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77-525: Revista Brasileira ( lit.   ' Brazilian Review ' or ' Brazilian Magazine ' ) is a publication of the Brazilian Academy of Letters . Its history began on 14 July 1855 and can be divided into nine phases as per Afrânio Peixoto . Throughout its existence, Revista Brasileira has been responsible for publishing various works, such as The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas . During its third phase, it became an intellectual mecca in

154-477: A koiné formed by several regional European Portuguese varieties brought to Brazil, modified by natural drift. The written language taught in Brazilian schools has historically been based by law on the standard of Portugal and until the 19th century, Portuguese writers often were regarded as models by some Brazilian authors and university professors. However, this aspiration to unity was severely weakened in

231-601: A Patron: the Patrons are 40 great Brazilian writers that were already dead when the ABL was founded; the names of the Patrons were chosen by the Founders as to honour them post mortem by assigning patronage over a chair. Thus, each chair is associated with its current holder, her or his predecessors, the original Founder who occupied it in the first place, and also with a Patron. The academicians use formal gala gilded uniforms with

308-415: A Portuguese presence lasting into the second half of the 20th century). On the other hand, the spoken language was not subject to any of the constraints that applied to the written language, and consequently Brazilian Portuguese sounds different from any of the other varieties of the language. Brazilians, when concerned with pronunciation, look to what is considered the national standard variety, and never to

385-433: A case of diglossia , considering that informal BP has developed, both in phonetics and grammar , in its own particular way. Accordingly, the formal register of Brazilian Portuguese has a written and spoken form. The written formal register (FW) is used in almost all printed media and written communication, is uniform throughout the country and is the "Portuguese" officially taught at school. The spoken formal register (FS)

462-880: A comment (topicalization), thus emphasizing it, as in Esses assuntos eu não conheço bem, literally, "These subjects I don't know [them] well" (although this sentence would be perfectly acceptable in Portugal as well). In fact, in the Portuguese language, the anticipation of the verb or object at the beginning of the sentence, repeating it or using the respective pronoun referring to it, is also quite common, e.g. in Essa menina, eu não sei o que fazer com ela ("This girl, I don't know what to do with her") or Com essa menina eu não sei o que fazer ("With this girl I don't know what to do"). The use of redundant pronouns for means of topicalization

539-527: A correct word in Brazilian Portuguese. Since its beginning and to this day, the academy is composed of 40 members, known as the "immortals". These members are chosen from among citizens of Brazil who have published works or books with recognized literary value. The position of "immortal" is awarded for the lifetime. New members are admitted by a vote of the academy members when one of the "chairs" become vacant. The chairs are numbered and each has

616-490: A few generations, except for some areas of the three southernmost states ( Paraná , Santa Catarina , and Rio Grande do Sul ), in the case of Germans, Italians and Slavics, and in rural areas of the state of São Paulo (Italians and Japanese). Nowadays the overwhelming majority of Brazilians speak Portuguese as their mother tongue, with the exception of small, insular communities of descendants of European (German, Polish, Ukrainian, and Italian) and Japanese immigrants, mostly in

693-694: A few terms such as tai chi chuan and chá ("tea"), also in European Portuguese. The loan vocabulary includes several calques , such as arranha-céu ("skyscraper," from French gratte-ciel ) and cachorro-quente (from English hot dog ) in Portuguese worldwide. Use of the reflexive me , especially in São Paulo and the South , is thought to be an Italianism, attributed to the large Italian immigrant population, as are certain prosodic features, including patterns of intonation and stress, also in

770-415: A short metapoema (a metapoem , i. e., a poem about poetry, a specialty for which he was renowned) treating the concept of anacoluto : [...] O homem, chamar-lhe mito não passa de anacoluto (The man, calling him myth is nothing more than an anacoluthon). In colloquial language, this kind of anacoluto may even be used when the subject itself is the topic, only to add more emphasis to this fact, e.g.

