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102-622: Brazilian Silicon Valley is a term commonly applied to the region of Campinas and in southern region this term is applied for Florianópolis city, Brazil because of its similarity to the 'original' Silicon Valley , located in California in the USA . Campinas has gained this distinction because it has several comparable features, such as: Until the 1970s, the Campinas region had few industries and had an economy based on agriculture and in

204-750: A philharmonic orchestra, two newspapers ( Correio Popular and Diário do Povo ), a good public education system (with the Escola Normal de Campinas and the Colégio Culto à Ciência ), and hospitals, such as the Santa Casa de Misericórdia (a charity for poor people). And the Casa de Saúde de Campinas (for the Italian community, formerly known as Circolo Italiani Uniti ), and the most important Brazilian research center in agricultural sciences,

306-517: A stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It has the highest sales in the world market for hot drinks. Coffee production begins when the seeds of the Coffea plant's fruits (coffee cherries) are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans . The beans are roasted and then ground into fine particles. Coffee is brewed from the ground roasted beans, which are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out. It

408-616: A symphony orchestra , (considered one of the three best of the country), now under Principal Conductor Parcival Módolo and Karl Martin , classical music ensembles, choral groups, 43 movie screens and over a dozen cinemas, dozens of libraries (including a municipal library), art galleries, museums, etc. Tourist attractions include: Campinas' readers of the Correio Popular newspaper and the Cosmo Website voted in July 2007 for

510-743: A tropical savanna climate ( Aw in Köppen scheme). It was humid subtropical ( Cwa type in the Köppen classification ) before the current climatic table (1981-2010 period). Winters are generally dry and mild (rarely too cold), and summers rainy with warm to hot temperatures. The warmest month is February, with an average temperature of 24 °C, an average maximum of 29.1 °C and average minimum of 19.0 °C. The coldest month, July, sees respective temperatures of 17.8 °C, and 24.2 °C and 11.4 °C average maximum and minimum. Fall and spring are transitional seasons. The average annual rainfall

612-414: A 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd, first observed the coffee plant after seeing his flock energized by chewing on the plant. This legend does not appear before 1671, first being related by Antoine Faustus Nairon, a Maronite professor of Oriental languages and author of one of the first printed treatises devoted to coffee, De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus (Rome, 1671), indicating

714-542: A coffee berry and lays 35 to 50 eggs. Inside, the offspring grow, mate, and then emerge from the commercially ruined berry to disperse, repeating the cycle. Pesticides are mostly ineffective because the beetle juveniles are protected inside the berry nurseries, but they are vulnerable to predation by birds when they emerge. When groves of trees are nearby, the American yellow warbler , rufous-capped warbler , and other insectivorous birds have been shown to reduce by 50 percent

816-575: A cupful. It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu. Thriving trade brought many goods, including coffee, from the Ottoman Empire to Venice. From there it was introduced to the rest of Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the "Muslim drink". The first European coffee house opened in Venice in 1647. The Dutch East India Company

918-560: A long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking as the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen in southern Arabia in the middle of the 15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to how it is now prepared for drinking. The coffee beans were procured by the Yemenis from

1020-525: A mulch. They are especially appreciated by worms and acid-loving plants such as blueberries. Climate change may significantly impact coffee yields during the 21st century, such as in Nicaragua and Ethiopia which could lose more than half of the farming land suitable for growing (Arabica) coffee. As of 2016, at least 34% of global coffee production was compliant with voluntary sustainability standards such as Fairtrade , UTZ , and 4C (The Common Code for

1122-422: A simple outpost on the way to Minas Gerais and Goiás serving the " Bandeirantes " who were in search of precious minerals and Indian slaves . In the first half of the 19th century, Campinas became a growing population center, with many coffee , cotton and sugarcane farms . The construction of a railway linking the city of São Paulo to Santos ' seaport, in 1867, was very important for its growth. In

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1224-563: A student of Balliol College from Crete named Nathaniel Conopios of Crete. Oxford's Queen's Lane Coffee House , established in 1654, is still in existence today. Coffee was introduced in France in 1657 and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 Battle of Vienna , when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks. When coffee reached North America during the Colonial period, it

1326-428: A third are beetles , and over a quarter are bugs . Some 20 species of nematodes , 9 species of mites, and several snails and slugs also attack the crop. Birds and rodents sometimes eat coffee berries, but their impact is minor compared to invertebrates. In general, arabica is the more sensitive species to invertebrate predation overall. Each part of the coffee plant is assailed by different animals. Nematodes attack

