Misplaced Pages

#586413

120-593: History of Christianity in Ukraine Rome-oriented Christians and their Byzantium-oriented counterparts formally severed connections from 1054. Subsequent attempts to unify Eastern Orthodox believers and the Catholic Churches were made on several occasions, including an instance in 1452 in which the deposed Metropolitan of Kiev , Isidore (in office from 1437 to 1441), endorsed the 1439 Union of Florence and formally promised

240-734: A Patriarch ) of the UAOC and Metropolitan Oleksiy (Hromadsky) of the Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church concluded an Act of Union, uniting the two national churches at the Pochayiv Lavra. Later German occupation authorities and pro-Russian hierarchs of the Autonomous Church convinced Metropolitan Oleksiy to remove his signature. Metropolitan Oleksiy was murdered in Volhynia on May 7, 1943, by

360-802: A bishop and priests from Constantinople to help in the Christianization of the Slavs. By 900, a church was already established in Kiev, St. Elijah's, modeled on a church of the same name in Constantinople. This gradual acceptance of Christianity is most notable in the Rus'-Byzantine Treaty of 945, which was signed by both "baptized" and unbaptized Rus'", according to the text included in the Primary Chronicle. Christianity acceptance among

480-427: A considerable following for over 600 years. Following the 860 assault on Constantinople by Rus' forces under the command of Askold and Dir , the two princes were baptized in that holy city. Returning to Kiev, the two actively championed Christianity for a period of 20 years, until they were murdered by the pagan Prince Oleg in the inter-princely rivalry for the Kiev throne. Patriarch Photios purportedly provided

600-525: A limited presence on the territory of Ukraine since at least the 16th century and represent a minority of Christians in the country. Andrew the apostle is believed to have travelled up the western shores of the Black Sea , to the area of present-day southern Ukraine, while preaching in the lands of Scythia . Legend (recorded in the Radziwiłł Chronicle ) has it that he travelled further still, up

720-553: A powerful ancient Roman family, and the youthful and noble Beatrice Cenci , who had murdered her father – probably as a consequence of his repeated abuses. The latter case prompted many requests of clemency – rejected by the Pope, who passed the confiscated Cenci property to his own family. Clement's strict ways also concerned philosophical and religious matters. In 1599 he had the Italian miller Menocchio  – who had formed

840-557: A priest on 31 December 1580 at the age of 45 and became pope on 2 February 1592 when he was not yet 56. He was an effective, if sometimes rigorous, administrator. He was made Cardinal-Priest of S. Pancrazio in 1585 by Pope Sixtus V , who named him major penitentiary in January 1586 and in 1588 sent him as Papal legate in Poland . He placed himself under the spiritual direction of the reformer Saint Philip Neri , who for thirty years

960-575: A small group of priests started to proclaim a reunion with Orthodoxy. The Soviet state organized in 1948 a synod in Lviv, where the 1596 Union of Brest was annulled, thereby breaking the canonical ties with Rome and transferring under the Moscow Patriarchate. In Transcarpathia, the reigning Greek Catholic bishop, Theodore Romzha , was murdered [7] and the remaining priests were forced to return their Church to Orthodoxy. This move's acceptance

1080-730: The Orthodox parishes, which provoked several massive uprisings. At the request of Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski , Hypatius Pociej left his post of Greater Castellan of Brześć Litewski and accepted the King's appointment to the eparchy of Volodymyr-Brest. Prince Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski considered that the Metropolitan of Kyiv should reach an agreement with the eastern patriarchs, the Patriarch of Moscow , and Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina for joint participation in agreement with

1200-795: The Bishop of Rome in 867, bringing with them the relics of Pope Martin from Chersonesos. Their labors and request were met with approval, and their continued efforts planted the Christian faith into Ukrainian Rus. By 906, they had founded a diocese in Peremyshl , today a diocese of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Przemyśl , Poland . Their efforts, and those of their apostles, led to the translation of Christian Scriptures and service (liturgies) from Greek to Slavonic, and

1320-775: The Bosporan Kingdom . Pope Clement I (ruled 88–98) was exiled to Chersonesos on the Crimean peninsula in 102, as was Pope Martin I in 655. Furthermore, it has been definitively recorded that a representative from the Black Sea area, the "head of the Scythian bishopric", was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, as well as the First Council of Constantinople in 381; it has been surmised that this representative would have to have been Bishop Cadmus of

