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Brazilian Marine Corps

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The Brazilian Marine Corps ( Portuguese : Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais , CFN ; lit.   ' Corps of Naval Fusiliers ' or 'Corps of Naval Riflemen') is the Brazilian Navy 's naval infantry component. It relies on the fleet and Naval Aviation and fields its own artillery, amphibious and land armor, special operations forces and other support elements. Its operational components are the Fleet Marine Force ( Força de Fuzileiros da Esquadra , FFE), under the Naval Operations Command, in Rio de Janeiro , and Marine Groups and Riverine Operations Battalions, under the Naval Districts in the coast and the Amazon and Platine basins. The FFE, with a core of three infantry battalions, is its seagoing component.

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154-733: Tracing their origins to the Portuguese Navy 's Royal Brigade of the Navy, Brazilian marines served across the 19th century aboard and landed from the Imperial Navy 's ships. By the next century, they were relegated to guard duty and largely influenced by the Brazilian Army . In political struggles, they were usually loyalists. Only after 1950 did the CFN acquire true amphibious warfare capabilities, under long-lasting inspiration from

308-704: A ship of the line , two frigates , four corvettes , two brigs , and four warships of other categories in Brazilian waters. Warships available immediately for the new Brazilian navy were numerous, but in disrepair. The hulls of several ships that were brought by the Royal Family and the Court to be abandoned in Brazil were rotten and therefore of little value. The Brazilian agent in London, Felisberto Caldeira Brant ,

462-403: A CFN Doctrinary Development Command periodical, noted that the principles of maneuver warfare were still routinely ignored in exercises and operations. This philosophy of combat has no fixed formula and would take time to be internalized. The transport of troops and material ashore and command and control over actions on land rely on amphibious ships . The Brazilian Navy's first in this role were

616-651: A big battle, a series of smaller clashes ensued, including the naval Battles of Juncal and Monte Santiago . Given the high cost of the war for both sides and the threat it posed to trade between the United Provinces and the United Kingdom , the latter pressed the two belligerent parties to engage in peace negotiations in Rio de Janeiro. Under British and French mediation, the United Provinces of

770-628: A combined English and Dutch naval force from the Strait of Hormuz , with Portugal regaining the control of the Persian Gulf . A major joint Portuguese–Spanish naval and military expedition was organized in April 1625 to retake Salvador da Bahia in Brazil from the Dutch, who had captured the city one year before. The Portuguese fleet was commandeered by Manuel de Menezes and counted 22 ships, including

924-418: A fair state of readiness. They could conduct an amphibious landing with up to two battalions, if the necessary sealift, air, naval gunfire, and logistic support were available". The Fleet Marine Force was "a regimental landing team of about 3,000 men which provides a mobile amphibious force in readiness and is the nucleus of a marine amphibious division". Operations Aragem and Arrastão tested, from 1977 to 1979,

1078-660: A flag officer and included divisions of naval artillery, naval infantry and naval artificers, with a total of more than 5000 men. Following the execution of Louis XVI of France by the French revolutionaries, Portugal entered the anti-revolutionary Coalition. In 1793, the Portuguese Navy was tasked with transporting by sea and escorting the Portuguese Expeditionary Army sent to help Spain in the War of

1232-740: A fleet to deter the Ottoman advance in the Mediterranean . This expedition would culminate in the battle of Matapan on 19 July 1717, in which the Portuguese fleet, supported by Venetian and Maltese ships, under the command of the Portuguese Admiral Count of Rio Grande, defeated the Ottoman Navy. From 1762 to 1777, the Portuguese naval forces based in Brazil participated in the several conflicts that occurred with

1386-538: A hole blown in her bottom by a torpedo, and sank almost immediately — the greater part of her crew, together with her captain, being drowned. This was the only ironclad which was sunk during the war. Another great naval battle occurred in 1868; the Passage of Humaitá which was an operation of riverine warfare − the most lethal in South American history − in which a force of six Brazilian Navy armoured vessels

1540-425: A hostile or potentially hostile shore and are thus naval warfare operations. An amphibious assault is the conquest of a beachhead in a stretch of coastal land. An amphibious raid ( incursão anfíbia , lit. amphibious incursion) is a short-term insertion and retrieval of ground forces. An amphibious demonstration is a feint by an amphibious combination, which approaches shore without landing. An amphibious withdrawal

1694-587: A level which would remain stable until the 21st century, the Corps had 25% of the Navy's men. Expansion was gradual, for lack of resources, and in the following year real strength was at circa 650 officers and 12,350 enlisted. Joint "Veritas" operations in Puerto Rico maintained ties with the USMC. In 1973 an American intelligence report assessed: "by U.S. standards, the marines are moderately well trained and are in

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1848-525: A national subscription to generate capital in order to increase the size of the fleet. Contributions were sent from all over Brazil. Even the Emperor Pedro I acquired a merchant brig at his own expense (that was renamed "Caboclo") and donated it to the State. The navy fought in the north and also south of Brazil where it had a decisive role in the independence of the country. After the suppression of

2002-637: A naval force of 17 warships (a ship of the line, 10 corvettes and six steamships) commanded by the veteran John Pascoe Grenfell . The Brazilian fleet succeeded in passing through the Argentine line of defence at the Tonelero Pass under heavy attack and transported the troops to the theater of operations. The Imperial Navy had a total of 59 vessels of various types in 1851: 36 armed sailing ships, 10 armed steamships, seven unarmed sailing ships and six sailing transports. Victorious in an international war,

2156-566: A predecessor to the Portuguese Navy 's modern-day marine corps, the Corpo de Fuzileiros . Historical precedents for naval infantry and amphibious warfare in Brazil run deeper: the Terço da Armada (Regiment of the Navy) conducted landings against Dutch occupiers in the recapture of Bahia as early as 1625. Portugal's conquest of French Guiana in 1809 is considered the CFN's baptism of fire, with

2310-585: A ramp from its bow for direct landing. This is a practical model, but exposes a large ship to a potentially hostile shore. The first two ships in this category were the Garcia D'Ávila (1971–1989) and Duque de Caxias (1973–2000), followed by the Mattoso Maia (1994–2023). The Garcia D'Ávila (2007–2019) and Almirante Saboia (2009–present) originally classified as Landing Ship Logistics (LSL), were commissioned as LSTs in Brazil. A safe distance from

2464-516: A rebirth of independent organized labor was not in the military government's ongoing plans for redemocratization. New "port security" operations were carried out in the 1985–1987 strikes, shortly after the military left power. By the end of the 20th century, the likelyhood of amphibious operations in interstate warfare diminished, but amphibious forces had to adapt to a high rate of low-intensity conflicts and new threats such as terrorism, climatic disasters and transnational crime. In Brazil, concerns over

2618-694: A ship of the line and six frigates. In the late 18th century, under the command of the Marquis of Nisa, the Portuguese Navy took part in the Mediterranean Campaign of 1798 against the French Republic in Egypt and in the Siege of Malta . Imperial Brazilian Navy The Imperial Brazilian Navy ( Brazilian Portuguese : Armada Nacional , commonly known as Armada Imperial ) was

2772-669: A significant deal of its prestige, beginning to decline as other newly emerging European empirical powers began to overtake it. Today, the Portuguese Navy assumes a dual role capacity: naval combat missions to assure Portugal's sovereignty and international commitments, and coast guard operations in its territorial waters and areas of influence. The Portuguese Navy also participates in missions related with international commitments assumed by Portugal (mainly within NATO ), as well as missions of civil interest. The first historically known battle involving Portuguese naval forces happened in 1180, during