847-469: A sword (the uniform is called "fardão") when participating in official meetings at the academy. The body has the task of acting as an official authority on the language; it is charged with publishing an official dictionary of the language. Its rulings, however, are not binding on either the public or the government. The initiative to establish the ABL was taken by Lúcio de Mendonça and was realised in preparatory meetings that began on 15 December 1896, under

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924-462: A walk"). This happens because the traditional syntax ( Eu e ela fomos passear ) places a plural-conjugated verb immediately following an argument in the singular, which may sound unnatural to Brazilian ears. The redundant pronoun thus clarifies the verbal inflection in such cases. Portuguese makes extensive use of verbs in the progressive aspect, almost as in English. Brazilian Portuguese seldom has

1001-3399: Is a limited set of vocabulary from Japanese . Portuguese has borrowed a large number of words from English. In Brazil, these are especially related to the following fields (note that some of these words are used in other Portuguese-speaking countries): Many of these words are used throughout the Lusosphere . French has contributed to Portuguese words for foods, furniture, and luxurious fabrics, as well as for various abstract concepts. Examples include hors-concours , chic , metrô , batom , soutien , buquê , abajur , guichê , içar , chalé , cavanhaque (from Louis-Eugène Cavaignac ), calibre , habitué , clichê , jargão , manchete , jaqueta , boîte de nuit or boate , cofre , rouge , frufru , chuchu , purê , petit gâteau , pot-pourri , ménage , enfant gâté , enfant terrible , garçonnière , patati-patata , parvenu , détraqué , enquête , equipe , malha , fila , burocracia , birô , affair , grife , gafe , croquette , crocante , croquis , femme fatale , noir , marchand , paletó , gabinete , grã-fino , blasé , de bom tom , bon-vivant , guindaste , guiar , flanar , bonbonnière , calembour , jeu de mots , vis-à-vis , tête-à-tête , mecha , blusa , conhaque , mélange , bric-brac , broche , pâtisserie , peignoir , négliglé , robe de chambre , déshabillé , lingerie , corset , corselet , corpete , pantufas , salopette , cachecol , cachenez , cachepot , colete , colher , prato , costume , serviette , garde-nappe , avant-première , avant-garde , debut , crepe , frappé (including slang), canapé , paetê , tutu , mignon , pince-nez , grand prix , parlamento , patim , camuflagem , blindar (from German), guilhotina , à gogo , pastel , filé , silhueta , menu , maître d'hôtel , bistrô , chef , coq au vin , rôtisserie , maiô , bustiê , collant , fuseau , cigarette , crochê , tricô , tricot ("pullover, sweater"), calção , culotte , botina , bota , galocha , scarpin (ultimately Italian), sorvete , glacê , boutique , vitrine , manequim (ultimately Dutch), machê , tailleur , echarpe , fraque , laquê , gravata , chapéu , boné , edredom , gabardine , fondue , buffet , toalete , pantalon , calça Saint-Tropez , manicure , pedicure , balayage , limusine , caminhão , guidão , cabriolê , capilé , garfo , nicho , garçonete , chenille , chiffon , chemise , chamois , plissê , balonê , frisê , chaminé , guilhochê , château , bidê , redingote , chéri(e) , flambado , bufante , pierrot , torniquete , molinete , canivete , guerra (Occitan), escamotear , escroque , flamboyant , maquilagem , visagismo , topete , coiffeur , tênis , cabine , concièrge , chauffeur , hangar , garagem , haras , calandragem , cabaré , coqueluche , coquine , coquette ( cocotinha ), galã , bas-fond (used as slang), mascote , estampa , sabotagem , RSVP , rendez-vous , chez... , à la carte , à la ... , forró, forrobodó (from 19th-century faux-bourdon ). Brazilian Portuguese tends to adopt French suffixes as in aterrissagem (Fr. atterrissage "landing [aviation]"), differently from European Portuguese (cf. Eur.Port. aterragem ). Brazilian Portuguese (BP) also tends to adopt culture-bound concepts from French. That

1078-590: Is also accused of not having defended culture expression and freedom of speech during both Vargas' Era and during the Military dictatorship . Both of these ruling periods imposed heavy censorship on Brazilian culture , including Brazilian literature . According to its statutes, the academy aims to promote the "culture of the national language". It comprises 40 effective and perpetual members, known as "immortals". These members are Brazilian citizens with published works of relevant literary value. Besides these members,