1428-456: A total of 2.8 million inhabitants and a total land area of 3,348 square kilometres (1,293 square miles) (data as of 2010 ), adjacent to the São Paulo metropolitan region (RMSP) and São José dos Campos (RMVale). The Campinas Metropolitan area also comprehends a gross domestic product (GDP) of R$ 70.7 billion (around U$ 42 billion). The Campinas municipality is also the administrative center of

1530-479: Is 1424.5 mm and the driest month in August, when there is only 22.9 mm. In January, the rainiest month, the average is 280.3 mm. In recent years, however, the hot, dry days during the winter have been increasingly frequent, often surpassing 30 °C, especially between July and September. In August 2010, for example, the rainfall in Campinas was only 0 mm. During the dry season and long dry spells in

1632-412: Is also heavily represented: General Motors , Mercedes-Benz , Honda , Magneti Marelli , Eaton Corporation , Tenneco , Toyota and many others are present. It also has a sizable pharmaceutical industry sector, with companies like Medley Farma, EMS Farma, Altana , Merck Sharp and Dohme , Cristália , Valeo , etc. In addition the region is home to many research centers and universities , such as

1734-676: Is from mid-October to mid-April, with heavier rains particularly in December, January, February and early March, and the dry season is from mid-May to mid-September. Average rainfall is 24.3 mm in August and 267.8 mm in January. Average humidity ranges from 37% (August) to 56% (January). In the region around Campinas near the state of Minas Gerais there are a number of cities which enjoy an even milder mountain climate, such as Serra Negra , Socorro , Lindóia and Águas de Lindoia , where several water spas are located. According to

1836-479: Is generally in places where the humidity is very high. An Asian coffee known as kopi luwak undergoes a peculiar process made from coffee berries eaten by the Asian palm civet , passing through its digestive tract, with the beans eventually harvested from feces . Coffee brewed from this process is among the most expensive in the world, with bean prices reaching $ 160 per pound or $ 30 per brewed cup. Kopi luwak coffee

1938-415: Is home to many national and international high-tech industries and IT companies, including IBM , Dell , Motorola , NXP , Lucent , Nortel , Compaq , Celestica , Samsung , Alcatel , Bosch , 3M , Texas Instruments , CI&T and Daitan . The airline TRIP Linhas Aéreas is headquartered in Campinas. The Viracopos airport is also the operational hub of Azul Airlines . The automotive industry

2040-543: Is induced by the fungal pathogen Gibberella xylarioides . It can affect several Coffea species, and could potentially threaten production worldwide. Mycena citricolor , American leaf spot, is a fungus that can affect the whole coffee plant. It grows on leaves, resulting in leaves with holes that often fall from the plant. It is a threat primarily in Latin America. Over 900 species of insect have been recorded as pests of coffee crops worldwide. Of these, over

2142-433: Is located at 22°54′21″S, 47°03′39″W and is at a distance of 96 kilometres (60 miles) northwest of São Paulo. Its neighboring cities are Paulínia, Jaguariúna and Pedreira, north; Morungaba, Itatiba and Valinhos in the east; Itupeva, Indaiatuba and Monte Mor, south, and Hortolândia in the west. Most of the original vegetation of the city was largely eliminated. Like 13 other municipalities in the metropolitan region of Campinas,

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2244-403: Is often simpler and less labor-intensive, and a wet process method, which incorporates batch fermentation, uses larger amounts of water in the process, and often yields a milder coffee. Then they are sorted by ripeness and color, and most often the flesh of the berry is removed, usually by machine, and the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seed. When

2346-414: Is said to have a uniquely rich, slightly smoky aroma and flavor with hints of chocolate, resulting from the action of digestive enzymes breaking down bean proteins to facilitate partial fermentation . In Thailand, black ivory coffee beans are fed to elephants whose digestive enzymes reduce the bitter taste of beans collected from dung. These beans sell for up to $ 1,100 a kilogram ($ 500 per lb), achieving

2448-630: Is the 177th best university in the world, and the 2nd best in Latin America (after the University of São Paulo in 176th place). Campinas also boasts the largest number of high-tech business incubators and industrial parks (a total of eight), such as the CIATEC I and II, Softex, TechnoPark, InCamp, Polis, TechTown, Industrial Park of Campinas, and others. The presence of one of the largest oil refineries in Latin America (350,824 barrels (55,776.6 m ) of crude per day), operated by Petrobras in