2926-662: A specialized unconventional warfare unit, the Marine Special Operations Battalion , and took part in extinguishing the Araguaia Guerrilla War . The National Truth Commission identified the Flores Island Marine Base as a site of detention and torture of political prisoners between 1969 and 1971. Although the "predominance of internal security issues and undesirable suspicions" hampered the "internal debate on

3080-424: A total of at least 80 warships in peacetime. The action of the navy was essential during the war of independence to prevent the arrival of new Portuguese troops in Brazilian territory. Both parties (Portuguese and Brazilian) saw the Portuguese warships spread across the country (mostly in poor condition) as the instrument through which military victory could be achieved. In early 1822, the Portuguese navy controlled

3234-533: A well deck with room for helicopters and more advanced command and control instruments. One ship in this category, the Bahia , was commissioned in 2016. The Multipurpose Helicopter Carrier (PHM)/Multipurpose Aircraft Carrier (NAM) Atlântico , commissioned in 2018, lacks a well deck but offers wide aviation and command and control capacities. From the 1960s to 1990s, the light aircraft carrier Minas Gerais routinely landed marines with its helicopters, even though this

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3388-657: Is the CFN's headquarters to this day. Campaigning with the fleet, in the following years it fought in the first Cisplatina campaign , the war against Artigas and the Pernambuco Revolution . When king John VI of Portugal returned to Lisbon in 1821, he left a detachment of the Royal Naval Brigade, the Battalion of Fusilier-Sailors ( Batalhão de Fuzileiros-Marinheiros ), in Rio de Janeiro. In service to Prince Regent Pedro , this unit fought in

3542-501: Is the extraction of a ground force to the sea. A fifth type, included in the 2014 doctrine, is amphibious projection ( projeção anfíbia ), which admits the possibility of a friendly shore and the usage of limited force or benign operations. In this new concept, an amphibious operation is defined by the projection of military power over land, regardless of its purpose or the shore's hostility. The CFN's size and availability of armor, artillery, landing ships and helicopters make Brazil "one of

3696-534: Is transferred to permanent garrisons, in Rio's case, the Pacifying Police Units . In the 1988 Constitution 's legal order, the Armed Forces may be employed in police-type law and order operations at the request of civil authorities. Frequent law and order operations and subsidiary actions such as humanitarian aid tended to divert the focus away from amphibious operations. Around the turn of

3850-510: The Bahia and Atlântico were commissioned in 2016 and 2018. By 2023, deliveries for the military's modernization programmes, including the CFN's, continued at a slow pace. One of these acquisitions, of twelve American Joint Light Tactical Vehicles (JTLV) for the Corps, was noted in the media for its aptitude in urban environments and therefore, law and order operations. According to a commentator in Le Monde diplomatique , this suggested

4004-497: The Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries. The result of this technical and scientific discoveries led Portugal to develop advanced ships, including the caravel , new and more sophisticated types of carracks for interoceanic travel and the oceanic galleon , and to find the sea route to the East and routes to South America and Northern North America. Bartolomeu Dias rounded

4158-622: The Amazon manifested in the Corps with a new type of unit, the Riverine Operations Battalion, since 2002. Marine observers and troops have been sent to a number of United Nations peacekeeping missions since 1989, and other missions by the Organization of American States . Starting with the 1994 "Operation Rio", marines have reinforced law enforcement agencies in Brazilian territory. Comparisons may be drawn between

4312-576: The Angolan province of Cabinda , occupying the ports of Ambriz , Cabinda and Molembo . It was created in 1827 and had as its objective the inspection of Brazilian ships regarding the observance of the 1815 treaty with British Empire about the slave trade . It was disbanded in 1830. During the turbulent years of the regency, the Arsenal, Navy department, and the Naval Jail were improved and

4466-603: The Custódio de Mello class, first commissioned in 1955. They were comparable to cargo ships, with an average capacity for 500 marines. Transshipment was difficult, as it could only happen through nets or cranes. By the early 1960s, merchant ships were also used as troop transports. The Custódio de Mello class was decommissioned from 1995 to 2009. The next category was that of the LST or Tank Landing Ship ( Navio de Desembarque de Carros de Combate , NDCC), which can beach and project

4620-598: The Dominican Republic . The Brazilian contribution was part of president Castelo Branco 's pro-American foreign policy. Leading names in the operation had been oppositionist figures in the previous government. In Brazil, presumed roles were set by the political situation: land operations would follow the Army's "revolutionary war" doctrine, while amphibious landings would be on national shores against territories held by guerrillas or rebel troops. The Corps established

4774-577: The Pacific Ocean leaving from California . In 1618, the first naval infantry regiment was founded ( Portuguese : Terço da Armada da Coroa de Portugal ), origin of both the modern marine corps of Portugal and of Brazil . During 14 days of fighting in February 1625, the Portuguese Navy gained a strategic victory when a squadron of galleons, commanded by Rui Freire de Andrade, and another one of galleys, commanded by Álvaro Botelho, expelled

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4928-534: The Paraguayan Navy in the decisive Battle of Riachuelo . The navy was further augmented with the acquisition of 20 ironclads and six fluvial monitors. At least 9,177 navy personnel fought in the five years' conflict. Brazilian naval constructors such as Napoleão Level, Trajano de Carvalho and João Cândido Brasil planned new concepts for warships that allowed the country's Arsenals to retain their competitiveness with other nations. All damage suffered by ships

5082-746: The Platine , Uruguayan , and Paraguayan Wars . In the Battle of Riachuelo (1865), they fought enemy boarding parties in close combat. Two years later, they built a five mile long rail line across the Paraguayan Chaco . The CFN's current three infantry battalions are named after battles in this period (Riachuelo, Humaitá and Paissandu battalions), as well as the Special Operations Battalion ( Tonelero battalion). 361 marines were killed in action during this period. After

5236-698: The Portuguese War Navy ( Marinha de Guerra Portuguesa ) or as the Portuguese Armada ( Armada Portuguesa ), is the navy of the Portuguese Armed Forces . Chartered in 1317 by King Dinis of Portugal , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world ; in 2017, the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation. The navy played a key role in Portuguese maritime exploration during

5390-589: The Terço da Armada da Coroa de Portugal , and about 4,000 men. On 1 December 1640, the Portuguese revolted and restored the full independence of Portugal after 60 years of Spanish domination. To defend its independence, the Portuguese Restoration War had to be fought against the Spanish forces. Although the threat from the powerful Spanish Navy existed, no major naval engagements occurred, with

5544-551: The United States Marine Corps . The CFN's amphibious capability varies historically according to the fleet's available ships and attention given to other priorities, such as counterinsurgency during the military dictatorship and law and order in the current political order . Participation in United Nations peacekeeping is frequent and the 2008 Brazilian National Defense Strategy established that

5698-552: The ad hoc India armadas , dispatched to India on an annual basis. To aid the Christian forces to conquest Tunis in 1535, King John III sent the Portuguese galleon Botafogo , the world's most powerful warship of the time, armed with between 80-200 guns and under the command of the brother of the King, Louis, Duke of Beja . In 1567, a Portuguese naval squadron, under the command of Mem de Sá , took Fort Coligny and expelled