SECTION 10

#1732775276587

1440-618: The Collegio Clementino for the education of the sons of the richer classes, and augmented the number of national colleges in Rome by opening the Collegio Scozzese for the training of missionaries to Scotland . Coffee aficionados often claim that the spread of its popularity among Catholics is due to Pope Clement VIII's influence. According to the legend, there was opposition to coffee as "Satan's drink", leading to

1560-706: The Dnieper River , until he came to the location of present-day Kiev in AD 55, where he erected a cross and prophesied the foundation of a great Christian city. Belief in the missionary visit of Andrew became widespread by the Middle Ages , and by 1621, a Kiev synod had declared him the "Rus'-apostle". Titus , a disciple of Andrew, is also venerated in Ukrainian churches, as are three " Scythian " disciples, Saints Ina, Pina and Rima, who accompanied him to Kiev. Both

1680-659: The Eastern Orthodox Church in the Ruthenian lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth gathered in synod in the city of Brest . They signed a declaration of their readiness to reunite with Rome. The 33 articles of Union were accepted by Pope Sixtus V . At first widely successful, the Union lost some of its initial support within the following several decades, mainly due to its enforcement on

1800-551: The Eastern Orthodox Church . Princess Olga of Kiev shortly after her baptism appealed to the Holy Roman emperor Otto the Great to send missionaries into Kievan Rus. Adalbert , a Latin missionary bishop from Germany, was sent, but his missions and the priests who missionized along with him, were stopped. Most of the group of Latin missionaries were slain by pagan forces sent by Olga's son, Prince Svyatoslav , who had taken

1920-643: The Glagolitic alphabet , a precursor to the eponymous " Cyrillic script ", which enabled the local population to worship God in Old Church Slavonic , a language closer to the vernacular Old East Slavic language than the Greek used to worship in Constantinople, or Latin in the west. In response to local disputes with clerics of the Latin Church, Cyril and Methodius appealed in person to

2040-836: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania , of which Ukraine was a part. The opposition from the Ostrogskis and other Orthodox magnates led to this policy being suspended in the early 16th century. Following the Union of Lublin , the Polonization of the Ukrainian church was accelerated. Unlike the Catholic Church, the Orthodox church in Ukraine was liable to various taxes and legal obligations. The building of new Orthodox churches

2160-733: The Latin Church . In 1595, both Hedeon Balaban and Mykhailo Kopystenskyi withdrew their signatures from the agreement. That same year the Archbishop of Polotsk, Nathaniel Sielitskyi, died, and was replaced with Herman Zahorksyi. The union was solemnly and publicly proclaimed in the Hall of Constantine in the Vatican . Canon Eustachy Wołłowicz , of Vilnius , read in Ruthenian and in Latin

2280-793: The November Uprising , which the Uniate Church officially supported. However, the uprising failed, and the Russian authorities were quick to respond to its organisers and areas of strongest support. The outcome was that the Uniate synod's members were removed along with most of the Polish magnates privileges' and authority being taken away. With the Polish influence in the Ruthenian lands significantly reduced and in some cases eliminated,

2400-685: The Orthodox Church of Ukraine , the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church . Additionally, there is a smaller number of Byzantine rite adherents in the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church who were dominated by the Kingdom of Hungary in the past. Western Christian bodies including the Latin Church of the Catholic Church and several Protestant denominations have had

2520-789: The Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks seized power in the Russian Empire and transformed it into the Soviet Union. Religion in the new socialist society was assigned little value by the state, but in particular Russian Orthodox Church was distrusted because of its active support of the White Movement . Massive arrests and repressions began immediately. In the Ukrainian SSR (one of the founding republics of

SECTION 20

#1732775276587

2640-597: The autocephalic aspirations in the territories where the upper clergy continued to be dominated by Greeks for several centuries. These first half-legendary Christian churches on the territory of present Ukraine were eliminated by the Gothic invasion in the third century. The head of the "Scythian bishopric" presented at the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea in 325 probably in fact was Bishop Cadmus from

2760-582: The metropolitan see in Kiev. Although separated into various Christian denominations , most Ukrainian Christians share a common faith based on Eastern Christianity . This tradition is represented in Ukraine by the Byzantine Rite , the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, which have been at various historic times closely aligned with Ukrainian national self-identity and Byzantine culture . Being officially eliminated since