1155-474: Is considered grammatically incorrect, because the topicalized noun phrase, according to traditional European analysis, has no syntactic function. This kind of construction, however, is often used in European Portuguese. Brazilian grammars traditionally treat this structure similarly, rarely mentioning such a thing as topic . Nevertheless, the so-called anacoluthon has taken on a new dimension in Brazilian Portuguese. The poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade once wrote

1232-412: Is essentially a phonetic rendering of the written form. (FS) is used in very formal situations, such as speeches or ceremonies or when reading directly out of a text. While (FS) is necessarily uniform in lexicon and grammar, it shows noticeable regional variations in pronunciation. The main and most general (i.e. not considering various regional variations) characteristics of the informal variant of BP are

1309-503: Is evident in the Brazilian lexicon, which today includes, for example, hundreds of words of Tupi–Guarani origin referring to local flora and fauna; numerous West African Yoruba words related to foods, religious concepts, and musical expressions; and English terms from the fields of modern technology and commerce. Although some of these words are more predominant in Brazil, they are also used in Portugal and other countries where Portuguese

1386-409: Is not a "decreolized" form, but rather the " nativization " of a "radical Romanic" form. They assert that the phenomena found in Brazilian Portuguese are inherited from Classical Latin and Old Portuguese. According to another linguist, vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese, while its phonetics are more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of

1463-628: Is not a public institution and no law grants it oversight over the language. The academy's main publication in this field is the Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language ( Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa ) which has five editions. The Vocabulary is prepared by the academy's Commission on Lexicology and Lexicography. If a word is not included in the Vocabulary , it is considered not to exist as

1540-608: Is often regarded as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in Literature for works in Portuguese. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis , João Guimarães Rosa , Carlos Drummond de Andrade , Graciliano Ramos , João Cabral de Melo Neto , Cecília Meireles , Clarice Lispector , José de Alencar , Rachel de Queiroz , Jorge Amado , Castro Alves , Antonio Candido , Autran Dourado , Rubem Fonseca , Lygia Fagundes Telles and Euclides da Cunha are Brazilian writers recognized for writing

1617-535: Is prepared by the ABL's Commission on Lexicology and Lexicography. If a word is not included in the Vocabulary , it is considered not to exist as a correct word in Brazilian Portuguese . The Orthographic Vocabulary , however, is not a dictionary , as it contains words and their grammatical categories , but not the definition or meaning of the words listed. Thus, unlike the French Academy ,

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1694-692: Is spoken by almost all of the 203 million inhabitants of Brazil and spoken widely across the Brazilian diaspora , today consisting of about two million Brazilians who have emigrated to other countries. With a population of over 203 million, Brazil is by far the world's largest Portuguese-speaking nation and the only one in the Americas . Brazilian Portuguese differs, particularly in phonology and prosody , from varieties spoken in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking African countries . In these latter countries,

1771-762: Is spoken. Words derived from the Tupi language are particularly prevalent in place names ( Itaquaquecetuba , Pindamonhangaba , Caruaru , Ipanema , Paraíba ). The native languages also contributed the names of most of the plants and animals found in Brazil (and most of these are the official names of the animals in other Portuguese-speaking countries as well), including arara (" macaw "), jacaré ("South American caiman "), tucano (" toucan "), mandioca (" cassava "), abacaxi (" pineapple "), and many more. However, many Tupi–Guarani toponyms did not derive directly from Amerindian expressions, but were in fact coined by European settlers and Jesuit missionaries , who used

1848-426: Is the difference between BP estação ("station") and EP gare ("train station," Portugal also uses estação ). BP trem is from English train (ultimately from French), while EP comboio is from Fr. convoi . An evident example of the dichotomy between English and French influences can be noted in the use of the expressions know-how , used in a technical context, and savoir-faire in a social context. Portugal uses

1925-543: Is the spelling of the [ʒ] sound before e and i . By Portuguese spelling rules, that sound can be written either as j (favored in BP for certain words) or g (favored in EP). Thus, for example, we have BP berinjela / EP beringela ("eggplant"). The linguistic situation of the BP informal speech in relation to the standard language is controversial. There are authors (Bortoni, Kato, Mattos e Silva, Bagno, Perini) who describe it as

2002-555: Is therefore also called the "José Veríssimo phase". Veríssimo requested that contributions be sent to the Ouvidor Street  [ pt ] , the address where the writers who founded the Brazilian Academy of Letters used to gather. Phase IV, directed by Antônio Batista Pereira , lasted from June 1934 to November 1935, publishing only 10 issues. Starting with phase V, Revista Brasileira began to be published by

