Isabel's parents in Petrópolis Cathedral. Isabel died before the end of the year, and was buried in her husband's family tomb at Dreux 's chapel royal. Gaston died the following year. In 1953, the remains of Gaston and Isabel were repatriated to Brazil, and in 1971 they were interred in the Cathedral of Petrópolis . Historian Roderick J. Barman wrote that "in the view of posterity, [Isabel] acted decisively only once on
6816-411: The republican creed has made since his departure last year enormous advances that impress everybody; and, notwithstanding the economic prosperity during the present year, never, for the past 40 years, has the situation of the Brazilian monarchy appeared more shaky than today. With the Emperor ill and Isabel withdrawn from public life, no effort was made to capitalize on the public popularity engendered by
6912-479: The sea and in the light of the deep sky. Thou flashest, o Brazil, crocket of America, illuminated by the sun of the New World. Than the most ostentatious land, thy smiling, beautiful meadows have more flowers. "Our forests have more life," "Our life" in thy bosom "more loves". O beloved, idolized homeland, Hail, hail! Brazil, of eternal love, may the starry ensign which thou displayest be
7008-515: The ship carrying the former Emperor left the port of Rio de Janeiro . The date of April 13 now appears in official calendars as the Day of the Brazilian National Anthem . As to the actual date of composition of the music presented in April 1831, there is controversy among historians. Some hold that Francisco Manuel da Silva composed the music in the last four months of 1822 to commemorate Brazil's independence (declared on 7 September 1822), others hold that
7104-415: The tasks she would face and to relate it to what she learned in the classroom." That did not happen. Pedro II "showed her no state papers. He did not discuss politics with her. He did not take her with him on his constant visits to government offices. He did not include her in the despacho , the weekly meetings with the cabinet members, nor did he allow her to attend the public audiences that took place twice
7200-614: The teachers who taught it." For over nine and a half hours per day and six days per week, Isabel and her sister were in class. Subjects were broad and included Portuguese and French literature , astronomy , chemistry , the history of Portugal , England and France , drawing , piano , dancing , political economy , geography , geology , and the history of philosophy . As an adult, beyond her native Portuguese , Isabel became fluent in French , English and German . Among her teachers were Barral, others who had taught her father as
7296-402: The throne for." The Princess's full style and title was "Her Imperial Highness Senhora Dona Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil." Princess Isabel was a recipient of the following Brazilian orders: She was a recipient of the following foreign honors: Isabel's marriage with Gaston produced three sons and one daughter. The eldest son, who was named after her father, as the firstborn son of
7392-453: The throne) of the Empire of Brazil and the Empire's regent on three occasions. Born in Rio de Janeiro as the eldest daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and Empress Teresa Cristina , she was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança ). After the deaths of her two brothers in infancy, she was recognized as her father's heiress presumptive. She married
7488-443: The throne. Her gender, strong Catholic faith, and marriage to a foreigner were seen as impediments against her, and the emancipation of the slaves generated dislike among powerful planters. In 1889, her family was deposed in a military coup , and she spent the last 30 years of her life in exile in France. Isabel was born at 6:30 p.m. on 29 July 1846 in Rio de Janeiro 's Paço de São Cristóvão (Palace of Saint Christopher). She
7584-451: The use of different artistic arrangements for the anthem is now allowed (and although the statutory norms that prohibited such arrangements are no longer enforced, on the grounds of constitutional freedom of expression), a rendering of the national anthem is only considered fully official when the statutory norms regarding the vocal adaptation and orchestration are followed. However, the traditional vocal adaptation composed by Alberto Nepomuceno
7680-470: The womb. Her Catholic faith provided some solace, but her association with ultramontanism , which emphasized the authority of the Church over the government, drew criticism from those who thought the Church should defer to temporal authorities. Isabel remained concerned throughout her third pregnancy, in 1875, fearful that it would again end in failure. A doctor and midwife from France were brought over for
7776-490: Was deposed in a military coup . He dismissed all suggestions for quelling the rebellion that politicians and military leaders put forward, and simply commented: "If it is so, it will be my retirement. I have worked too hard and I am tired. I will go rest then." Within two days, he and his family were on their way to exile in Europe. Isabel released a public statement that read: It is with my heart riven with sorrow that I take leave of my friends, of all Brazilians, and of
7872-656: Was a Brazilian songwriter and music professor , notable for composing the Brazilian National Anthem . Silva was born and died in Rio de Janeiro . He had great prominence in the musical life of Rio de Janeiro in the period between the death of José Maurício Nunes Garcia and Antônio Carlos Gomes . He was a singer of Capela Real since 1809, and later a cello player. He was one of the founders of Imperial Academia de Música e Ópera Nacional (National Imperial Music and Opera Academy), of Sociedade Beneficência Musical e Conservatório Imperial de Música , which became Instituto Nacional de Música (Nacional Music Institute) and