2880-506: The "brotherhoods" ( bratstvo ) . In 1589 Hedeon Balaban , the bishop of Lviv , asked the Pope to take him under his protection, because he was exasperated by the struggle with urban communities and the Ecumenical Patriarch. He was followed by the bishops of Lutsk , Cholm , and Turov in 1590. In the following years, the bishops of Volodymyr-Volynskyy and Przemyśl and the Metropolitan of Kiev announced their secession from

3000-496: The 18th-century Church of St Andrew and an earlier structure from 1086 it replaced were purportedly built on the very location of the apostle's cross, planted on a hill overlooking the city of Kiev. Although the Primary Chronicle refers to the apostle continuing his journey as far north as Novgorod , Andrew's visit to any of these lands has not been proven, and in fact may have been a later invention designed to boost

3120-475: The 19th century there was a struggle within the Uniate Church (and therefore within the general Galician society due to its domination by priests) between Russophiles who desired union with Russia and Ukrainophiles who saw the Galician Ruthenians as Ukrainians, not Russians. The former group were mostly represented by older and more conservative elements of the priesthood, while the latter ideology

3240-640: The 4th century with the establishment of the Metropolitanate of Gothia , which was centered in the Crimean peninsula . However, on territory of the Old Rus in Kiev , Christianity became the dominant religion since its official acceptance in 989 by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who brought it from Byzantine Crimea and installed it as the state religion of medieval Kievan Rus ( Ruthenia ), with

3360-622: The Bosporan Kingdom. Ostrogoths , who remained on present-day Ukrainian lands after the invasion of the Huns , established a metropolinate under the Bishop of Constantinople at Dorus in northern Crimea around the year 400. A bishop's seat had also existed since 868 across the Strait of Kerch , in the ancient city of Tmutarakan . The Polans and the Antes cultures, located so close to

3480-623: The Catholic and Uniate clergy and Jews. During this time metropolitan Mogila took full advantage of the moment to restore the Orthodox domination in Ukraine, including returning one of its sacred buildings, the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev . In 1686, 40 years after Mogila's death, the Ottomans , acting on the behalf of the regent of Russia Sophia Alekseyevna , pressured the Patriarch of Constantinople into transferring

3600-493: The Catholic faith and was instrumental in setting up an alliance of Christian nations to oppose the Ottoman Empire in the so-called Long War . He also successfully adjudicated in a bitter dispute between the Dominicans and the Jesuits on the issue of efficacious grace and free will . In 1600 he presided over a jubilee which saw many pilgrimages to Rome . He presided over the trial and execution of Giordano Bruno and implemented strict measures against Jewish residents of

3720-403: The Catholicism as one of the main tools to unify the nation where non-Polish minority comprised over one third of the citizenry. Nevertheless, the Poles saw the Greek Catholic Galicia Ukrainians as even less reliable and loyal as the Orthodox Volhynia Ukrainians. Also, despite the communion with Rome, the UGCC attained a strong Ukrainian national character of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and

Union of Brest - Misplaced Pages Continue

3840-399: The Church of Rus' into Greek Catholic and Greek Orthodox jurisdictions. The greatest noble to oppose it was Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski . In 1620, the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia was erected under the care of the Patriarchate of Constantinople for dissenting Eastern Orthodox faithful. This resulted in parallel successions of metropolitans to the same ecclesiastical title in

3960-454: The Clementine Vulgate. It was issued with the Bull Cum Sacrorum Archived 2018-06-10 at the Wayback Machine (9 November 1592) which asserted that every subsequent edition must be assimilated to this one, that no word of the text could be changed, and that not even variant readings could be printed in the margin. This new official version of the Vulgate, known as the Clementine Vulgate or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate , became and remained

4080-415: The Crimea, surely became familiarized with Christianity by this time. The relics of Pope Martin were allegedly retrieved by the " Equal-to-apostles " brothers Cyril and Methodius , who passed through present-day Ukraine on their way to preach to the Khazars . Sent from Constantinople at the request of the ruler of Great Moravia , these brothers would add to foundation of Christianity in Ukraine by creating

4200-450: The Crown from his mother. Christianity became dominant in the territory with the mass Baptism of Kiev in the Dnieper River in 988 ordered by Vladimir. That year is considered as the year of establishment of the Kiev Metropolis and part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . The exact date of establishment is not clearly known as the Kiev eparchy (metropolis) is mentioned as early as 891. The first cathedral temple, Church of

