The First Viennese School is a name mostly used to refer to three composers of the Classical period in Western art music in late-18th-century to early-19th-century Vienna : Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven . Sometimes, Franz Schubert is added to the list.
40-676: The Bremer Philharmoniker is the official orchestra of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen . In addition to the music theatre in the Theater Bremen they organise 28 Philharmonic concerts per season, various special, benefit and chamber concerts as well as many projects in the field of music education . Christian Kötter-Lixfeld is the artistic director of the Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra, and Marko Letonja has been its Generalmusikdirektor since
80-562: A lack of major company headquarters. At the turn of the new century, unemployment in Bremen stood at 13%, a rate matched in the Federal Republic only by the "new states" in former East Germany. By 2022, while reduced to 10.2% it was the highest among all 16 German states. Despite historic job losses in the industrial sector, Bremen State has retained, and continues to develop, a broad manufacturing base: The University of Bremen
120-454: A large migrant worker population, drawn largely from Turkey and southern Europe. Some of the city's heavier industries failed to recover from the oil-price-shock recession of the early 1970s. Specialist construction yards, ship outfitters and parts suppliers remain, but AG Weser (which employed 16,000 workers at its peak) and Bremer Vulcan , Bremen's major shipbuilders, closed in 1983 and 1997 respectively. Further job losses were caused by
160-703: A school in the sense of a deliberate co-operation associated with 20th-century schools, such as the Second Viennese School, or Les Six . Nor is there any evidence (other than Haydn teaching Beethoven) that one composer was "schooled" by another, in the way that Berg and Webern were taught by Schoenberg. Attempts to extend the First Viennese School to include such later figures as Anton Bruckner , Johannes Brahms , and Gustav Mahler are merely journalistic, and never encountered in academic musicology. According to scholar James F. Daugherty,
200-851: A strong left and liberal tradition. In January 1913, at the last elections to the Imperial Reichstag in Berlin, the Social Democrats (SPD) secured over half the vote, or 53.4%. Left Liberals (Linksliberale) took another 41.4%. Only 5.1% went to the Conservatives. During the Weimar Republic , there were seven elections to the Burgerschaft , the Bremen parliament. At the November 1932 German federal election ,
240-490: A wide variety of events in and outside school. A particularly ambitious project within music education is the "Musikwerkstatt Bremen", which opened in autumn 2006. The "Musikwerkstatt Bremen" was created in cooperation with the State Institute for Schools and pursues the goal of actively bringing children and adults into contact with music through personal experience. In the "Musikwerkstatt", one can gain insights into
280-475: Is informally called Land Bremen ('State of Bremen'), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave , Bremerhaven , surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The state of Bremen consists of two non-contiguous territories. These enclaves contain Bremen , officially the 'City' ( Stadtgemeinde Bremen ) which
320-730: Is the largest university in Bremen. It is one of 11 institutions classed as an "Elite university" in Germany, and teaches approximately 23,500 people from 126 countries. Bremen also has a University of the Arts Bremen , a University of Applied Sciences with campuses in both Bremen city and Bremerhaven , and more recently the Jacobs University Bremen , an international research university located in Vegesack . First Viennese School In German-speaking countries,
360-652: Is the state capital, and the city of Bremerhaven ( Stadt Bremerhaven ). Both are located on the River Weser ; Bremerhaven ("Bremen's harbour") is further downstream on the mouth of the Weser with open access to the North Sea . Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen ). The highest point in the state is in Friedehorst Park (32.5 metres; 107'). When
400-691: The First French Empire had annexed the city-state . But at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 , Bremen's emissary, and later burgomaster , Johann Smidt , lobbied successfully to have the city's independence restored as one of the 39 sovereign states within the new German Confederation . In 1827, Bremen bought land at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover , in order to build a new seaport, Bremerhaven . This ensured that Bremen remained Germany's main port of embarkation for emigrants to
440-553: The Gesellschaft für Privatkonzerte became the Philharmonische Gesellschaft . It was involved in Bremen's musical life on a voluntary basis and made a significant contribution to its development and diversity. Music lovers, sponsors and companies support the society. However, it was not in a position to maintain an orchestra of professional musicians in the long term and so it had to borrow musicians from
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#1732794421324480-676: The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, what had been since 1646 (after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) the Free Imperial City of Bremen was not mediatised . Rather than being incorporated into the enlarged territory of one of the surrounding monarchies, it was recognised (along with Hamburg ) as a sovereign Free Hanseatic City . Its currency until 1873 was the Bremen thaler . In 1811, in an effort to enforce Napoleon 's Berlin Decree embargoing Britain,
520-593: The Musikfest Bremen to ensure high quality. Through a cooperation with Bremen University , a joint seminar is held to introduce the world of European art music. Free Hanseatic City of Bremen Bremen ( German: [ˈbʁeːmən] ), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( German : Freie Hansestadt Bremen ; Low German : Free Hansestadt Bremen ), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states . It