2550-707: Is the now second-largest urban forest of Brazil, behind only the Tijuca Forest , in Rio de Janeiro . The city also has smaller urban forest groves and reserve parks , such as the Bosque dos Jequitibas (installed in 1881 ), the Bosque dos Italianos (transl. Italian's Grove), the Bosque dos Alemães (transl. German's Grove), Guarantã's Park, as well as the larger Parque Portugal (Taquaral Lagoon, transl. Park and Lagoon of Bamboos), "Dom Bosco" Ecological Park and Monsenhor "Emílio José Salim" Ecological Park. The city has

2652-399: Is to raise seedlings in nurseries that are then planted outside after six to twelve months. Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice during the first few years of cultivation as farmers become familiar with its requirements. Coffee plants grow within a defined area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, termed the bean belt or coffee belt. In 2020,

2754-413: Is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema ). Additionally, robusta is less susceptible to disease than arabica and can be cultivated in lower altitudes and warmer climates where arabica does not thrive. The robusta strain

2856-414: Is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso , French press , caffè latte , or already-brewed canned coffee ). Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often added to mask the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. There are also various coffee substitutes . Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has

2958-466: Is vulnerable, hastened the uptake of the resistant robusta. The pathogen and results in light, rust-colored spots on the undersides of coffee plant leaves. It grows exclusively on the leaves of coffee plants. Coffee leaf rust is found in virtually all countries that produce coffee. Beans from different countries or regions can usually be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma, body, and acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on

3060-480: The Brazilian Silicon Valley . Despite Campinas' position of wealth and social and economic opportunity vis-a-vis the rest of the country, the average per capita income of little more than US$ 17,700 per year clearly indicates that there are problems. If re-evaluated in terms of PPP ( Purchasing Power Parity ), Campinas' average income looks better (roughly US$ 12,300 per year). The responsible for

3162-663: The Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory , National Laboratory of Science and Technology of Bioethanol , Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory , Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações (CPqD), CenPRA , Embrapa , Unicamp , Facamp and Puccamp . According to the Times Higher Education 2007 World University Rankings, the University of Campinas ( Unicamp )

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3264-714: The Instituto Agronômico de Campinas , which was founded by Emperor Pedro II . Finally, the construction of the first Brazilian highway in 1938, between Campinas and São Paulo, the Anhanguera Highway , was a turning point in the integration of Campinas into the rest of the state. Campinas was the birthplace of opera composer Carlos Gomes (1836 — 1896) and of the President of the Republic Campos Salles (1841 — 1913). It

3366-478: The Petrobras state-owned oil giant was starting to develop a long range oil exploration program with the aim of making Brazil independent of oil imports, a policy also started by the military for strategic and economic reasons (the oil shock had deeply affected the country), and UNICAMP was one of the leading research universities to participate. In this respect, UNICAMP's open philosophy of collaboration with

3468-554: The Rainforest Alliance have led a campaign for 'shade-grown' and organic coffees , which can be sustainably harvested. Shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, and those more distant from continuous forest compare rather poorly to undisturbed native forest in terms of habitat value for some bird species. Coffee production uses a large volume of water. On average it takes about 140 litres (37  US gal ) of water to grow

3570-702: The coffee industry have also pointed to its negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. The word coffee entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie , borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve ( قهوه ), borrowed in turn from the Arabic qahwah ( قَهْوَة ). Medieval Arab lexicographers traditionally held that the etymology of qahwah meant 'wine', given its distinctly dark color, and

3672-514: The " Bamboo Grove Lagoon" brings together a wide variety of recreational and cultural resources, such as paddleboats , an exact replica of the caravel ship that brought Pedro Álvares Cabral to discover Brazil, picnic groves, bird nurseries; an area with fitness equipment, playgrounds , snack bar, restrooms and a scenic 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) electric tramway that is operated by restored historic tramcars once used for regular transportation in Campinas. Inaugurated in 1925, this building held

3774-540: The "Seven Wonders of Campinas". The mountain region around Campinas has better travel and stay opportunities, such as in the spa cities of Serra Negra and Águas de Lindóia ; and in Holambra , a rural region which was populated by immigrants from the Netherlands, with an annual flower festival and typical buildings and restaurants. The Seven Wonders of Campinas is a list of the most popular tourism spots in

3876-710: The 18th century, coffee consumption declined in Britain, giving way to tea drinking. Tea was simpler to make, and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea industry there. During the Age of Sail, seamen aboard ships of the British Royal Navy made substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in hot water. The Frenchman Gabriel de Clieu took a coffee plant to the French territory of Martinique in