5852-557: The reign of Portugal's first king, Afonso I . The battle occurred off Cape Espichel , with a Portuguese naval squadron, commanded by the knight Fuas Roupinho , defeating a Muslim naval squadron. Fuas Roupinho also made two incursions at Ceuta , in 1181 and 1182, and died during the latter of these attempts to conquer the North African city. During the 13th century, in the Reconquista , the Portuguese naval forces helped in

6006-623: The revolt in Pernambuco in 1824 and prior to the Cisplatine War , the navy significantly increased in size and strength. Starting with 38 ships in 1822, eventually the navy reached 96 modern warships of various types with over 690 cannons. The Navy blocked the estuary of the Río de la Plata hindering the contact of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (as Argentina was then called) with

6160-598: The transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil on 7 March 1808, making it the oldest naval infantry organization in Latin America. As the Portuguese royal family fled from the French invasion of their country and resettled in their colony in Brazil , they brought along the Royal Brigade of the Navy ( Brigada Real de Marinha ). This was a corps of naval artillerymen, infantrymen and craftsmen, founded in 1797 and

6314-626: The 12 December 1317. This is considered the official date of foundation of the Portuguese Navy, with its 700 years being commemorated on the 12 December 2017. In 1321, the Portuguese Navy successfully attacked Muslim ports in North Africa . Maritime insurance began in 1323 in Portugal. Between 1336 and 1341, the first attempts at maritime expansion were made, with an expedition to the Canary Islands , sponsored by King Afonso IV . In

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6468-551: The 2006–2007 offensives against gangs by the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti and the "pacification" of Brazilian favelas controlled by organized crime, starting in 2008. Marine and Army troops were in both. In early stages, marine armored vehicles overcame obstacles dug by armed groups in the narrow alleys of Rio de Janeiro and Port-au-Prince . In later stages, the military's presence

6622-492: The 2nd Utility Helicopter Squadron (HU-2)'s UH-15 Super Cougar aircraft. This model can haul up to 29 personnel and is one the Navy's largest and heaviest, and therefore, can only board an helicopter carrier, LPD or LSD. Nine were in service with the HU-2 in 2023. Other missions are handled by the 1st Utility Helicopter Squadron's UH-12 and UH-13 Esquilo and UH-17 aircraft. Portuguese Navy The Portuguese Navy ( Portuguese : Marinha Portuguesa ), also known as

6776-507: The Armada had over 90 warships: six frigates, seven corvettes, two barque-schooners, six brigs, eight brig-schooners, 16 gunboats, 12 schooners, seven armed brigantine-schooners, six steam barques, three transport ships, two armed luggers, two cutters and thirteen larger boats. During the 58-year reign of Pedro II the Brazilian Navy achieved its greatest strength in relation to navies around the world. Several establishments were improved and created. Steam navigation, ironclad armour and torpedoes

6930-428: The Arsenal of the Navy in Rio de Janeiro , Salvador , Recife , Santos , Niterói and Pelotas . All revolts were suppressed. During the 1850s the State Secretary, the Accounting Department of the Navy, the Headquarters of the Navy and the Naval Academy were reorganized and improved. New ships were purchased and the ports administrations were better equipped. The Imperial Mariner Corps was definitively regularized and

7084-484: The Atlantic nearly as far as the shores of Portugal. The Cisplatine War was a war between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata for control of the current territory of Uruguay. Rebels led by Fructuoso Rivera and Juan Antonio Lavalleja carried out a resistance against Brazilian rule. In 1825, a Congress of delegates from all over the Banda Oriental met in La Florida and declared independence from Brazil, while reaffirming its allegiance to

7238-399: The Atlantic, the Indian ocean, and in the Far East , also contributed to the technical and geographical advance of other European navies, such as the first circumnavigation by Ferdinand Magellan (including, in the expedition, other captains, sailors and pilots), sailing across the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean . From the late 15th century until the late 16th century, the Portuguese navy

7392-549: The Brazilian Government strengthened the navy as the possibility of a war against Argentina over Paraguay's future became quite real. Thus, it acquired a gunboat and a corvette in 1873; an ironclad and a monitor in 1874; and immediately afterwards two cruisers and another monitor. The improvement of the Armada continued during the 1880s. The Arsenals of the Navy in the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, Pará and Mato Grosso continued to build dozens of warships. Also, four torpedo boats were purchased. On 30 November 1883,

7546-406: The Brazilian coast. After independence, the newly formed Imperial Navy occupied these arsenals and shipyards, which were spread all over the Brazilian coast, in the cities of Belém , Rio de Janeiro, Salvador , São Luís , Maceió and Recife . In 1824 , with the end of the independence wars, construction resumed at the Rio de Janeiro Navy Arsenal, with the construction of the Corvette Campista ,

7700-423: The Brazilian ironclads. For all practical purposes, this battle decided the outcome of the war in favor of the Triple Alliance between Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay; from that point on it controlled the waters of the Río de la Plata basin up to the entrance to Paraguay. Following the victory after the Battle of Riachuelo, and running the gauntlet set up by Paraguayans at Bella Vista in the Battle of Paso de Mercedes

7854-527: The Brazilian side of the War of Independence , carrying out landings and artillery bombardments against remaining Portuguese loyalists. Shortly after independence, in 1822, the unit was renamed Rio de Janeiro Artillery Battalion of the Navy ( Batalhão de Artilharia da Marinha do Rio de Janeiro ). In this early phase, the CFN was a naval artillery corps, later named Imperial Navy Artillery Brigade ( Imperial Brigada de Artilharia de Marinha , 1826) and Navy Artillery Corps ( Corpo de Artilharia de Marinha , 1827). This

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8008-413: The British and American armed forces of the time. As a matter of policy, the military was to be completely obedient to civilian governmental control and to remain at arm's length from involvement in political decisions. Military personnel were allowed to run for and serve in political office while remaining on active duty. However they did not represent the Army or the Navy, but were instead expected to serve

8162-407: The Cisplatine rebels and the outside world. Several battles had occurred between Brazilian and Argentine ships until the defeat of an Argentine flotilla composed of two corvettes, five brigs and one barque near the Island of Santiago in 1827. When Pedro I abdicated in 1831, he left a powerful navy made up of two ships of the line and ten frigates in addition to corvettes, steamships, and other ships for

8316-441: The Corps, but many requested to leave when they found rigorous discipline and a demanding routine. There were no marine officers at the time. The Naval Battalion was commanded by officers of the Fleet Corps, instructed at the Naval Academy , and technical services were rendered by Fleet non-commissioned officers. The 1924 reform made possible, for the first time, the promotion of enlisted marines to officer rank. Lacking education at

8470-457: The Department of Navy, Headquarters of the Navy, the Intendancy and Accounting Department, the Arsenal (Shipyard) of the Navy, the Academy of Navy Guards, the Naval Hospital, the Auditorship, the Supreme Military Council, the powder plant, and others. Due to the necessity of the war, its initial contingent was formed by Brazilians, Portuguese who joined the independence and mainly by foreign mercenaries. The Brazilian-born Captain Luís da Cunha Moreira

8624-406: The European discoverer of the sea route to India . In 1500, when leading a second Portuguese Armada of 13 ships to India, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered and explored Brazil , claiming it for Portugal. In the same year, Diogo Dias , as one of the Captains of the fleet to India of Pedro Álvares Cabral, is separated from the main fleet by a storm while crossing the Cape of Good Hope, and becomes