4320-414: The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, which was increasingly influenced by the Ottomans . In 1595 some representatives of this group arrived to Rome and asked Pope Clement VIII to take them under his jurisdiction and unite them to the Apostolic See of Saint Peter . In the Union of Brest of 1596 (colloquially known as unia ), a part of the Ukrainian Church was accepted under the jurisdiction of

4440-404: The Emperor valuable assistance in men and money. Clement VIII was as vigorous as Pope Sixtus V (1585–90) in crushing banditry in the Papal provinces of Umbria and the Marche and in punishing the lawlessness of the Papal nobility . Upon his ascension to the Papal throne in 1592, he immediately had several noble troublemakers put to death. These included most famously Troio Savelli, scion of

4560-440: The Jewish inhabitants of his territories. In 1592, the papal bull Cum saepe accidere forbade the Jewish community of the Comtat Venaissin of Avignon , a Papal enclave, to sell new goods, putting them at an economic disadvantage. In 1593, the bull Caeca et Obdurata reiterated Pope Pius V 's decree of 1569 which banned Jews from living in the Papal States outside the cities of Rome, Ancona , and Avignon. The main effect of

4680-427: The Latin Church), 170,000 out of 450,000 did so by 1908. Although the Partitions of Poland awarded most of the Ruthenian lands to the Russian Empire, this excluded the southwestern Kingdom Of Galicia (constituting the modern Lviv , Ivano-Frankivsk and parts of Ternopil oblasts), which fell under the control of the Habsburg monarchy and subsequently the Austrian Empire and the Austria-Hungary . Similarly to

4800-434: The Metropolitan of Kiev, Onesiphorus Divochka  [ uk ] , and with the approval of the King of Poland Sigismund III , consecrated Michael Rohoza as the new Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych, and all Rus' (Jeremias was notably imprisoned by the Ottomans and by the Muscovites, and was forced to elevate the see of Moscow to a patriarchy.). After Patriarch Jeremias II left Muscovy in 1589, four out of nine bishops of

4920-538: The Moscow Patriarchate was immediately restored. Within months nearly a million Orthodox pilgrims, from all over the country, fearing that these reclaimed western parishes would share the fate of others in the USSR , took the chance to visit them. However, the Soviet authorities, although confiscating some of the public property, did not show the repressions of the post-revolutionary period that many expected and no executions or physical destruction took place. On October 8, 1942, Archbishop Nikanor and Bishop Mstyslav (later

Union of Brest - Misplaced Pages Continue

5040-582: The Orthodox Church came to an end with Khrushchev's "Thaw" programme, which included closing the recently opened Kiev's Caves Lavra. However, in the west-Ukrainian dioceses, which were the largest in the USSR, the Soviet attitude was "softest". In fact in the western city of Lviv, only one church was closed. The Moscow Patriarchate also relaxed its canons on the clergy, especially those from the former-uniate territories, allowing them, for example to shave beards (a very uncommon Orthodox practice) and conduct eulogy in Ukrainian instead of Church Slavonic . In 1988 with

5160-425: The Orthodox Church of Kiev and all Rus' from the jurisdiction of Constantinople to the Patriarch of Moscow , established a century prior to that. The legality of this step is occasionally questioned to this day along with the fact that the transfer was accompanied by graft and bribery, which in church affairs amounts to an ecclesiastical crime. The transfer itself, however, led to the significant Ukrainian domination of

5280-405: The Orthodox clergy actually welcomed the Soviet troops. The addition of the ethnic Ukrainian territory of Volhynia to the USSR created several issues. Having avoided the Bolshevik repression, the Orthodox church of this rural region outnumbered the rest of the Ukrainian SSR by nearly a thousand churches and clergy as well as many cloisters including the Pochayiv Lavra . The ecclesiastical link with

5400-472: The Orthodox mob in Vitebsk in 1623. As the unia continued its expansion into Ukraine, its unpopularity grew, particularly in the southern steppes where Dnieper Cossacks lived. The Cossacks, who valued their traditions and culture, saw the unia as a final step of Polonization. As a result, they reacted by becoming fierce proponents of Orthodoxy. Such feelings played a role in the mass uprising whose targets included all non-Orthodox religious proponents,

5520-407: The Papal States. He may have been the first pope to drink coffee. Clement VIII died at the age of 69 in 1605 and his remains now rest in the Roman church of Santa Maria Maggiore . He was from a Florentine family, and followed his father as a canon lawyer , becoming an Auditor (judge) of the Roman Rota , the highest ecclesiastical court constituted by the Holy See . He was only ordained as