3978-532: The 19th and 20th centuries. Rapid growth in coffee production in South America during the second half of the 19th century was matched by an increase in consumption in developed countries, though nowhere has this growth been as pronounced as in the United States, where a high rate of population growth was compounded by doubling of per capita consumption between 1860 and 1920. Though the United States

4080-763: The 19th century. After that, much of the Ethiopian coffee was exported to Aden via Berbera. By the 16th century, coffee had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa. The first coffee seeds were smuggled out of the Middle East by Sufi Baba Budan from Yemen to India during the time. Before then, all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilized. Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled seven coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest. The first plants from these smuggled seeds were planted in Mysore . Coffee had spread to Italy by 1600 and then to

4182-574: The 2022 IBGE Census , as of August 2022, Campinas had a population of 1,139,047 and a population density of 1.433,54 (inhabitants / km ²). Infant mortality levels were at up to 1 year (per thousand): 14.05 and life expectancy in the city was 72.22 years. The fertility rate was at 1.78 children per woman. 96.01 of the populace could read. (Source: DATA) Source: 2022 census: Source: 2022 Census Population (IBGE): 1,139,047 As of 2010 , Campinas became an official metropolitan region (RMC — Região Metropolitana de Campinas), with 19 municipalities, with

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4284-872: The Caribbean in the 1720s, from which much of the world's cultivated arabica coffee is descended. Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas. Coffee was cultivated in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) from 1734, and by 1788 it supplied half the world's coffee. The conditions that the enslaved people worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to follow Haitian Revolution . The coffee industry never fully recovered there. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time, massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in

4386-481: The Coffee Community). Coffee berries are traditionally selectively picked by hand, which is labor-intensive as it involves the selection of only the berries at the peak of ripeness. More commonly, crops are strip picked, where all berries are harvested simultaneously regardless of ripeness by person or machine. After picking, green coffee is processed by one of two types of method—a dry process method which

4488-544: The Ethiopian Highlands via coastal Somali intermediaries, and cultivated in Yemen. By the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are C. arabica and C. robusta . Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries , primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia,

4590-579: The Hebrew qehe(h) 'dulling' and the Aramaic qahey ('give acrid taste to'). Although etymologists have connected it with a word meaning ' wine ' , it is also thought to be from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia. The terms coffee pot and coffee break originated in 1705 and 1952, respectively. There are multiple anecdotal origin stories which lack evidence. In a commonly repeated legend, Kaldi ,

4692-499: The Indian subcontinent, and Africa. Green, unroasted coffee is traded as an agricultural commodity. The global coffee industry is massive and worth $ 495.50 billion as of 2023. In the same year, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world's total, followed by Vietnam and Colombia. While coffee sales reach billions of dollars annually worldwide, coffee farmers disproportionately live in poverty. Critics of

4794-641: The Red Sea. One account credits Muhammad Ibn Sa'd for bringing the beverage to Aden from the African coast, other early accounts say Ali ben Omar of the Shadhili Sufi order was the first to introduce coffee to Arabia. 16th-century Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar al-Haytami notes in his writings that a beverage called qahwa developed from a tree in the Zeila region located in the Horn of Africa. Coffee

4896-505: The berries have only one; these are called peaberries . Arabica berries ripen in six to eight months, while robusta takes nine to eleven months. Coffea arabica is predominantly self-pollinating, and as a result, the seedlings are generally uniform and vary little from their parents. In contrast, Coffea canephora , and C. liberica are self-incompatible and require outcrossing . This means that useful forms and hybrids must be propagated vegetatively . Cuttings, grafting, and budding are

4998-425: The city between June 1988 and October 2008 was 143.4 mm in 25 days May 2005. Between 1890 and 2004 there were 41 occurrences of frost in Campinas. The most recent was on July 18, 2000, when the minimum temperature reached 2.2 °C. There are also occasional episodes of strong winds, with gusts exceeding 100 km / h, and training records were made in the city day May 4, 2001 and March 9, 2008. The wet season

5100-548: The city concentrates 10% of industrial production of Brazil . The paper highlights the high-tech industries and metallurgical park, considered the capital of Silicon Valley Sterling. The region hosts 17,677 industries , the second largest number in the State of São Paulo . The petrochemical complex is centered in the Southeastern section, a few miles from Campinas, near the refinery of Petrobras Planalto Paulista (Replan),