8778-423: The FER was Amphibious Unit-sized (800 to 2,200 marines). As a professional, high-readiness and strategically mobile force, the Fleet Marine Force is comparable to the Brazilian Army's strategic reaction brigades and commands, such as the Parachute Infantry Brigade . Inherent characteristics of naval power — mobility, wide cargo capacity and the possibility of direct logistical support from ships ( seabasing ) — are

8932-467: The Fleet Corps in commission. In 1852 it comprised 64 officers and 1,216 enlisted personnel in eight companies of riflemen and two artillery batteries. Total strength was small compared to the Army. Internal stability during emperor Pedro II 's reign , from 1840 onward, directed military operations towards international conflicts in the Platine basin . Marines enforced crew discipline, captured and garrisoned forts and patrolled rivers in small boats during

9086-485: The French from the Guanabara Bay . Following the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and having defeated António, Prior of Crato in the War of the Portuguese Succession , the Habsburg Philip II of Spain became King of Portugal as Philip I. Under the Iberian Union , Portugal continued to be formally an independent kingdom with its own Navy, but its foreign and naval policies became increasingly subordinate to and oriented by Spanish interests. The Portuguese Navy

9240-403: The Imperial Brazilian Navy to retain its position as one of the most powerful naval forces. By 1889, the navy had 60 warships and was the fifth or sixth most powerful navy in the world. In the last cabinet of the monarchic regime, the Minister of the Navy, Admiral José da Costa Azevedo (the Baron of Ladário), left the reorganization and modernization of the navy unfinished. The coup that ended

9394-448: The Imperial Mariner Corps (formed then by volunteers) was created. Steam navigation was finally adopted in the 1830s. The Navy also successfully fought against all revolts that occurred during the regency (where it made blockades and transported the Army troops) including: Cabanagem, Ragamuffin War , Sabinada , Balaiada , amongst others. When Emperor Pedro II was declared of legal age and assumed his constitutional prerogatives in 1840,

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9548-416: The Imperial Navy consolidated like naval power of South America guaranteeing the hegemony to Brazil in the Rio de La Plata. More than a decade later the Navy was once again modernized and its fleet of old sailing ships was converted to a fleet of 40 steamships armed with more than 250 cannons. In 1864 the navy fought in the Uruguayan War and immediately afterwards in the Paraguayan War where it repelled

9702-403: The Marine Corps must be a high-readiness expeditionary force for power projection by the navy. In Brazil's strategic surroundings, this means a capability for urban operations , from humanitarian aid to war, in crisis-ridden countries. As a cadre of personnel, the Marine Corps is one of the navy's three main components, alongside the Fleet and Logistics Corps, and its ranks are named almost

9856-436: The Marine Corps was created, taking the place of the Naval Artillery. The Service of Assistance for Invalids was also established, along with several schools for sailors and craftsmen. The conflicts in the Platine region did not cease after the war of 1825. The anarchy caused by the despotic Rosas and his desire to subdue Bolívia, Uruguay and Paraguay forced Brazil to intercede, in the Platine War . The Imperial Government sent

10010-415: The Marine Corps, but have to divide their attention with their other roles. The idea of an organic marine aviation has never received the blessing of naval authorities. Naval Aviation helicopters provide marines with fire support from their missiles and machine guns, personnel and cargo transport, visual reconnaissance, personnel evacuation and search and rescue missions. Transport missions are usually given to

10164-485: The Marquis of Barbacena, received orders to acquire warships fully equipped and manned on credit. No vendor, however, was willing to take the risks. Finally, there was an initial public offering, and the new Emperor personally signed for 350 of them, inspiring others to do the same. Thus, the new government was successful in raising funds to purchase a fleet. Arranging crews was another problem. A significant number of former officers and Portuguese sailors volunteered to serve

10318-414: The Midshipmen ( Academia Real dos Guardas-Marinhas ) was created in 1792, as a university -level naval academy . This Academy is the origin of the present Naval schools of Portugal and of Brazil . In 1792, the three naval regiments (two of infantry and one of artillery) were reorganized and merged as the Royal Brigade of the Navy ( Portuguese : Brigada Real de Marinha ). This Brigade was commanded by

10472-492: The Naval Academy and coming from lower social backgrounds, they were deemed second-rate officers by the Fleet. The Naval Regiment as a whole was seen as a guard force and not an elite. During the Revolution of 1930 marines were attached to army columns and once again defended the established government — at the moment, that of Washington Luís . After his overthrow by a military coup in the capital, marines previously taken prisoner in Santa Catarina made their way back as part of

10626-401: The Naval Academy just as their peers in the Fleet Corps. NCOs would only reach officer rank through the Marine Auxiliary Cadre ( Quadro Auxiliar de Fuzileiros Navais ). In defense of Vargas' government, marines fought against the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 and the Communist (1935) and Integralist (1938) uprisings. In 1932, some landed in Parati to maneuver on the right flank of

10780-404: The Navy organized the Fleet Marine Force ( Força de Fuzileiros da Esquadra , FFE), which would reach its present complement of three infantry battalions by the end of the following decade. Brazilian officers were sent to study at the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and returned as instructors at the Naval Academy and Naval War School. USMC landing doctrine and Brazilian Army influences were now

10934-407: The Navy underwent a large transformation, as warships started being differentiated from merchant ships. In 1705, a squadron of eight ships of the line was sent to help England against the Franco-Spanish forces that were besieging Gibraltar , this expedition culminating in the naval battle of Cabrita Point . At the request of the Republic of Venice and the Pope , in 1716, the Portuguese Navy sent

11088-464: The Navy's eyes were set on guerrillas, militias, cartels, gangs and other irregular enemies in the cities, and not the coastline, Amazon or Pantanal . Expansion plans for marine armor are broader and even include main battle tanks . The Marine Corps exists so that the Navy can project power over land, if needed by the conquest of a hostile shore, the most complex, intense and high-risk operation it may attempt. Territories held by marines may deny use of

11242-602: The Northeastern Naval Force. When the need to garrison the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha arose, some officers proposed a detachment of marines, but the navy had no means to provide it. Admiral Alberto Lemos Bastos complained in 1943 that "a marine must be a specialist in landing operations. Ours have never practiced such things, nor have the means needed to do them and have not wanted to have them. They have no armament, nor tents, nor field kitchens". The 1932 Corps regulation had listed landing operations as

11396-577: The Paraguayan War, the 1870s and 1880s saw no combat and total strength fell to 900 personnel. Marines were assigned to guard duty in naval facilities and internal order operations, such as the control of popular unrest in the Vintém Riots (1879–1880). Previously in 1864 they had already repressed striking port workers in Santos . On 15 November 1889, 400 marines joined army forces to proclaim

11550-573: The Portuguese Navy was able to break the Castilian siege of Lisbon and to supply the city, defeating the Castilian Navy in the naval battle of the Tagus . In the beginning of the 15th century, the country entered a period of peace and stability. Europe was still involved in wars and feudal conflicts which allowed Portugal to be the only capable country to methodically and successfully start

11704-457: The Portuguese troops dispersed by the territory. The transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil in 1808 during the Napoleonic wars resulted in the transfer of a large part of the structure, personnel and ships of the Portuguese Navy. These became the core of the recently created Imperial Navy. A number of establishments previously created by King John were incorporated into the navy such as