560-637: The 2018/2019 season. In 1820 the cathedral organist Wilhelm Friedrich Riem founded the Bremen Concert Orchestra . He was conductor of this orchestra until his death (1857). He was succeeded as conductor by Carl Martin Reinthaler . The orchestra was supervised by the Verein Bremischer Musikfreunde , founded in 1863. In 1825 the Gesellschaft für Privatkonzerte – since 1895 Philharmonische Gesellschaft –
600-736: The Americas, and that it developed as an entrepôt for Germany's late developing colonial trade. In 1867, the year following Prussia 's defeat of Austria and its annexation of Hanover, Bremen joined the North German Confederation . In 1871, following victory over the French , this became the German Empire with Bremen as one of the Reich 's 26 constituent states. As an international port and industrial centre, Bremen had
640-864: The Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra performs approximately 175 opera performances at the Theater Bremen in Theater am Goetheplatz , 28 Philharmonic concerts at the Bremen Concert House Die Glocke and around 30 special, family and chamber concerts. The special concerts include, for example, benefit concerts for the Christmas charity fundraising campaign, the Bremen Cancer Aid Fund and the Bürgerpark Bremen [ de ] as well as concerts within
680-561: The Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra still feels a special affinity to Johannes Brahms: His compositions are among the most frequently performed in the repertoire. The inflation that set in as a result of the First World War made it impossible at the beginning of the 1920s to maintain the Philharmonic Orchestra, which had been engaged on a private basis until then, in this form. It was therefore taken over by Bremen as
720-740: The Bremer Philharmoniker e.V. (26%), the city of Bremen (52%) and the Theater Bremen (22 %). The company is managed by the General Music Director and the Intendant. The number of musicians is around 82 (as of 2017). As before, a state subsidy of around 4 million euros (as of 2009) is granted. A supervisory committee chaired by the Senator for Culture balances the various interests. Chief conductors and general music directors Other conductors Each season,
760-557: The Nazi regime, through a campaign of violent demonstrations and intimidation, first forced the resignation of the executive Senate and later dissolved the Bürgerschaft . Bremen remained for the next twelve years under the direct authority of a Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) who simultaneously held the post of Nazi Party Gauleiter of Gau Weser-Ems . During these years, Bremen's small Jewish community (1,438 people registered at
800-463: The US zones of occupation in west Berlin and southern Germany. The city was reestablished as a state in 1947 and, from 1949, was again known as the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , becoming a Land or state of the new Federal Republic of Germany , informally referred to as " West Germany " until 1990. The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 87-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by
840-463: The beginning of 1933) was destroyed through coerced emigration and deportation to death camps in the occupied east . Allied bombing during World War II destroyed or severely damaged 60% of the city's built fabric, including much of its historic centre. Following a further bombardment, British troops entered Bremen in late April 1945. Transferred to the Americans, Bremen became the supply port for
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#1732794421324880-585: The citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The executive is constituted by the Senate of Bremen , elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of the senate ( Senatspräsident ), who is also one of the mayors of the city of Bremen ( Bürgermeister ) and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of
920-671: The city orchestra or the state orchestra for its concerts. Since 2001, Barbara Grobien has been chairwoman of the society. In 2002, on the initiative of the company, the Bremer Philharmoniker GmbH was founded, in which the company holds a 26% share (see also above). It left the Philharmonic concerts in the Glocke to the GmbH, but continues to organise chamber concerts. The Philharmonic Society works together with
960-497: The city orchestra. The Philharmonic Society borrowed the musicians for its concerts. In 1933, the orchestra was renamed Staatsorchester . After the Second World War, the orchestra was renamed the "Bremen Philharmonic State Orchestra". In 2002, the orchestra changed its legal form to a limited liability company (Germany) and was renamed Bremer Philharmoniker GmbH . The shareholders are the orchestra musicians, organised in
1000-400: The education and business-park infrastructure for new science-based and digital enterprises. In this an important role is accorded to the growing university sector. Further investment went into the revitalisation of the city centre but a culture-driven regeneration around entertainment and tourism was not very successful. Several experts described Bremen's service sector as underdeveloped, due to
1040-547: The election, the SPD, Greens, and Left agreed to form a coalition government. Carsten Sieling resigned as mayor and was replaced by fellow SPD member Andreas Bovenschulte . The coat of arms and flag of Bremen state include: Bremen's post- World War II economy boomed in line with the West German Wirtschaftswunder of the 1950s and 60s. This saw the growth, and permanent settlement, in Bremen of
1080-527: The first edition focused on Johannes Brahms' four symphonies for four days, Markus Poschner and the orchestra, together with the SWR Big Band, dedicated the second edition to the interplay of composition and improvisation and the encounter between classical music and jazz, symphony orchestra and big band. Richard Wagner's opera "Tristan and Isolde" stood as a concertante performance in 2011 on the festival programme. In addition, there are numerous projects for