5640-408: The Polish authorities sought to weaken it in various ways. In 1924, following a visit with the Ukrainian Catholic believers in North America and western Europe, the head of the UGCC was initially denied reentry to Lviv until after a considerable delay. Polish priests led by their bishops began to undertake missionary work among Eastern Catholic faithful, and the administrative restrictions were placed on

5760-412: The Roman Pope, becoming a Byzantine Rite Catholic Church , a Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, colloquially known as the Uniate Church. While the new church gained many faithful among the Ukrainians in Galicia , the majority of Ukrainians in the rest of the lands remained within Eastern Orthodoxy with the church affairs ruled by then from Kiev under the metropolitan Petro Mohyla . The Orthodox Church

5880-431: The Rus' nobility gained a vital proponent when Princess Olga , the ruler of Kiev, became baptized, taking the " Christian name " Helen . Her baptism in 955 (or 957) in either Kiev or Constantinople (accounts differ) was a turning point in religious life of Rus' but it was left to her grandson, Vladimir the Great , to make Kievan Rus a Christian state. Both Vladimir and Olga are venerated as the Equal-to-apostles saints by

6000-440: The Russian Empire, the Uniate Church continued to function until 1875, when the Eparchy of Chelm was abolished .The greater longevity of the Uniate Church in this region was attributed to the fact that it came under Russian control later than did the other territories (1809) and that, unlike other Ukrainian regions within the Russian Empire, it had been part of the Congress Poland , which had some autonomy until 1865. Within Chelm,

6120-407: The Russian Orthodox Church always viewed with the great suspicion by the regime for its being the cornerstone of pre-revolutionary Russian Empire and the initially strong opposition the church took towards the regime change (the position of the patriarch Tikhon of Moscow was especially critical). On November 11, 1921 [5] , an unrecognised Church Council started in Kiev. The council would proclaim

SECTION 50

#1732775276587

6240-418: The Russian Orthodox Church, which continued well into the 18th century, Feofan Prokopovich , Epifany Slavinetsky , Stephen Yavorsky and Demetrius of Rostov being among the most notable representatives of this trend. In the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate (Vassal for Ottoman Empire) was conquered by Russia, and the latter annexed most of the southern steppes and Crimea. Colonization of these lands

6360-412: The Russian Orthodox Church. During the period in which the Soviet government tolerated the renewed Ukrainian national church the UAOC gained a wide following particularly among the Ukrainian peasantry. In the early-1930s the Soviet government abruptly reversed the policies in the national republics and mass arrests of UAOC's hierarchy and clergy culminated in the liquidation of the church in 1930. Most of

6480-405: The Russophiles. The Balkans themselves were largely Orthodox and crucial to the Russian Panslavism movement. In this situation, the Galician Ruthenians found themselves in the pawn's position. When the power struggle erupted into the First World War, the Russian Army initially quickly overran Galicia (see Eastern Front (World War I) ). Free of Polish domination, unlike in other areas of Ukraine

6600-420: The Ruthenian people under their rule from their brethren across the mountains. Thus despite being Uniate at the time of the formation of Czechoslovakia, the population was about evenly divided between Rusynophile, Ukrainophile and Russophile orientation. The general Russophilic sentiment was very strong amongst them, and these cultural and political orientations impacted the local religious communities. Even before

6720-431: The Ruthenian population left outside Ukraine in 1945 (today Prešov territory in Slovakia) see Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church ). On September 17, 1939, with Poland crumbling under the German attack that started the Second World War, the Red Army attacked Poland , assigning territories with an ethnic Ukrainian majority to Soviet Ukraine . Because the Ukrainians were by-and-large discontented with Polish rule most of

6840-469: The Ruthenians "should remain with that which was handed down to us in the Holy Scriptures, in the Gospel, and in the writings of the holy Greek Doctors, that is, that the Holy Spirit proceeds, not from two sources and not by a double procession, but from one origin, from the Father through the Son." The bishops asked to be dispensed from the obligation of introducing the Gregorian Calendar , so as to avoid popular discontent and dissensions, and insisted that

6960-437: The Ruthenians his support. A medal was struck to commemorate the event, with the inscription: Ruthenis receptis . On the same day the bull Magnus Dominus et laudabilis nimis was published, announcing to the Roman Catholic world for the first time that Ruthenians were in the unity of the Roman Church. The bull recites the events which led to the union, the arrival of Pociej and Terlecki at Rome , their abjuration, and