2079-489: Is used by scholars and researchers and holds a collection of Manuel Bandeira . During periods like the Vargas' totalitarian dictatorship or the Brazilian military government , the academy's neutrality in choosing proper members dedicated to the literary profession was compromised with the election of politicians with few or no contributions to literature, such as ex-president and dictator Getúlio Vargas in 1943. The academy

2156-606: The Língua Geral extensively in the first centuries of colonization. Many of the Amerindian words entered the Portuguese lexicon as early as in the 16th century, and some of them were eventually borrowed into other European languages. African languages provided hundreds of words as well, especially in certain semantic domains, as in the following examples, which are also present in Portuguese: Although

2233-588: The Brazilian Academy of Letters . It was initiated in July 1941 as a result of a proposal by Levi Carneiro . In 1948, the 20th issue was published, and, after a 10-year interruption, it resumed circulation in 1958. It reached the 29th issue, published in November 1966. Phase VI, directed by Josué Montello , comprised six volumes from 1975 to 1980. Phase VII, directed by João de Scantimburgo  [ pt ] , included 69 issues, being quarterly and circulating from

2310-674: The French in Rio de Janeiro during the 16th century and the Dutch in Recife during the 17th century, had negligible effects on Portuguese. The substantial waves of non-Portuguese-speaking immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (mostly from Italy , Spain , Germany , Poland , Japan and Lebanon ) were linguistically integrated into the Portuguese-speaking majority within

2387-470: The Portuguese language is a stated goal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. The members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (June 2023): Brazilian Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese (Portuguese: português brasileiro ; [poʁtuˈɡejz bɾaziˈlejɾu] ) is the set of varieties of the Portuguese language native to Brazil and the most influential form of Portuguese worldwide. It

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2464-484: The Royal Spanish Academy and other foreign institutions dedicated to the care of a national language, the Brazilian Academy of Letters hasn't published an official dictionary. It has, however, published a School Dictionary of the Portuguese Language ( Dicionário Escolar da Língua Portuguesa ), with students as its target customers, in 2009. The ABL does plan to publish a full and official Dictionary. For

2541-454: The 20th century by nationalist movements in literature and the arts , which awakened in many Brazilians a desire for a national style uninfluenced by the standards of Portugal. Later, agreements were reached to preserve at least an orthographic unity throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, including the African and Asian variants of the language (which are typically more similar to EP, due to

2618-409: The ABL also comprises 20 correspondent members. All members go through a solemn session, in which dress the academy's official garment for the first time. During the ceremony, the new member makes a speech remembering her or his predecessor and all previous members that occupied the chair. The ABL, which was a traditionally male institution, elected its first female member on Friday, 4 November 1977 –

2695-726: The African slaves had various ethnic origins, by far most of the borrowings were contributed (1) by Bantu languages (above all, Kimbundu , from Angola , and Kikongo from Angola and the area that is now the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ), and (2) by Niger-Congo languages , notably Yoruba /Nagô, from what is now Nigeria , and Jeje/ Ewe , from what is now Benin . There are also many loanwords from other European languages, including English , French , German , and Italian . In addition, there

2772-682: The European one. This linguistic independence was fostered by the tension between Portugal and the settlers (immigrants) in Brazil from the time of the country's de facto settlement, as immigrants were forbidden to speak freely in their native languages in Brazil for fear of severe punishment by the Portuguese authorities. Lately, Brazilians in general have had some exposure to European speech, through TV and music. Often one will see Brazilian actors working in Portugal and Portuguese actors working in Brazil. Modern Brazilian Portuguese has been highly influenced by other languages introduced by immigrants through