11858-660: The Practical School of Torpedoes was created along with a workshop devoted to constructing and repairing torpedoes and electric devices in the Arsenal of Navy of Rio de Janeiro. This Arsenal constructed four steam gunboats and one schooner, all with iron and steel hulls (the first of these categories constructed in the country). The Imperial Armada reached its apex with the incorporation of the ironclad battleships Riachuelo and Aquidabã (both equipped with torpedo launchers) in 1884 and 1885, respectively. Both ships (considered state-of-the-art by experts from Europe) allowed

12012-610: The Pyrenees against France. This was done by the Transport Squadron organized with four ships of the line, one frigate, four transport ships and 10 merchant ships. To aid United Kingdom to defend itself from a possible French invasion, the Portuguese Navy organized and sent the Channel Squadron, with five ships of the line, two frigates, two brigantines and a hospital-ship. From July 1794 to March 1796, under

12166-622: The Republic . The early republican crisis found the Naval Battalion aligned with the rest of the navy against the government of president Floriano Peixoto . Its participation in the second Naval Revolt (1893–1895) concluded with the Fortress of São José destroyed by loyalist bombings and the battalion disbanded by the victorious government. Amnesty in 1895 allowed the navy to reorganize the force with 216 well-behaved enlisted men from

12320-492: The Rio de Janeiro garrison". Sailors and marines had completely distinct roles, and the latter, when on ship duty, would be responsible for repressing the former. Social backgrounds and discipline regulations, on the other hand, were equivalent. Days after the sailors' 1910 Revolt of the Lash , a rumor spread among marines that the abolition of corporal punishment achieved by the revolt would not apply to them. On 9 December, part of

12474-628: The Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil signed the 1828 Treaty of Montevideo , which acknowledged the independence of the Cisplatina under the name Eastern Republic of Uruguay . The East Naval Division or Naval Division of the African Coast ( Brazilian Portuguese : Divisão Naval na Costa d'África , commonly known as Divisão Naval do Leste ) was a division of the Armada established in

12628-490: The Ship-to-Objective Maneuver (STOM), translate maneuver warfare into amphibious operations. Brazilian Marine doctrine prioritizes maneuver over attrition warfare . OMFTS means the sea is used to reach a position of advantage on land, and STOM excludes the operational pause after the conquest of a beach. Maneuver warfare doctrine entered manuals in 2003. Ten years later, an analyst at Âncoras e Fuzis ,

12782-479: The Spanish in South America , but with limited success. From 1770, under the leadership of D. Martinho de Melo e Castro, secretary of State of the Navy, the Portuguese Navy went through large reform and modernization. Incidentally, as part of these reforms, the old procedure of baptizing Portuguese ships with names of Saints was replaced by names of mythical, historical or Royal persons. The Royal Academy of

12936-659: The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. In response, Brazil declared war on the United Provinces. Brazilian Emperor Pedro I ordered his fleet to blockade the River Plate and its two main ports, Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The Argentine fleet moved south, first to Ensenada and then to distant Carmen de Patagones on the Atlantic Ocean. The Brazilian fleet attempted to take Carmen de Patagones in 1827 and thus tighten its blockade over Argentina, but Brazilian troops were eventually repelled by local civilians. Despite

13090-779: The United States and Brazil meant differences in the concept of security. This can be seen in some peculiar tasks assigned to the 6th Regional Company, formed in Uruguaiana , at the riverine border with Argentina , in 1948: to patrol the Uruguay River , repress smuggling and oversee river traffic. The Brasília Marine Group, created in 1961, had cooperation with the FFE among its missions, but also territorial defense and internal security. The country's two main port cities, Rio de Janeiro and Santos, received marine groups in 1963, in

13244-459: The ability to occupy port areas against hypothetical guerrilla actions, sabotage and civil unrest. In March 1980 the 1st Naval District's marines deployed to the Port of Santos during a port workers' strike. There were no arrests or confrontations with these workers, but the military presence tightened the government's pressure against the strike. Beyond the economic consequences of the port's shutdown,

13398-642: The absence of an organic marine aviation, which must rely on the Aeronaval Force ( Naval Aviation )'s helicopters. Officially, the Marine Corps is distinguished from other regular troops by its "readiness, expeditionary capacity and amphibious character". A part of the Fleet Marine Force and ships, selected in rotation, is kept as a Rapid Employment Force ( Força de Emprego Rápido , FER) to embark within 72 hours of any order. As of 2017,

13552-472: The area of the Strait of Gibraltar , to protect the navigation with North Africa and the Mediterranean ). The first two fleets were mostly made of ships of the line (carracks and galleons ), while the Strait fleet was mostly made of ships powered by oars ( fustas and galleys ). These fleets would subsist until the beginning of the 19th century. Besides the permanent three fleets, the Navy continued to organize

13706-405: The attempts at restoration were violently crushed. High-ranking Monarchist officers were imprisoned, banished or executed by firing squad without due process of law and their subordinates also suffered harsh punishments. From 1808 on, with the arrival of the Portuguese court in Brazil, a series of military establishments were created, which strengthened the maintenance of the Portuguese navy on

13860-533: The battalion into the Naval Regiment ( Regimento Naval ) in 1924, increasing its strength from 600 to 1,500 men. Enlisted personnel were mostly from Northern and Northeastern Brazil. Recruits from Rio de Janeiro were blamed for high desertion rates and ceased to be the majority after 1910. The drought-stricken Northeast was a source of labor for Rio de Janeiro and other Southeastern states. The uniforms, employment, housing and authority drew volunteers to

14014-549: The batteries at Curuzu, which continued the next day. That is when the Rio de Janeiro hit two mines and sank immediately along with her commander Américo Brasílio Silvado, and 50 sailors. Along with the Imperial Army land support, on 3 September, the fort was stormed. The defenders relied on the advantage of the wetlands and bushes around the fort. The fort was conquered after a heavy bombardment. The ironclad "Rio de Janeiro" had

14168-597: The beginning of the Discoveries was the caravel , varying from 50 to 160 tons. The first results came soon when Gonçalves Zarco discovered Porto Santo Island in 1419 and Madeira Island in 1420, and Diogo de Silves discovered the azorean island of Santa Maria in 1427. In 1424, Gil Eanes crosses the Cape Bojador . Diogo Cão and Bartolomeu Dias arrived to the mouth of the Zaire River in 1482. In

14322-427: The cause of separation and German and Irish mercenaries. Some establishments created by King John VI were used and incorporated. Under the reign of Emperor Pedro II the Navy was greatly expanded to become the fifth most powerful navy in the world and the armed force more popular and loyal to the Brazilian monarchy. The Imperial Navy came into being with the independence of the country in 1822 to fight and to expel

14476-446: The caveat that its participants were recently-arrived Portuguese soldiers. Brought aboard the fleet which sailed from Rio de Janeiro , naval infantrymen landed on the beaches of Cayenne , capital of the French colony, after the defeat of small forts on the coast. The Royal Brigade of the Navy fought on land until Portuguese victory. Upon returning to Rio de Janeiro, it was headquartered at the Fortress of São José at Cobras Island , which

14630-451: The century, budget restraints and ship decommissionings reduced the size and frequency of the Navy's amphibious exercises. The 2008 National Defense Strategy ( Estratégia Nacional de Defesa , END) defined the CFN's objectives: "to ensure its power projection capability, the Navy will possess marine assets in permanent readiness". The Marine Corps was to consolidate its role as "the premier expeditionary force", potentially deployed "anywhere in