7968-434: Was a charming and vivacious woman who soon captured the heart of Isabel and became a kind of role model to the young princess. In Pedro II's own words, his daughters' education "should not differ from that given to men, combined with that suited the other sex, but in a manner that does not distract from the first." He "provided his daughters with a broad, democratic and rigorous education, through both its curriculum and
8064-479: Was advised to seek medical help in Europe, as a result of which he left Brazil on 30 June, leaving Isabel as regent. Abolitionism in Brazil was growing in strength, but the government of Conservative João Maurício Wanderley, Baron of Cotegipe , attempted to slow the pace of reform. Isabel, in her own words, "became ever more convinced that some action had to be taken" to expand the emancipation program and pressured Cotegipe unsuccessfully to free more slaves. After
8160-470: Was again made regent. Elections later in the year returned the incumbent government (led by the Duke of Caxias ) but fraud and violence during the campaign damaged both its and Isabel's reputations. Her popularity also suffered as a result of continued tension between the Church and State. Adding to her stress, she miscarried on 11 September 1876, and was weakened by loss of blood. At the same time, her husband
8256-462: Was also ill with bronchitis, as a result of which he was virtually bed-ridden for three weeks. The couple decided to withdraw from public life, as Gaston explained, "When the princess is no longer seen every day in the streets of Rio, she is forgotten for a while and there is less temptation to denounce each of her acts and decisions to a discontented public." Their seclusion, however, left them isolated and unable to influence public opinion. Throughout
8352-470: Was called to the battle front of the Paraguayan War by the Emperor, leaving Isabel lonely at Rio. After the conclusion of the war in 1870, Gaston and Isabel again toured Europe. In early 1871, they were in Vienna, where her sister Leopoldina fell fatally ill and died, leaving Isabel the sole surviving child of her parents. Gaston and Isabel returned to Brazil on 1 May 1871, just three weeks before
8448-468: Was declared the Anthem of the Proclamation of the Republic . Deodoro himself was said to prefer the old anthem to the new composition. The Decree of the Provisional Government (Decree No. 171 of 1890) confirming Francisco Manuel da Silva's composition, that had served as the National Anthem of the Empire of Brazil, as the National Anthem of the new Republic, was issued on 20 January 1890. In the early days of
8544-429: Was not afraid to speak her mind, and she held strong views. However, when she encountered something she did not like, she found it difficult to focus and organize her resistance so as to make her view prevail. She tended to flare up and then to submit or to lose interest." Isabel's mother, Teresa Cristina, "lived for her family and found fulfillment in making her spouse and her daughters happy." She "created for her family
8640-400: Was part of Isabel's all female group was Dominique, the only son of the Countess of Barral, who was regarded by the Princess Imperial and her sister as "the younger brother they never had". Isabel was short, had blue eyes, blond hair, was a little overweight and lacked eyebrows. Her father sought a match among the royal house of France, and initially Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre , the son of
8736-403: Was played in all official solemnities, Francisco Manuel da Silva's composition was already the de facto Brazilian National Anthem. A new set of lyrics was proposed in 1841, to commemorate the coming of age and Coronation of Emperor Pedro II; those lyrics, popular but also considered poor, were soon abandoned as well, this time by order of Emperor Pedro II, who specified that in public ceremonies
8832-469: Was popularly acclaimed as "the Redemptress" ( A Redentora ), and was given a Golden Rose by Pope Leo XIII for her actions. In August 1888, to Isabel's relief, Pedro II returned from Europe and her regency ended. Gaston wrote: The avidity and the enthusiasm of the public for the Emperor have been very great, more even more marked, it appears to me, than on previous arrivals. But it is a totally personal homage; because, as I think I have already written,
8928-453: Was so well established by the time it became official that the interpretations of the national anthem that depart from the official orchestration or from the official vocal adaptation are few. Indeed, although other arrangements are now allowed, the traditional form tends to prevail, so that, with few exceptions, even celebrity singers tend to only lend their voices to the singing of the official vocal adaptation by Alberto Nepomuceno. The anthem
9024-507: Was strict vigilance regarding the use of the National Symbols and the enforcement of this norm. Since the redemocratization of the country, far greater artistic liberty has been allowed regarding renderings of the national anthem. Singer Fafá de Belém 's interpretation of the national anthem (initially criticized during the final days of the Military Dictatorship, but now widely accepted), is an example of that. In any event, although
9120-538: Was the daughter of Brazil's Emperor Pedro II and his wife Teresa Cristina . On 15 November the infant princess was baptized in an elaborate ceremony in Igreja da Glória (Church of Glory). Her godparents, both represented by proxy, were her uncle, King Ferdinand II of Portugal , and her maternal grandmother María Isabella of Spain . She was christened Isabel Cristina Leopoldina Augusta Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga. Her last four names were always bestowed upon
9216-438: Was unpopular because of his foreign birth. Her position was further weakened by the intrigues of her nephew Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg , who was maneuvering to be recognized as Pedro II's heir. Pedro Augusto was told bluntly by his younger brother , "the succession does not belong to her [Isabel], nor to the maimed [Isabel's eldest son Pedro], nor to the deaf [Gaston], nor to you either." On 15 November 1889, Pedro II
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