5202-538: The city is subject to some environmental stress , and Campinas is considered one of the areas liable to flooding and silting ; it now has less than 5% of vegetation cover in total area. Trying to reverse this situation, several projects have been and are being conducted and planned, such as building corridors, and the regulation of the Management Plan of Environmental Preservation Area (APA) in Campinas. There are also several environmental projects to combat

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5304-535: The city of Campinas, as voted for by the readers of Correio Popular newspaper and the Cosmo On-Line web portal . They are: The old train station of Companhia Paulista Railways, a symbol of the city of Campinas and of the development of the State of São Paulo , changed its name, was restored and converted into an important center for recreation and culture for the entire population. Workshops, concerts and other cultural activities are held throughout

5406-441: The clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which damage the environment and cause health problems. Unshaded coffee plants grown with fertilizer yield the most coffee, although unfertilized shaded crops generally yield more than unfertilized unshaded crops: the response to fertilizer is much greater in full sun. While traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields,

5508-456: The coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee. Growing the plants needed to produce 1 kg (2.2 lb) of roasted coffee in Africa, South America or Asia requires 26,400 litres (7,000  US gal ) of water. As with many other forms of agriculture, often much of this is rainwater, much of which would otherwise run off into rivers or coastlines, while much water actually absorbed by

5610-448: The coffee's growing region but also on genetic subspecies ( varietals ) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as Colombian , Java , and Kona . Arabica coffee beans are cultivated mainly in Latin America, eastern Africa or Asia, while robusta beans are grown in central Africa, southeast Asia, and Brazil. Coffee can also be blended with medicinal or functional mushrooms, of which some of

5712-409: The coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. The drying that then takes place is more uniform, and fermentation is less likely. Most African coffee is dried in this manner and certain coffee farms around the world are starting to use this traditional method. Next, the coffee is sorted, and labeled as green coffee. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this

5814-521: The cultural sector of Campinas is the City Department of Culture, which aims to plan and implement the cultural policy of the municipality through the development of programs, projects, and activities aimed at cultural development. The city has always been a cultural center in the State of São Paulo. This has increased greatly with the proliferation of universities. Campinas has three theater houses,

5916-556: The destruction of riparian forests located along the banks of the Atibaia river , which has a high level of pollution . Today, Campinas houses the area of relevant ecological interest (ARIE) Mata de Santa Genebra , 251 acres (1.02 km ), established in 1985 by the city of Campinas' Fundação José Pedro de Oliveira and regulated by the Brazilian Environment and Renewable Natural Resources Institute ( IBAMA ). This

6018-412: The fermentation is finished, the seeds are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue, which generates massive amounts of coffee wastewater . Finally, the seeds are dried. The best (but least used) method of drying coffee is using drying tables. In this method, the pulped and fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of

6120-687: The fields. The project, in Spanish colonial style, was designed and conducted by the architect Ernani Do Val Penteado and inaugurated on January 23, 1959. Since 1961 the Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (Preparatory School of the Brazilian Army) of Campinas has become the legitimate custodian of the traditions of the preparatory education of the Brazilian Army . Its one-year course has university level and prepares

6222-487: The future cadets of the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras . This water tower was built between 1936 and 1940 in the highest altitude point inside the urban area, 735 meters above sea level. From its gazebo on the top, one can enjoy a wide panorama view of the city. Coffee Coffee is a beverage brewed from roasted, ground coffee beans . Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has

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6324-409: The ground, which causes scale parasites to not only attack the scale on the fallen branches but in the plant as well. The 2-mm-long coffee borer beetle ( Hypothenemus hampei ) is the most damaging insect pest of the world's coffee industry, destroying up to 50 percent or more of the coffee berries on plantations in most coffee-producing countries. The adult female beetle nibbles a single tiny hole in

6426-477: The growth of this new area, and the CIATEC I and II ( Companhia de Desenvolvimento do Pólo de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas ) industrial zones were established around the university campus, in the subdistrict of Barão Geraldo . The Center for Research and Development (CPqD) set up by Telebras , a state holding for the telecommunications industry in Brazil, which had grown enormously under the military regime umbrella,

6528-561: The headquarters of the Jockey Club of Campinas. The building has a classic facade and interior inspired by French palaces of the late 18th century. Located in the central region of Campinas, the Ex Municipal Market, better known as "Mercadão", was inaugurated on April 12, 1908, by Mayor Orosimbo Maia . The work of architect Ramos de Azevedo , is still working today, with its colorful stalls full of fresh produce from