2849-1442: The Japanese words being said before the start), saquê , sashimi , tempurá (a lexical "loan repayment" from a Portuguese loanword in Japanese), hashi , wasabi , johrei (religious philosophy), nikkei , gaijin ("non-Japanese"), issei ("Japanese immigrant"), as well as the different descending generations nisei , sansei , yonsei , gossei , rokussei and shichissei . Other Japanese loanwords include racial terms, such as ainoko ("Eurasian") and hafu (from English half ); work-related, socioeconomic, historical, and ethnic terms limited to some spheres of society, including koseki ("genealogical research"), dekassegui (" dekasegi "), arubaito , kaizen , seiketsu , karoshi ("death by work excess"), burakumin , kamikaze , seppuku , harakiri , jisatsu , jigai , and ainu ; martial arts terms such as karatê , aikidô , bushidô , katana , judô , jiu-jítsu , kyudô , nunchaku , and sumô ; terms related to writing, such as kanji , kana , katakana , hiragana , and romaji ; and terms for art concepts such as kabuki and ikebana . Other culture-bound terms from Japanese include ofurô ("Japanese bathtub"), Nihong ("target news niche and websites"), kabocha (type of pumpkin introduced in Japan by

2926-495: The Portuguese), reiki , and shiatsu . Some words have popular usage while others are known for a specific context in specific circles. Terms used among Nikkei descendants include oba-chan ("grandma"); onee-san , onee-chan , onii-san , and onii-chan ; toasts and salutations such as kampai and banzai ; and some honorific suffixes of address such as chan , kun , sama , san , and senpai . Chinese contributed

3003-626: The Portuguese-speaking countries. However, BP has retained those silent consonants in a few cases, such as detectar ("to detect"). In particular, BP generally distinguishes in sound and writing between secção ("section" as in anatomy or drafting ) and seção ("section" of an organization); whereas EP uses secção for both senses. Another major set of differences is the BP usage of ô or ê in many words where EP has ó or é , such as BP neurônio / EP neurónio ("neuron") and BP arsênico / EP arsénico ("arsenic"). These spelling differences are due to genuinely different pronunciations. In EP,

3080-581: The South and Southeast . Other scholars, however, notably Naro & Scherre, have noted that the same or similar processes can be observed in the European variant, as well as in many varieties of Spanish, and that the main features of Brazilian Portuguese can be traced directly from 16th-century European Portuguese. In fact, they find many of the same phenomena in other Romance languages, including Aranese Occitan , French , Italian and Romanian ; they explain these phenomena as due to natural Romance drift . Naro and Scherre affirm that Brazilian Portuguese

3157-434: The South and Southeast as well as villages and reservations inhabited by Amerindians . And even these populations make use of Portuguese to communicate with outsiders and to understand television and radio broadcasts, for example. Moreover, there is a community of Brazilian Sign Language users whose number is estimated by Ethnologue to be as high as 3 million. The development of Portuguese in Brazil (and consequently in

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3234-612: The State Institute of Cultural Heritage (INEPAC), of the Municipal Secretary of Culture of Rio de Janeiro. To the present day, its halls continue to host regular meetings, solemn sessions, commemorative meetings and inauguration sessions of the new academics, as well as the traditional Thursdays' tea. They are also open to the public for guided tours or for special cultural programs, such as chamber music concerts, book launches, conference cycles and theatre plays. In

3311-1208: The brewing process was brought by German immigrants. Italian loan words and expressions, in addition to those that are related to food or music, include tchau ( " ciao " ), nonna , nonnino , imbróglio , bisonho , entrevero , panetone , colomba , è vero , cicerone , male male , capisce , mezzo , va bene , ecco , ecco fatto , ecco qui , caspita , schifoso , gelateria , cavolo , incavolarsi , pivete , engambelar , andiamo via , tiramisu , tarantella , grappa , stratoria . Terms of endearment of Italian origin include amore , bambino/a , ragazzo/a , caro/a mio/a , tesoro , and bello/a ; also babo , mamma , baderna (from Marietta Baderna ), carcamano , torcicolo , casanova , noccia , noja , che me ne frega , io ti voglio tanto bene , and ti voglio bene assai . Fewer words have been borrowed from Japanese . The latter borrowings are also mostly related to food and drink or culture-bound concepts, such as quimono , from Japanese kimono , karaokê , yakisoba , temakeria , sushi bar , mangá , biombo (from Portugal) (from byó bu sukurín , "folding screen"), jó ken pô or jankenpon (" rock-paper-scissors ," played with