14784-585: The coast of Newfoundland was charted by the Corte-Real brothers, sons of João Vaz Corte-Real, in a failed attempt to find the Northwest Passage in 1501. In 1499, João Fernandes Lavrador and Pero de Barcelos arrive in Labrador ( named after João Fernandes Lavrador ) and map its coast. The greatest achievement of these exploration voyages was attained by Vasco da Gama , who in 1498 became

14938-671: The command of António Januário do Valle, the Portuguese Channel Squadron patrolled the English Channel in cooperation with the Royal Navy. The Portuguese Navy ended the 18th century with a fleet that included 13 ships of the line, 16 frigates, three corvettes, 17 brigs and eight support ships. In addition, the Portuguese naval forces also included the Navy of India, based in the Indian Ocean , with

15092-574: The conquest of several coastal Moorish towns, like Alcácer do Sal , Silves and Faro . It was also used in the battles against Castile —through incursions in Galicia and Andalusia —and also in joint actions with other Christian fleets against the Muslims. King Denis gave a permanent organization to his naval forces, appointing Manuel Pessanha of Genoa to be the first Admiral of the Kingdom, on

15246-501: The constitutionalists, while others served aboard the blockade fleet in São Paulo's coastline. Marines were gaining political, strategic and even social prominence. Although seen as a reserved and focused soldiery, their military band was successful in public and in the radio in the 40s. In two paintings by Alberto da Veiga Guignard , Os noivos ('Bride and groom', 1937) and A família do fuzileiro naval ('The marine's family', 1938),

15400-528: The context of the 1383–85 Crisis , the Portuguese Navy took an active participation in the war against Castile. A Portuguese naval campaign conducted in Galicia led to the conquest of the coastal towns of Baiona , A Coruña and Neda , as well as the destruction of the naval base of Ferrol and of several ships that were on the way to reinforce the Castilian forces that were besieging Lisbon. In July 1384,

15554-563: The control of river banks during riverine operations. Law and order and naval patrol operations may include marine boarding parties entering civilian ships. Marines abroad may connect to other navies for exercises and advisory roles, evacuate non-combatants from conflict zones and provide security for Brazilian diplomatic missions. As of 2008, Brazilian embassies in Bolivia , Paraguay and Haiti were under marine security. An amphibious operation proper has four classic types, all of which presume

15708-506: The core of the amphibious component. A naval force carrying marines and aircraft is termed an "amphibious combination" ( conjugado anfíbio ), a similar concept to an US Amphibious Ready Group . This force may receive a variety of missions in all three usages of naval power. The National Defense Strategy designates the Marine Corps as essential to the defense of archipelagos, oceanic islands and naval and port installations, to peacekeeping, humanitarian and foreign policy support operations and to

15862-539: The course of which Aragão and the AMFNB offered the most significant loyalist resistance in Rio de Janeiro. Goulart fell and vice admiral Augusto Rademaker , chief of the "Navy Revolutionary Command", named rear admiral Heitor Lopes de Souza to the CFN's General Command in the course of the coup. This officer had been transferred from the Fleet Corps and served in his new post until 1971 as a politically reliable asset of

16016-582: The day before, the allied fleet advanced down the River Parana, not wanting to be cut off from its supply base. After the sequence of battles won by the Allies on 1866, an Allied council of war decided to use their navy to bombard and capture the Paraguayan battery at Curupayti. On 1 September, five Brazilian ironclads , Bahia , Barroso , Lima Barros , Rio de Janeiro and Brasil began bombarding

16170-403: The development of doctrine, tactics and material for amphibious operations". It echoed the strong postwar American influence on the Navy and the impression made by amphibious assaults in the course of the war. The regulation may have been detached from reality in that year, but by 1958 the Corps held its first amphibious exercises, operations Aragem and Badejo. The material condition for this change

16324-441: The emphasis that should be given to amphibious exercises", by 1981 the amphibious doctrine was dominant, according to admiral Luiz Carlos da Silva Cantídio. Starting on 1964, amphibious exercises assumed greater proportions. The fleet commissioned new amphibious assault ships, Naval Aviation helicopters were integrated to the landings and the Corps received its first armored vehicles . At an authorized strength of 15,803 men in 1972,

16478-573: The enlisted contingent took up arms and occupied their quarters. This uprising was isolated and easily crushed, leaving 26 marines dead, many expelled and serious damages to the Fortress of São José — "the near extinction of another generation of marines", according to CFN historian Manoel Caetano Silva. The Corps does not pay homage to any of the rebels, but has never again used the lash to enforce discipline. Traditionally, marines were loyal to their commanders-in-chief. The Artur Bernardes government , facing numerous tenentist military revolts, converted

16632-631: The exploration of the Atlantic . Portuguese expansion during the 15th century can be divided in: Territorial expansion began in Morocco with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. Exploration in the west African coast started in 1412 and ended with the crossing of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. After his return from Ceuta , Henry the navigator founded a school of navigation in Sagres .The vessel employed in

16786-590: The first European to reach Madagascar . Besides the already existing role of Admiral of Portugal, the Crown creates the role of Admiral of India, whose first holder becomes Vasco da Gama in 1500. With the first established sea route to the Indian Ocean , the Portuguese started to use the carrack ship ( nau in Portuguese). Nevertheless, the Portuguese penetration in the Indian Ocean was not peaceful due to

16940-541: The first one built in Brazil for the Imperial Navy. Until 1852, naval arsenals were dedicated to the construction of small wooden and sail ships: corvettes, schooners wooden and sailing ships: corvettes, schooners, brigs, mules, pataches, and small vessels. From the second half of the 19th century, private companies emerged as the main boatbuilder in the country, Ponta d'Areia , later known as Mauá Shipyard . The Ponta d'Areia Shipyard produced 72 vessels for

17094-402: The former battalion and 184 army soldiers. The new unit was named Navy Infantry Corps ( Corpo de Infantaria de Marinha ) until 1908, when it once again became the Naval Battalion. Os Fuzileiros Navais na história do Brasil (2008), a semi-official history of the Corps, asserts that by this period "the Battalion was deemed, by public consensus, the most correct and well-drilled of all battalions in

17248-605: The heat of the national political crisis. When Navy minister Sílvio Heck attempted to veto João Goulart 's accession to the Presidency in 1961, marines almost landed in coastal Santa Catarina as part of Operation Abelha. Marines in Brasília took arms in the August 1963 Sergeants' Revolt. In the spiral of radicalization until the 1964 coup d'état , president Goulart had on his side the "red admiral" Cândido Aragão, popular with

17402-404: The interests of the city or province which had elected them. British naval officer Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane was made the commander of the Imperial Navy and received the rank of "First Admiral". At that time, the fleet was composed of one ship of the line , four frigates, and smaller ships for a total of 38 warships. The Secretary of Treasury Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada created

17556-470: The left and barely tolerated by the officer corps, as well as corporals and privates in the Association of Sailors and Marines of Brazil ( Associação dos Marinheiros e Fuzileiros Navais do Brasil , AMFNB), protagonists of the 1964 Sailors' Revolt . When other marines were sent to quell the mutiny, they dropped their weapons and defected. The Sailors' revolt was an immediate factor to the coup d'état, in

17710-672: The monarchist military in the Federalist Revolution . The Baron of Ladário remained in contact with the exiled Imperial Family , hoping to restore the monarchy, but ended up ostracized by the republican government. Admiral Saldanha da Gama led the Revolt of the Armada with the objective of restoring the Empire and allied himself with other monarchists who were fighting in the Federalist Revolution. However, all