7080-430: The Tithes (Assumption of Virgin Mary), was built in 996. Following the Great Schism in 1054, the Kievan Rus that incorporated some of the modern Ukraine ended up on the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine side of the divided Christian world. Early on, the Orthodox Christian metropolitans had their seat in Pereyaslav , and later in Kiev. The people of Kiev lost their Metropolitan to Vladimir-Suzdal in 1299 (who retained

7200-401: The UAOC and UGCC sought to avoid the transfer under the Moscow Patriarchate; something that Moscow tolerated until after World War II, for example the head of the Ukrainian Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev attended the funeral of the head of the Uniate Church in 1946. Nevertheless, as the Uniate Church did in some cases support the Nazi regime, the overall Soviet attitude was negative. In 1948

7320-409: The USSR) as early as in December 1918 the first execution of the head of the Ukrainian Exarchate Metropolitan of Kiev and Halych took place. This was only the start which culminated in mass closing and destruction of churches (some standing since the days of the Kievan Rus) and executions of clergy and followers. Ukraine was controlled by several short-lived yet independent governments which revived

SECTION 60

#1732775276587

7440-487: The USSR, and thus with no possible contact with the persecuted mother church, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople agreed to take over Moscow Patriarchate 's role and in 1923 the Polish Orthodox Church was formed out of the parishes that were on the territory of the Polish republic although 90% of its clergy and believers were non-Polish people. The redrawal of national boundaries following World War I also affected yet another ethnically Ruthenian territory. In 1920,

7560-588: The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. With respect to the Orthodox Ukrainian population in eastern Poland, the Polish government initially issued a decree defending the rights of the Orthodox minorities. In practice, this often failed, as the Catholics , also eager to strengthen their position, had stronger representation in the Sejm and the courts. During the Polish rule, 190 Orthodox churches were destroyed (although some of them have already been abandoned) and 150 were forcibly transformed into Catholic (not Ukrainian Catholic) churches. Such actions were condemned by

7680-429: The Ukrainian community. Most independent native Ukrainian cultural trends (such as Rusynophilia, Russophilia and later Ukrainophilia ) emerged from within the ranks of the Uniate Church. The participation of Uniate priests or their children in western Ukrainian cultural and political life was so great that western Ukrainians were accused of wanting to create a theocracy in western Ukraine by their Polish rivals. During

7800-401: The Ukrainian national idea. Ukraine declared its political independence following the fall of the Provisional Government in 1918 and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was established. Following the Soviet regime's taking root in Ukraine and despite the ongoing Soviet-wide antireligious campaign, the Bolshevik authorities saw the national churches as a tool in their goal to suppress

7920-411: The Uniate Church began to disintegrate. In Volhynia the famous Pochayiv Lavra was returned to Russian Orthodox clergy in 1833. The final blow came from the Synod of Polotsk in 1839 headed by the ex-Uniate Bishop Semashko, where it was agreed to terminate the accords of Union of Brest and all of the remaining Uniate property on the territory of the Belarus and Right Bank Ukraine within the Russian Empire

8040-408: The Uniate church had become closely linked to the Ukrainian people and the Ukrainian national movement. For this reason, the population in general were quite loyal to the Austrian Habsburgs , earning the nickname "Tyroleans of the East", and resisted reunion into the Orthodox Church. A minority of them, however, welcomed the Russians and reverted to Orthodoxy. After regaining the lost territories with

8160-493: The autumn of 1595 he solemnly absolved Henry IV, thus putting an end to the thirty years' religious war in France. Henry IV's friendship was of essential importance to the papacy two years later, when Alfonso II d'Este , Duke of Ferrara , died childless (27 October 1597), and the pope resolved to attach the stronghold of the Este family to the states of the Church. Though Spain and the Emperor Rudolf II encouraged Alfonso II's illegitimate cousin, Cesare d'Este , to withstand

8280-438: The belief that God was not eternal but had Himself once been created out of chaos – tried by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. A more famous case was the trial for heresy of Giordano Bruno , who was burned at the stake in 1600. Pope Clement VIII participated personally in the final phases of the trial, inviting the Cardinals in charge of the case to proceed with the verdict. Clement VIII tightened measures against

8400-460: The bull was to evict Jews who had returned to areas of the Papal States (mainly Umbria ) after 1586 (following their expulsion in 1569) and to expel Jewish communities from cities like Bologna (which had been incorporated under papal dominion since 1569). The bull also alleged that Jews in the Papal States had engaged in usury and exploited the hospitality of Clement VIII's predecessors "who, in order to lead them from their darkness to knowledge of