1120-723: The framework of the Bremen Music Festival, the European Piano Contest Bremen and the International Conductors' Forum of the German Music Council . In their concert series "phil pur", the Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra devotes several evenings to the work of a single composer in a Philharmonic concert. Since 2009, the Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra has also organised its own festival entitled "phil intensiv". After
1160-636: The last broadly free election during this time, the Social Democrats won 31.2% of the vote, and the Communists (KPD) 16.8%, compared to 20.8% for the Nazis . Following the heavily compromised national elections of March 1933, the Nazis still achieved only a third of the popular vote in Bremen (32.7%). Bremen, like all the German states, then underwent the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination) whereby
1200-667: The municipality of the workplace, but after that, by the municipality of the residency. Incorporating surrounding suburban municipalities, is not an option for Bremen as these belong to the state of Lower Saxony. With financial assistance from the European Union , and from the Federal Government, economic policy has focused on supporting those established economic sectors that are based on advanced technology, such as aerospace and aircraft production, automobile production, maritime and logistics services, and on developing
1240-566: The norm. The 2019 Bremen state election was held on 26 May 2019 to elect the members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen , as well as the city councils of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The election took place on the same day as the 2019 European Parliament election . The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), for the first time, became the largest party in the Bürgerschaft, while the Social Democratic Party (SPD) fell to second place. The Greens and The Left made small gains. After
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1280-609: The port, shipyards and related industries sustained a large and unionised working class. As before 1933, this translated into support for the Social Democrats, considered Bremen's natural governing party. However, in the 1980s mechanisation of the port and closure of the city's leading shipbuilder induced an employment crisis and shook the confidence of the party's traditional voter base. The SPD, which had still polled 51% in 1987, lost its effective majority. The once dominant left-liberal vote split, and coalition government became
1320-528: The president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party . On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately: In post-war Bremen,
1360-825: The promotion of children and young people as well as projects in the "Musikwerkstatt Bremen", founded in 2006. All in all, the Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra can be experienced at over 370 events during one season. The core repertoire of the concerts ranges from the First Viennese School , Romanticism and Post-romanticism to Classical Modernism and Neue Musik . World-class soloists and conductors are continuously engaged, such as Frank Peter Zimmermann , Gidon Kremer , Midori , Julia Fischer , Julian Rachlin , Rudolf Buchbinder , Boris Beresowski , Sabine Meyer , Christopher Hogwood , Mario Venzago and Heinz Holliger . The Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra accompanies more than 10,000 children and young people every year with
1400-614: The restructuring and increasing mechanisation of harbour-related activities and other industrial sectors. Semi and unskilled harbour workers found it very difficult to re-enter the labour market, and unemployment—for a period in the 1980s almost double the West German average—remained comparatively high. At a time when structural change in the economy has forced Bremen to spend more on social services, suburbanisation has reduced population and tax revenue, namely due to 1969 federal tax reform - before that, income taxes would be collected by
1440-545: The school. Other writers followed suit and eventually Beethoven was added to the list. The designation "first" is added today to avoid confusion with the Second Viennese School . These composers sometimes encountered each other: Haydn and Mozart were even occasional chamber-music partners. Beethoven for a time received lessons from Haydn, probably heard Mozart play, and met Schubert a few times (see Beethoven and his contemporaries ). However, they did not form
1480-507: The term Wiener Klassik (lit. Viennese classical era/art ) is used. That term is often more broadly applied to the Classical era in music as a whole, as a means to distinguish it from other periods that are colloquially referred to as classical , namely Baroque and Romantic music. The term "Viennese School" was first used by Austrian musicologist Raphael Georg Kiesewetter, in 1834, although he only counted Haydn and Mozart as members of
1520-446: The world of a symphony orchestra, but above all try out all the instruments of an orchestra under pedagogical guidance. Several activities were awarded prizes: In 1825, the association Society for Private Concerts was founded. He hoped to win capable musicians for Bremen and strove to form a good orchestra and choir. In the beginning the success was moderate, but then a steady concert orchestra with professional and amateur musicians
1560-505: Was formed. The Philharmonic Choir was also formed. After the death of the cathedral cantor and conductor of the Bremen Singakademie Wilhelm Friedrich Riem (1779–1857) there was a common conductor of both choirs since 1858: Carl Martin Reinthaler . After Riem left the choir, both choirs were united under the direction of Max Erdmannsdörfer in 1892 to form the joint Philharmonic Choir . In 1895
1600-498: Was founded. It organised a Philharmonic Choir and a Concert Orchestra , as one of the first bourgeois orchestras. The city of Bremen granted subsidies to the orchestra, which was later called the "Philharmonic Orchestra". Johannes Brahms made his debut as a pianist in 1855. It was his first public appearance with an orchestra. Thirteen years later, the German Requiem was premiered in Bremen under his direction. Even today,
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