6630-774: The large family Rubiaceae . They are evergreen shrubs or trees that may grow 5 m (15 ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, usually 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long and 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, simple, entire, and opposite. Petioles of opposite leaves fuse at the base to form interpetiolar stipules , characteristic of Rubiaceae . The flowers are axillary , and clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously. Gynoecium consists of an inferior ovary, also characteristic of Rubiaceae. The flowers are followed by oval berries of about 1.5 cm (0.6 in). When immature, they are green, and they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each berry usually contains two seeds, but 5–10% of

6732-539: The largest cargo airport for import/export, Viracopos International Airport , a significant entity in the international transport of cargo. Campinas' main economic activities are agriculture (mainly coffee, sugarcane , and cotton ), industry ( textiles , motorcycles , cars, machinery , agricultural equipment , food and beverages, chemical and petrochemical , pharmaceuticals , paper and cellulose , telecommunications , computers and electronics , etc.), commerce and services. The Campinas Metropolitan Region

6834-539: The largest in Brazil one of the largest in Latin America, and has companies like Dupont , Chevron , Shell , Exxon , Group Ipiranga , Eucatex, Rhodia , and others. It is the hub of companies and Blue Trip. The largest companies have a global turnover of more than $ 80 billion, larger than many Latin American countries. The city has several shopping malls, two of the largest being Iguatemi Campinas and Shopping Parque Dom Pedro. Campinas has, within its metropolitan area,

6936-399: The latter half of the 19th century, and almost all were involved in the large-scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people . Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups, and bloody suppression of peasants. The notable exception was Costa Rica, where lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over

7038-403: The many rivers, interspersed with gently rolling hills covered by low-lying vegetation. Campinas' official crest and flag has a picture of the mythical bird, the phoenix , because it was practically reborn after a devastating epidemic of yellow fever in the 1800s, which killed more than 25% of the city's inhabitants. The city was founded on July 14, 1774, by Barreto Leme. It was initially

7140-524: The meso-region of Campinas could be mentioned: Araras , Atibaia , Bragança Paulista , Capivari , Conchal , Iracemápolis , Itu , Itupeva , Jarinu , Jundiai , Limeira , Louveira , Mombuca , Morungaba , Piracicaba , Rafard , Rio das Pedras, Salto and Tuiuti . Campinas is the richest city in the metropolitan region of Campinas and the 10th richest city in Brazil, showing a gross domestic product (GDP) of 36.68 billion reais (2010), which represents almost 1% (0.998%) of all Brazilian GDP. Currently,

7242-857: The micro- and meso-regions of the same name. The micro-region includes the RMC (Metropolitan Region of Campinas) and the municipality of Elias Fausto ; the meso-region also includes the following municipalities: Aguaí , Amparo , Águas da Prata , Águas de Lindóia , Caconde , Casa Branca , Divinolândia , Espírito Santo do Pinhal , Estiva Gerbi , Itapira , Itobi , Lindóia , Mococa , Mogi Guaçu , Moji-Mirim , Monte Alegre do Sul , Pedra Bela , Pinhalzinho , Pirassununga , Porto Ferreira , Santa Cruz das Palmeiras , Santo Antônio do Jardim , São João da Boa Vista , São José do Rio Pardo , São Sebastião da Grama , Serra Negra , Socorro , Tambaú , Tapiratiba , Vargem Grande do Sul and Vinhedo . Other cities which are geographically, historically or economically tied to

7344-405: The middle of the 15th century in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in Yemen, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is prepared now. Coffee was used by Sufi circles to stay awake for their religious rituals. Accounts differ on the origin of the coffee plant before its appearance in Yemen. From Ethiopia, coffee could have been introduced to Yemen via trade across

7446-453: The middle of the rainy season are also common records of fires in the hills and thickets, especially in rural areas of the city, which contributes to deforestation and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, further worsening air quality. The lowest temperature recorded in the city was −1.5 °C on June 25, 1918. The highest temperature was 39.0 °C, observed on 17 November 1985. The highest cumulative rainfall recorded in 24 hours in

7548-480: The molecular level and are close to commercialization. Of the two main species grown, arabica coffee (from C. arabica ) is generally more highly regarded than robusta coffee (from C. canephora ). Robusta coffee tends to be bitter and has less flavor but a better body than arabica. For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is C. arabica . Robusta strains also contain about 40–50% more caffeine than arabica. Consequently, this species

7650-531: The most frequently used include: lion's mane, chaga, cordyceps and reishi. Mushroom coffee has about half the caffeine of standard coffee. However, drinking mushroom coffee can result in digestive issues and high amounts can result in liver toxicity. There is little clinical evidence for the benefits of mushroom coffee. Coffee wilt disease or tracheomycosis is a common vascular wilt found in Eastern and Central Africa that can kill coffee trees it infects. It