17864-530: The monarchy in Brazil in 1889 was not well accepted by the Navy. Imperial Mariners were attacked when they tried to support the imprisoned Emperor in the City Palace. The Marquis of Tamandaré begged Pedro II to allow him to fight back the coup; however, the Emperor refused to allow any bloodshed. Tamandaré would later be imprisoned by order of the dictator Floriano Peixoto under the accusation of financing

18018-418: The most varied purposes such as cabotage , cargo transport , passengers, warships , and small vessels, with emphasis on the twelve vessels ordered by the Imperial Navy of Brazil between 1849 and 1869. By the end of the 19th century, the Brazilian naval industry was well established regionally, thanks to the efforts of the Imperial Navy, which encouraged naval companies and the navy's own establishments. In

18172-644: The naval capability and the navigation knowledge of the Portuguese navigators, as well as their courage and determination. In 1520, King Manuel I organized the Portuguese Navy in three permanent armadas (fleets): the Armada of the Coast (for coastal patrol), the Armada of the Islands (based in the Azores, for the protection of the ocean navigation in the North Atlantic) and the Armada of the Strait (operating in

18326-656: The navy created at the time of the independence of the Empire of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves . It existed between 1822 and 1889 during the vacancy of the constitutional monarchy . The Navy was formed almost entirely by ships, staff, organizations and doctrines proceeding from the transference of the Portuguese Royal Family in 1808 . Some of its members were native-born Brazilians, who under Portugal had been forbidden to serve. Other members were Portuguese who adhered to

18480-404: The navy had been reformed and the Portuguese members were replaced by native-born Brazilians, freed slaves, pardoned prisoners as well as more experienced British and American mercenaries . The navy succeeded in clearing the coast of Portuguese presence and isolating the remaining Portuguese land troops. By the end of 1823, the Brazilian naval forces had pursued the remaining Portuguese ships across

18634-424: The new nation, and swore loyalty to it. Their loyalty, however, was under suspicion. For this reason, British and other foreign officers and men were recruited to fill out the ranks and end the dependence on the Portuguese. Brazilian Navy was led by British officer Thomas Cochrane . The newly renovated navy experienced a number of early setbacks due to sabotage by Portuguese-born men in the naval crews, but by 1823

18788-474: The opposition of the Muslims. However, in 1509 Francisco de Almeida had a tremendous victory over the Muslims in the naval Battle of Diu , and the Portuguese presence and dominance in the area is definitely attained. In Morocco the Portuguese conquests continued and they took over the cities of Safim , Azamor , Mazagão and Mogador . In the Far East , Portuguese navigators continue their progress visiting

18942-488: The paraná and Paraguay rivers containing the Paraguayan advance. On 11 June 1865 the naval Battle of Riachuelo the Brazilian fleet commanded by Admiral Francisco Manoel Barroso da Silva destroyed the Paraguayan navy and prevented the Paraguayans from permanently occupying Argentine territory. The tactic used by Barroso to finally win the battle with the least possible losses was to break the Paraguayan wooden ships with

19096-511: The regime's military presidents . Marines associated with the fallen government were purged. Aragão became a taboo. The official gallery of general-commanders of the Corps, published at the 2008 bicentennial, excludes him from the list, leaving a gap between December 1963 and March 1964. The first peacekeeping operation by the Corps was in 1965–1966, as a detachment within the US-led Inter-American Peace Force in

19250-423: The same as the others. As officers, marines may rise to the highest peacetime rank. Marines are a professional, all-volunteer cadre which undergoes a cycle of military exercises with amphibious assaults (Operation Dragão) and live fire on land (Operation Formosa). They revere esprit de corps and tradition and are distinguished by symbols such as their bold red parade uniforms. The CFN's official history begins with

19404-503: The same year, the São Jorge da Mina castle was built on the coast of Western Africa, by Diogo de Azambuja , becoming one of the most important Portuguese naval bases. The structure exists to this day and is a robust example of slave trade in this era. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope . João Vaz Corte-Real arrived at Newfoundland in 1473. Part of

19558-551: The sea to the enemy and/or ease naval and air operations for sea control . Through pre-positioning and maneuvers during crises, marines can be an instrument of deterrence . Power projection over land, sea control, sea denial and deterrence are the four basic tasks of naval power within Brazilian Navy doctrine. Naval power has three components, naval, aeronaval and amphibious, and can be used in three forms, naval warfare, limited use of force and benign activities. Marines are

19712-483: The shore may be achieved with a LSD or Dock Landing Ship ( Navio de Desembarque de Doca , NDD). This ship can flood its lower deck, or well deck, and open a door at its stern for landing craft and amphibious vehicles. Two were commissioned, the Ceará (1989–2016) and Rio de Janeiro (1990–2012). A LPD, Landing Platform Dock or Multipurpose Dock Ship ( Navio Doca Multipropósito , NDM) in Brazilian terminology, combines

19866-475: The source of expeditionary capacity. As defined in doctrine, expeditionary operations happen far from bases, in another country, with a self-sustaining force and limited objectives and timetables. They must be versatile: a humanitarian operation may turn to limited use of force or even naval warfare as security conditions degrade. Two USMC concepts, Operational Maneuver From the Sea (OMFTS) and its tactical application,

20020-647: The southeast of Asia , China in 1517 and Australia in 1522. In the same period they reached Taiwan (baptizing it Formosa ) and Japan where they became the first Europeans to arrive. They entered the Red Sea in 1542 to destroy the Ottoman armada in Suez . In the West the Portuguese visited the coast of New England in 1520, California in 1542 and Hudson Bay in 1588. All of these actions were only possible with

20174-535: The southern tip of Africa and Vasco da Gama reached India , linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. This led to the discovery of Brazil in the first expeditions that linked Europe, Africa, the New World , and Asia on a single voyage, such as the expedition of Pedro Álvares Cabral , and through the skills and experience of their navigators in

20328-502: The two major components of CFN thought, without either of them nullifying the other. The USMC model, battle-proven and embodied by well-equipped and qualified combatants, opened a gap between doctrine and capabilities when transposed to Brazilian conditions. For lack of experience and equipment, it was presumed that any war would be fought with the United States as an ally and provider of equipment. The CFN would ultimately have to be an USMC reserve. Differences in economic development between

20482-509: The uniform was depicted as a point of pride for Afro-Brazilian families. The first CFN bases outside of Rio de Janeiro were installed in 1932: the 1st and 2nd Regional Companies, in Ladário and Belém . Additional companies were installed in Natal , Salvador and Recife for coast defense during World War II . A detachment was posted at Trindade Island and marines served on ship duty aboard

20636-570: The very few countries in Latin American that may project an integral maritime war action", according to a 2024 report by the Spanish Edefa group. Brazilian marines may organize a light brigade-sized intervention force. Equipment and combat organization are largely American-sourced, although the CFN's size and investment capacity cannot be compared to the USMC's. Notable differences include the limited shock capacity of Brazilian armor and

20790-526: The very first item in the CFN's roles. In reality, there was no dedicated equipment for amphibious operations, and the prevailing military doctrine came from the army. Small boats were used to move ashore in some exercises, but the situation constrained marines to a focus on internal security. According to an official history, only in the second half of the century would the Corps cease to be a poorly armed guard and ceremonial force. The CFN's 1950 regulation determined that it would have "primary responsibility on