8520-429: The clergy members under the threat of prosecution by the Soviet state. Much of the UGCC and UAOC clergy not willing to serve in the ROC emigrated to Germany, the United States, or Canada. Others were sent to Siberia and even chose to be martyred. Officially the Moscow Patriarchate never recognised the canonical right of the synod as it lacked any bishops there. The relatively permissive post-war government attitude towards

8640-534: The concession to the Ruthenians that they should retain their own rite, save for such customs as were opposed to the purity of Catholic doctrine and incompatible with the communion of the Roman Church. On 7 February 1596, Pope Clement VIII addressed to the Ruthenian episcopate the brief Benedictus sit Pastor ille bonus , enjoining the convocation of a synod in which the Ruthenian bishops were to recite

8760-460: The conversion to Orthodoxy met with strong resistance from the local ethnic Ukrainian priests and parishioners, and was accomplished largely through the efforts of Russian police, Cossacks, and immigrating Russophile priests from eastern Galicia . The resistance was strong enough that when, a generation later in 1905, the formally Eastern Orthodox population of Chelm was allowed to return to Catholicism (Russian authorities only allowing conversion to

8880-641: The counterattack in late 1914, the Austrian authorities responded with repressions: several thousand Orthodox and Russophilic people died while being interred at a Talerhof concentration camp for those deemed disloyal to Austria. Already a minority, the Russophiles were largely extinguished as a religious-cultural force in Galicia as a result of these actions. After the Russian Revolution and

9000-664: The country of Czechoslovakia was formed, the nation included several minorities. In the easternmost end of the country, Transcarpathia lived the Rusyn population. For most of their history they were ruled by the Hungarians, who unlike the Austrians ruling Galicia were quite active in opposing Ukrainophile sentiments. Instead, the Hungarians supported a Rusyn identity (separate from either a pro-Ukrainian or pro-Russian orientation) through pro-Hungarian priests in an effort to separate

9120-714: The detriment of efficacious grace, the important influence of the Jesuit Order ;— among other considerations — which, beside important political and theological power in Europe, had also various missions abroad ( Misiones Jesuiticas in South America, missions in China , etc.), led the Pope to abstain from an official condemnation of the Jesuits. In 1611 and again in 1625 a decree prohibited any discussion of

9240-627: The end of World War II , the recent revival of Ukrainian national religions started just before dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989 with reestablishment of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church which also triggered recovery of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church movement out of diaspora and transition of the former Russian Orthodox Church clergy who were native Ukrainians. Today, there are three national Ukrainian churches:

9360-581: The eventual development of the modern Cyrillic alphabet . By the 9th century , it is known that the Slavic population of western Ukraine (likely the White Croats ) had accepted Christianity while under the rule of Great Moravia . However, it was the East Slavs who came to dominate most of the territory of present-day Ukraine, beginning with the rule of the Rus' , whose pantheon of gods had held

9480-548: The first formation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC). The Russian Orthodox Church strongly opposed the formation of the Ukrainian autocephaly and not a single ordained bishop was willing or able to ordain the hierarchy for a new church. Therefore, the clergy "ordained" its own hierarchy itself, a practice questionable under the canon law , in the "Alexandrian" manner - by laying on priests' hands on two senior candidates who became known as Metropolitan Vasyl (Lypkivsky) and Archbishop Nestor (Sharayivsky) (reportedly

9600-532: The first world war already quite a lot of distant mountain communities were de facto Orthodox, where priests simply ceased to follow the Uniate canons. However, much more significant changes took place in the interwar period. In the 1920s many Russian emigres, particularly Orthodox clergy, settled in Serbia . Loyal to the Orthodox state, they became actively involved in missionary work in central Europe. A group, headed by Bishop Dosifei went to Transcarpathia. Because of

9720-493: The head of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky , who claimed that these acts would "destroy in the souls of our non-united Orthodox brothers the very thought of any possibility of reunion." In addition to persecution from the new authorities, the Orthodox clergy found itself with no ecclesiastical link to submit to. Like most ex- Russian Orthodox communities that ended up outside

9840-603: The historical links between the local Greek Catholic clergy to the disliked Hungarian authorities, mass conversions to the Orthodox Church occurred. By the start of the Second World War, approximately one third of all of the Rusyn population reverted to Orthodoxy [6] . The region's local Hungarian population, estimated at slightly less than 20% of the population, remained overwhelmingly Calvinist or Catholic. (For