7752-487: The most highly regarded species, is native to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and the Boma Plateau in southeastern Sudan and Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya. C. canephora is native to western and central Subsaharan Africa, from Guinea to Uganda and southern Sudan. Less popular species are C. liberica , C. stenophylla , C. mauritiana , and C. racemosa . All coffee plants are classified in

7854-1107: The neighboring county of Paulínia , has attracted many petrochemical companies to the Campinas area, including DuPont , Rhone-Poulenc, and Royal Dutch Shell . The Brazilian Pró-Álcool Program was developed in Campinas: a whole industry based on the use of ethanol as a combustible for motor vehicles, going from a new sucrose -rich sugarcane , to alcohol refineries, a huge distribution system, and, most recently, an internal combustion engine capable of using either gasoline or ethanol . Other examples of Campinas-bred technologies are fiber optics , lasers for telecommunications and medical applications, integrated circuits design and fabrication, satellite environmental monitoring of natural resources, software for agriculture, digital telephone switches , deep-water oil exploration platforms and technologies, biomedical equipment, medical software , genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technologies for food production and pharmaceutics, and food engineering . Because of this, Campinas has been called

7956-427: The nitrogen-fixing non-legume sheoaks of the genus Casuarina , and the silky oak Grevillea robusta . This method is commonly called " shade-grown coffee ". Starting in the 1970s, many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy. This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires

8058-480: The number of coffee berry borers in Costa Rica coffee plantations. Originally, coffee was grown in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for many animals and insects. Remnant forest trees were used for this purpose, but many species have been planted as well. These include leguminous trees of the genera Acacia , Albizia , Cassia , Erythrina , Gliricidia , Inga , and Leucaena , as well as

8160-405: The plants is transpired straight back into the local environment through the plants' leaves (especially for cooling effects); broad estimates aside, consequential margins vary considerably based on details of local geography and horticultural practice. Coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as Ethiopia . Used coffee grounds may be used for composting or as

8262-406: The primary export and economic backbone for African countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, as well as many Central American countries. Several species of shrub of the genus Coffea produce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main species commercially cultivated are Coffea canephora (predominantly a form known as 'robusta') and C. arabica . C. arabica ,

8364-723: The private sector (unheard of in Brazil until that time), established by his visionary founder and first rector, Dr. Zeferino Vaz , prepared the way for a unique synergy between industry and university. Other areas in Brazil are also claiming a similar status to Campinas Silicon Valley, although they are much less organized and with smaller companies. They are: Campinas Campinas means grass fields in Portuguese and refers to its characteristic landscape, which originally comprised large stretches of dense subtropical forests (mato grosso or thick woods in Portuguese), mainly along

8466-479: The quality of the coffee is allegedly superior. In addition, the traditional shaded method provides living space for many wildlife species. Proponents of shade cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution, habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of the practices employed in sun cultivation. The American Birding Association , Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center , National Arbor Day Foundation , and

8568-462: The rest of Europe, Indonesia, and the Americas. In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf , a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten-year trip to the Near East: A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup passed around and from which each one drinks

8670-542: The roots, coffee borer beetles burrow into stems and woody material, and the foliage is attacked by over 100 species of larvae (caterpillars) of butterflies and moths. Mass spraying of insecticides has often proven disastrous, as predators of the pests are more sensitive than the pests themselves. Instead, integrated pest management has developed, using techniques such as targeted treatment of pest outbreaks, and managing crop environment away from conditions favoring pests. Branches infested with scale are often cut and left on

8772-485: The second half of the 19th century, with the abolition of slavery , farming and industrialization attracted many foreign immigrants to replace the lost manpower, mainly from Italy. Coffee became an important export and the city became wealthy. In consequence, a large service sector was established to serve the growing population, and in the first decades of the 20th century, Campinas could already boast of an opera house , theaters, banks, movie theaters, radio stations,

8874-466: The services and commerce sectors. With the foundation of UNICAMP and the ready availability of high-quality researchers , engineers and students focused on physics , electrical engineering , computer sciences , mathematics , mechanical engineering , etc., a number of high-tech companies started to establish their industrial plants and R&D labs nearby, such as IBM . The municipality of Campinas and those surrounding it began to foster actively