20944-652: The victorious revolutionary armies. On 30 October the Naval Regiment paraded in Rio de Janeiro showing its loyalty to the new government. Among the Getúlio Vargas government 's military reforms, on 29 February 1932 the Naval Regiment received its current designation (Corps of Naval Fusiliers), with an authorized strength of 2,524 men. Professionalization was sought in the army's Officer Improvement School (EsAO) and Infantry Sergeant School (ESI); EsAO's course would be mandatory for CFN captain lieutenants until 1990. These officers, starting on 1937, began their careers in

21098-401: The war being fought mainly on land. At the same time, Portugal made peace agreements with England , France and the Netherlands . In the period of the Restoration War, the major engagements of the Portuguese Navy were not against the Spanish but against the Dutch , that—despite having signed a peace agreement with the Portuguese—decided to take advantage of the difficult conditions caused by

21252-419: The war effort of Portugal in Europe and to assault and capture some of its colonies in America , Africa and Asia. Despite some important initial setbacks, the Portuguese were finally able to react, repulsing the Dutch assaults on Mozambique , Goa and Macau and recapturing Northeast Brazil, Angola , São Tomé and Ano Bom , in several naval and military campaigns. During the reign of King John V of Portugal ,

21406-442: The world" . Expeditionary missions, likely in developing states under political and social crisis in Brazil's strategic surroundings, mean the Corps must be ready for amphibious operations in urbanized coastlines. The END oriented the Brazilian Navy's 2009 and 2013 Articulation and Equipment Plans ( Planos de Articulação e Equipamento da Marinha do Brasil , PAEMB), which set targets for the CFN's expansion and re-equipment. One of them

21560-638: Was a 2nd Fleet Marine Force headquartered in the Northern or Northeastern Region, alongside a 2nd Fleet, with a priority on defense of the mouth of the Amazon River . An expansion in size to 20,666 marines until 2031 was approved in 2010, and a full execution of the PAEMB would require an even greater number (28,925). By the late 2030s, the Corps would be larger than the Uruguayan and Paraguayan armies. The mid-decade economic crisis and ensuing fiscal adjustments delayed these projects. The 2nd Fleet/2nd Fleet Marine Force were pushed to long-term planning (2030s or 2040s). Amphibious exercises gradually recovered after

21714-408: Was added to the squadron) and two zabras , and another squadron of four galleys , with a total of 16 vessels and more than 5,800 men. This expedition culminated in the naval battle of Gravelines . Linked to Spain by a dual monarchy , Portugal saw its large Empire being attacked by the English, the French and the Dutch, all enemies of Spain. The reduced Portuguese population (around one million)

21868-399: Was adopted. Brazil quickly modernized the fleet acquiring ships from foreign sources while also constructing others locally. Brazil's Navy substituted the old smoothbore cannons for new ones with rifled barrels, which were more accurate and had longer ranges. Improvements were also made in the Arsenals (shipyards) and naval bases, which were equipped with new workshops. Ships were constructed in

22022-481: Was chosen as the first minister of the Navy on 28 October 1822. Under Articles 102 and 148 of the Constitution, the Brazilian Armed Forces were subordinate to the emperor as commander-in-chief. He was aided by ministers of the War and Navy in matters concerning the Army and Navy respectively—although the prime minister usually exercised oversight of the military branches in practice. The ministers of War and Navy were, with few exceptions, civilians. The model chosen

22176-430: Was deployed against internal revolts and was itself behind one of them, in 6 October 1831, leading to the bombing of Cobras Island by the fleet and its occupation by the army and National Guard. The force was renamed Corps of Naval Fusiliers ( Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais , 1847), later Naval Battalion ( Batalhão Naval , 1852), and converted into naval infantry. Its personnel was drawn from the Artillery Corps and officers of

22330-449: Was not its primary role. For transport from larger ships to the beach, in 2014 the Brazilian Navy possessed 3 Landing Craft Utility or LCUs ( Embarcação de Desembarque de Carga Geral , EDCG), 8 LCVPs or Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel ( Embarcação de Desembarque de Viaturas e Pessoal , EDVP) and 16 LCMs or Landing Craft Mechanized ( Embarcação de Desembarque de Viaturas Militares , EDVM). The Aeronaval Force's helicopters operate with

22484-402: Was not sufficient to resist so many enemies, and the Empire started to fall apart. The Portuguese Navy was still involved in several other conflicts and maintained an important role in the fight against pirates . António Saldanha commanding a fleet of 30 carracks defeated an Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean and conquered Tunis . Meanwhile, João Queirós accomplished a double crossing of

22638-423: Was one of the Imperial Brazilian Navy 's cadres of personnel, alongside the Fleet Corps ( Corpo da Armada ), and the only properly militarized cadre. Its commander was an army artillery officer, who was also given command of the Fortress of São José. Military campaigns were largely maritime, owing to the difficulty of transport by land. Throughout the tumultuous regency period (1831–1840), the Navy Artillery Corps

22792-419: Was one of the most powerful maritime forces in the world. For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese India Armadas and fleets, then the world leader in shipbuilding and naval artillery and technology, dominated most of the Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands, the Indian Ocean and the access to the western Pacific. Following the Iberian Union , the Portuguese Empire and its maritime power lost

22946-417: Was ordered to dash past under the guns of the Fortress of Humaitá on the Paraguay River. Some competent neutral observers had considered that the feat was very nearly impossible. The purpose of the exercise was to stop the Paraguayans resupplying the fortress by river, and to provide the Allies with a much-needed propaganda victory after 4 years of an exhaustive war. The attempt took place on 19 February 1868 and

23100-423: Was repaired and various improvements were made to them. In 1870, Brazil had 94 modern warships and had the fifth most powerful navy in the world. Brazil's first line of military was his large and powerful navy. The navy fulfilled an important role by blocking Paraguayan access to the Plata basin and preventing its communication with the outside world. After the initial Paraguayan advance, the imperial navy went up

23254-412: Was soon ordered by King Philip to contribute to the Spanish Armada intended to invade England, although England was an old ally of Portugal. Portugal provided the most powerful squadron of ships of the Armada, including its flagship, the galleon São Martinho (called the San Martin by the Spanish). The Portuguese participation included a squadron of nine galleons (a tenth galleon provided by Tuscany

23408-402: Was successful, restoring the reputation of the Brazilian navy and the Empire of Brazil 's financial credit, and causing the Paraguayans to evacuate their capital Asunción. Some authors have considered that it was the turning point or culminating event of the war. The fortress, by then fully surrounded by Allied forces on land or blockaded by water, was captured on 25 July 1868. During the 1870s,

23562-411: Was the British parliamentary or Anglo-American system, in which "the country's Armed Forces observed unrestricted obedience to the civilian government while maintaining distance from political decisions and decisions referring to borders' security". Brazil's first line of defense relied upon a large and powerful navy to protect against foreign attack. The military was organized along similar lines to

23716-423: Was the purchase of transport ships (the Custódio de Mello class) and landing craft for the fleet, from 1955 onward. 1955 also brought a new personnel law authorizing a numerical expansion from 4,412 (the 1947 level) to 10 thousand men. Enlisted marines had minor rivalries with sailors and stewards, distinguished themselves in the Navy by their fitness and skill with the rifle and only embarked sporadically. In 1957

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