3388-644: The buildings' first floor hall stands the decorated marble floor, a French crystal chandelier , a large white porcelain vase from Sèvres and four English bas-reliefs. Inside the building, the following premises stand out: On the second floor, one can find the Sessions Room, the Library the Tea Room. The Tea Room is the academics' meeting point before the Plenary Session, on Thursdays. The Library

3465-433: The capital of Brazil, with international ramifications. The first publication to use the name " Revista Brasileira " came to light on 14 July 1855, with the title " Revista Brasileira, Jornal de Literatura, Teatros e Indústria ". It was founded by Francisco de Paula Meneses  [ pt ] . Although it announced itself as a biweekly publication, it had only one edition. The second edition only appeared in 1857, under

3542-478: The consonant was silent both in BP and EP, but the words were spelled differently. Only in a small number of words is the consonant silent in Brazil and pronounced elsewhere or vice versa, as in the case of BP fato , but EP facto . However, the new Portuguese language orthographic reform led to the elimination of the writing of the silent consonants also in the EP, making now the writing system virtually identical in all of

3619-442: The dialects that gave rise to Portuguese had quite a flexible use of the object pronouns in the proclitic or enclitic positions. In Classical Portuguese, the use of proclisis was very extensive, while, on the contrary, in modern European Portuguese the use of enclisis has become indisputably predominant. BP normally places the object pronoun before the verb ( proclitic position), as in ele me viu ("he saw me"). In many such cases,

3696-1318: The expression hora de ponta , from French l'heure de pointe , to refer to the "rush hour," while Brazil has horário de pico, horário de pique and hora do rush . Both bilhar , from French billiard , and the phonetic adaptation sinuca are used interchangeably for "snooker." Contributions from German and Italian include terms for foods, music, the arts, and architecture. From German, besides strudel , pretzel , bratwurst , kuchen (also bolo cuca ), sauerkraut (also spelled chucrute from French choucroute and pronounced [ʃuˈkɾutʃi] ), wurstsalat , sauerbraten , Oktoberfest , biergarten , zelt , Osterbaum, Bauernfest , Schützenfest , hinterland , Kindergarten , bock , fassbier and chope (from Schoppen ), there are also abstract terms from German such as Prost , zum wohl , doppelgänger (also sósia ), über , brinde , kitsch , ersatz , blitz ("police action"), and possibly encrenca ("difficult situation," perhaps from Ger. ein Kranker , "a sick person"). Xumbergar , brega (from marshal Friedrich Hermann Von Schönberg ), and xote (musical style and dance) from schottisch . A significant number of beer brands in Brazil are named after German culture-bound concepts and place names because

3773-528: The first six phases. A microfilmed collection is available at the National Library of Brazil . Academia Brasileira de Letras According to its statutes, it is the pre-eminent Portuguese council for matters pertaining to the Portuguese language. The ABL is considered the foremost institution devoted to the Portuguese language in Brazil. Its prestige and technical qualification gives it paramount authority in Brazilian Portuguese , even though it

3850-631: The following. While these characteristics are typical of Brazilian speech, some may also be present to varying degrees in other Lusophone areas, particular in Angola, Mozambique and Cabo Verde, which frequently incorporate certain features common to both the South American and European varieties. Although these characteristics would be readily understood in Portugal due to exposure to Brazilian media (and because they are observable in Portugal to some extent as well), other forms are preferred there (except

3927-530: The gerund: BP uses ficamos conversando ("we kept on talking") and ele trabalha cantando ("he sings while he works"), but rarely ficamos a conversar and ele trabalha a cantar as is the case in most varieties of EP. BP retains the combination a + infinitive for uses that are not related to continued action, such as voltamos a correr ("we went back to running"). Some varieties of EP [namely from Alentejo , Algarve, Açores (Azores), and Madeira] also tend to feature estar + gerund , as in Brazil. In general,

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4004-815: The hall of the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading , at the premises of the former National Gymnasium and at the Noble Hall of the Ministry of the Interior. The joint sessions were held at the law firm of Rodrigo Octávio, the ABL's first secretary's, at Quitanda Street, 47. In 1904, the academy obtained the left wing of the Brazilian Silogeo, a governmental building that housed other cultural institutions. It remained there until moving to its own headquarters in 1923. In 1923 , thanks to