8976-413: The story is likely apocryphal. Another legend attributes the discovery of coffee to a Sheikh Omar. Starving after being exiled from Mokha (a port city in what is now Yemen), Omar found berries. After attempting to chew and roast them, Omar boiled them, which yielded a liquid that revitalized and sustained him. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in

9078-665: The taste of the beverage by changing the coffee bean both physically and chemically. The bean decreases in weight as moisture is lost and increases in volume, causing it to become less dense. The density of the bean also influences the strength of the coffee and the requirements for packaging. The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the bean reaches approximately 200 °C (392 °F), though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates. During roasting, caramelization occurs as intense heat breaks down starches , changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, which darkens

9180-403: The usual methods of vegetative propagation. On the other hand, there is great scope for experimentation in search of potential new strains. The traditional method of planting coffee is to place 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of the rainy season . This method loses about 50% of the seeds' potential, as about half fail to sprout. A more effective process of growing coffee, used in Brazil,

9282-524: The vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later São Paulo. Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800 to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910–1920, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela exported 15%, and Old World production accounted for less than 5% of world exports. Many countries in Central America took up cultivation in

9384-424: The world production of green coffee beans was 175,647,000 60 kg bags, led by Brazil with 39% of the total, followed by Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia. Brazil is the largest coffee exporting nation, accounting for 15% of all world exports in 2019. As of 2021, no synthetic coffee products are publicly available but multiple bioeconomy companies have reportedly produced first batches that are highly similar on

9486-409: The world's most expensive coffee, three times costlier than palm civet coffee beans. The next step in the process is the roasting of green coffee. Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state, and with rare exceptions, such as infusions from green coffee beans, coffee is roasted before it is consumed. It can be sold roasted by the supplier, or it can be home roasted . The roasting process influences

9588-570: The year. The construction of the Cathedral began in October 1807 and extended for more than seventy years until its inauguration in December 1883. The entire structure was made of compressed clay , a construction technique of old tradition in São Paulo. The internal decoration is made of dark jacaranda wood, The four bells in the main tower are a century old. Aimed at leisure and sports,

9690-472: Was derived from the verb qahiya ( قَهِيَ ), ' to have no appetite '. The word qahwah most likely meant 'the dark one', referring to the brew or the bean; qahwah is not the name of the bean, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Cushitic languages as būn . Semitic languages have the root qhh , 'dark color', which became a natural designation for the beverage. Its cognates include

9792-749: Was first collected in 1890 from the Lomani River , a tributary of the Congo River, and was conveyed from the Congo Free State (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to Brussels to Java around 1900. From Java, further breeding resulted in the establishment of robusta plantations in many countries. In particular, the spread of the devastating coffee leaf rust (caused by the fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix ), to which arabica

9894-536: Was first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen by Somali merchants from Berbera and Zeila in modern-day Somaliland, which was procured from Harar and the Abyssinian interior. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Aden (1839–1854), Mokha historically imported up to two-thirds of its coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mokha was captured by British-controlled Aden in

9996-523: Was home for 49 years to Hércules Florence , reputed as one of the early inventors of photography , photocopying and the mimeograph . The area of the city, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, is 795.697 square kilometres (307.220 square miles); 238.3230 square kilometres (92.017 square miles) of this is the urban area and 557.334 square kilometres (215.188 square miles) remaining constitute greater Campinas. It

10098-557: Was initially not as successful as in Europe, as alcoholic beverages remained more popular. During the Revolutionary War, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically; this was also due to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants, and a general resolution among many Americans to avoid drinking tea following the 1773 Boston Tea Party . During

10200-595: Was not the heaviest coffee-drinking nation at the time (Belgium, the Netherlands and Nordic countries all had comparable or higher levels of per capita consumption), due to its sheer size, it was already the largest consumer of coffee in the world by 1860, and, by 1920, around half of all coffee produced worldwide was consumed in the US. Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries. Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income. It has become

10302-596: Was the first to import coffee on a large scale. The Dutch later grew the crop in Java and Ceylon. The first exports of Indonesian coffee from Java to the Netherlands occurred in 1711. Through the efforts of the British East India Company , coffee also became popular in England. In a diary entry of May 1637, John Evelyn recorded tasting the drink at Oxford in England, where it had been brought by

10404-461: Was the second boost to Campinas Silicon Valley. A law was passed by the Federal government, protecting Brazilian-made technology against imports, and this resulted in further growth. Together with UNICAMP researchers a number of pioneering developments occurred in the brand-new areas of lasers , fiber optics , digital telephony , computer technology, software development, and so on. In addition,

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