4081-701: The initiative of its president at the time, Afrânio Peixoto and of the then-French ambassador, Raymond Conty, the French government donated the French Pavilion building to the academy. The building had been built for the Independence of Brazil's Centenary International Exposition by the architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel , between 1762 and 1768 and was a replica of the Petit Trianon of Versailles . These facilities have been inscribed as Brazilian Cultural heritage since Monday, 9 November 1987, by

4158-622: The lands in dispute with Spain (according to various treaties signed in the 18th century, those lands would be ceded to the people who effectively occupied them). Under the administration of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777), Brazilians started to favour the use of Portuguese, as the Marquis expelled the Jesuit missionaries (who had taught Língua Geral ) and prohibited the use of Nhengatu , or Lingua Franca . The failed colonization attempts, by

4235-440: The language tends to have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese, partly because Portuguese colonial rule ended much more recently there than in Brazil, and partly due to the heavy indigenous and diasporic African influence on Brazilian Portuguese. Despite this difference between the spoken varieties, Brazilian and European Portuguese barely differ in formal writing and remain mutually intelligible . However, due to

4312-528: The last quarter of 1994 until December 2011. Phase VIII began in the first quarter of 2012, under the direction of Marco Lucchesi . Phase IX, under the direction of Cícero Sandroni  [ pt ] , started in 2018. A complete collection is housed in the Archive-Museum of Brazilian Literature at the Casa de Rui Barbosa Foundation  [ pt ] , which also organized and published an index of

4389-557: The letters c or p in syllable-final position have become silent in all varieties of Portuguese, a common phonetic change in Romance languages (cf. Spanish objeto , French objet ). Accordingly, they stopped being written in BP (compare Italian spelling standards), but continued to be written in other Portuguese-speaking countries. For example, the word acção ("action") in European Portuguese became ação in Brazil, European óptimo ("optimum") became ótimo in Brazil, and so on, where

4466-503: The main contributions to that swift change were the expansion of colonization to the Brazilian interior, and the growing numbers of Portuguese settlers, who brought their language and became the most important ethnic group in Brazil . Beginning in the early 18th century, Portugal 's government made efforts to expand the use of Portuguese throughout the colony, particularly because its consolidation in Brazil would help guarantee to Portugal

4543-464: The most outstanding work in the Portuguese language. The Brazilian spellings of certain words differ from those used in Portugal and the other Portuguese-speaking countries. Some of these differences are merely orthographic, but others reflect true differences in pronunciation. Until the implementation of the 1990 orthographic reform, a major subset of the differences related to the consonant clusters cc , cç , ct , pc , pç , and pt . In many cases,

4620-415: The name " Revista Brasileira, Jornal de Ciências, Letras e Artes ", and had a total of four volumes. It lasted until 1861, and its director was Cândido Batista de Oliveira  [ pt ] . Afrânio Peixoto ignored Meneses's edition and considered only the volumes published by Batista de Oliveira as phase I. Phase II was edited by Nicolau Midosi and is therefore also known as the "Midosi phase". It

4697-461: The new orthography. Regional varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, while remaining mutually intelligible , may diverge from each other in matters such as vowel pronunciation and speech intonation. The existence of Portuguese in Brazil is a legacy of the Portuguese colonization of the Americas . The first wave of Portuguese-speaking immigrants settled in Brazil in the 16th century, but the language

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4774-663: The novelist Rachel de Queiroz . This groundbreaking election of the novelist opened the path for other female members. The academy currently has three women members (7.5% of its total membership). Thanks to revenues over $ 4 million a year, the academy is financially stable. It owns a skyscraper with 28 floors ( Palácio Austregésilo de Athayde ) in the centre of Rio, which the academy rents for office space, generating 70% of its current revenue. The rest comes from rental of other buildings, which were inherited from book editor Francisco Alves  [ pt ] , in 1917, and from other financial investments. This comfortable situation allows

4851-480: The past century, specifically by German, Italian and Japanese immigrants. This high intake of immigrants not only caused the incorporation and/or adaptation of many words and expressions from their native language into local language, but also created specific dialects, such as the German Hunsrückisch dialect in the South of Brazil. The written Brazilian standard differs from the European one to about

4928-574: The payment of a " jeton " to each academician. The academy annually awards several literary prizes: The academy also publishes a literary periodical, the Brazilian Review ( Revista Brasileira ), with quarterly editions. The academy's main publication in this field is the Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language ( Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa ) of which there are five editions. The Vocabulary

5005-418: The points concerning "estar" and "dar"). Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic -prominent or topic- and subject-prominent language. Sentences with topic are extensively used in Portuguese, perhaps more in Brazilian Portuguese most often by means of turning an element (object or verb) in the sentence into an introductory phrase, on which the body of the sentence constitutes

5082-479: The present continuous construct estar a + infinitive , which, in contrast, has become quite common in European over the last few centuries. BP maintains the Classical Portuguese form of continuous expression, which is made by estar + gerund . Thus, Brazilians will always write ela está dançando ("she is dancing"), not ela está a dançar . The same restriction applies to several other uses of

5159-474: The presidency of Machado de Assis . The statuses of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and the membership of the 40 founding fathers were approved at these meetings, on 28 January 1897. On 20 July of the same year, the inaugural session was held at the Pedagogium' s facility in the centre of Rio de Janeiro . Without appointed headquarters or financial resources, the solemn meetings of the academy were held at

5236-513: The proclisis would be considered awkward or even grammatically incorrect in EP, in which the pronoun is generally placed after the verb ( enclitic position), namely ele viu-me . However, formal BP still follows EP in avoiding starting a sentence with a proclitic pronoun, so both will have Deram-lhe o livro ("They gave him/her the book") instead of Lhe deram o livro , though it will seldom be spoken in BP (but would be clearly understood). The first-person singular proclitic pronoun frequently occurs at

5313-477: The rest of the areas where Portuguese is spoken) has been influenced by other languages with which it has come into contact, mainly in the lexicon: first the Amerindian languages of the original inhabitants, then the various African languages spoken by the slaves, and finally those of later European and Asian immigrants. Although the vocabulary is still predominantly Portuguese, the influence of other languages

5390-535: The same extent that written American English differs from written British English . The differences extend to spelling, lexicon, and grammar. However, with the entry into force of the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 in Portugal and in Brazil since 2009, these differences were drastically reduced. Several Brazilian writers have been awarded with the highest prize of the Portuguese language. The Camões Prize awarded annually by Portuguese and Brazilians

5467-423: The sentence Essa menina, ela costuma tomar conta de cachorros abandonados ("This girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs"). This structure highlights the topic, and could be more accurately translated as "As for this girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs." The use of this construction is particularly common with compound subjects , as in, e.g., Eu e ela, nós fomos passear ("She and I, we went for

5544-754: The time being, however, other dictionaries such as the Aurélio and the Houaiss remain more prestigious than the School Dictionary , in spite of the fact that the latter is sometimes marketed by booksellers as the "ABL's Dictionary", due to its being authored by the academy. Both the Houaiss and the Aurélio Dictionaries, however, were first compiled by members of the academy Antônio Houaiss and Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira , respectively. The preparation of an official dictionary of

5621-459: The two reasons mentioned above, the gap between the written, formal language and the spoken language is much wider in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. In 1990, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography to unify

5698-635: The two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining Portuguese-speaking countries on the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a six-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies co-existed. All of the CPLP countries have signed the reform. In Brazil, this reform has been in force since January 2016. Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries have since begun using

5775-439: The vowels e and o may be open ( é or ó ) or closed ( ê or ô ) when they are stressed before one of the nasal consonants m , n followed by a vowel, but in BP they are always closed in this environment. The variant spellings are necessary in those cases because the general Portuguese spelling rules mandate a stress diacritic in those words, and the Portuguese diacritics also encode vowel quality. Another source of variation

5852-463: Was not widely used then. For a time Portuguese coexisted with Língua Geral , a lingua franca based on Amerindian languages that was used by the Jesuit missionaries, as well as with various African languages spoken by the millions of slaves brought into the country between the 16th and 19th centuries. By the end of the 18th century, Portuguese had affirmed itself as the national language. Some of

5929-410: Was published monthly from June 1879 to December 1881. A total of 30 issues were compiled into 10 volumes. It was during this phase that Revista Brasileira published the work The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas by Machado de Assis . Phase III circulated from January 1895 to September 1899. Nineteen volumes with 93 fascicles were published during this period. It was directed by José Veríssimo and

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