9960-528: The idea was shared by growing number of the lower priests, the ruling Uniate synod , controlled by the strong Polish influence, rejected all Semashko's suggestions. In addition many of the Latin Church Catholic authorities responded to this by actively imposing Latin practice and hierarchy. In 1831, the general discontent of the Poles with the Russian rule erupted into a revolt, now known as

10080-622: The inner workings of the Church, Cardinal Aldobrandini was elected on 30 January 1592, as a portent of more balanced and liberal Papal policy in European affairs. He took the non-politicised name Clement VIII. He proved to be an able Pope, with an unlimited capacity for work, and a lawyer's eye for detail. He was a wise statesman, the general object of whose policy was to free the Papacy from its dependence upon Spain . In November 1592, he published

10200-451: The king of Poland should grant them, as of right, the dignity of senators. The union was strongly supported by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , Sigismund III Vasa , but opposed by some bishops and prominent nobles of Rus', and (perhaps most importantly) by the nascent Cossack movement for Ukrainian self-rule. The result was "Rus' fighting against Rus'", and the splitting of

10320-654: The letter of the Ruthenian episcopate to the Pope , dated 12 June 1595. Cardinal Silvio Antoniani thanked the Ruthenian episcopate in the name of the Pope, and expressed his joy at the happy event. Then Hipacy Pociej , Bishop of Volodymyr, in his own name and that of the Ruthenian episcopate, read in Latin the formula of abjuration of the 1054 Greek Schism, Bishop Cyril Terlecki of Lutsk read it in Ruthenian, and they affixed their signatures. Pope Clement VIII then addressed to them an allocution , expressing his joy and promising

10440-511: The local branches in the ever-crumbling Soviet authority sympathised with the national sentiments in their areas. Violence grew especially after the UGCC's demand that all property that was held prior to 1939 would be returned. It is now believed that the only real event which helped to contain the growing schism in the former-uniate territories was the ROC's reaction of raising its Ukrainian Exarchate to

10560-857: The matter, although it was often informally skirted by the publication of commentaries on Thomas Aquinas . During the jubilee of 1600, three million pilgrims visited the holy places. The Synod of Brest was held 1595 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , by which a great part of the Ruthenian clergy and people were reunited to Rome. Clement VIII canonised Hyacinth (17 April 1594), Julian of Cuenca (18 October 1594), and Raymond of Peñafort (1601). He beatified 205 individuals, 200 of them being group martyrs; notable individuals he named as Blessed included Carlo Borromeo . The pope created 53 cardinals in six consistories during his pontificate; he named his two nephews Pietro and Cinzio Passeri as cardinals. Notable cardinals named during his reign included Camillo Borghese (his successor Pope Paul V ) as well as

10680-605: The millennium anniversary of the baptism of Rus, there was yet another shift in the Soviet attitude towards religion, coinciding with the Perestroika and Glasnost programmes. The Soviet Government publicly apologized for oppression of religion and promised to return all property to the rightful owners. As a result, thousands of closed religious buildings in all areas of the USSR were returned to their original owners. In Ukraine this

10800-617: The nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army which saw this as treason. The Russian Orthodox Church regained its general monopoly in the Ukrainian SSR after World War II following another shift in the official Soviet attitude towards Christian churches. As a result, many started to accuse it of being a puppet of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . After the suspicious death of Patriarch Tikhon,

10920-513: The newly acquired lands. Nevertheless, the first Russophile tendencies began to surface, and came in face of the Uniate Bishop Joseph Semashko . Believing that the Uniate Church's role as an interim bridge between Orthodoxy and their eventual path to Catholicism is over, now that the ruler of the lands is no longer a Catholic, but an Orthodox Monarch, he began to push for an eventual reversion of all Uniates. Although

11040-566: The next few weeks. He died on 3 March 1605 around midnight, leaving a reputation for prudence, munificence, ruthlessness and capacity for business. Clement was buried in St. Peter's Basilica , and later Pope Paul V (1605–21) had a mausoleum built for him in the Borghese Chapel of Santa Maria Maggiore , where his remains were transferred in 1646. His reign is especially distinguished by the number and beauty of his medals. Clement VIII founded

11160-527: The noted theologians Robert Bellarmine and Caesar Baronius . The most remarkable event of Clement VIII's reign was the reconciliation to the Church of Henry IV of France (1589–1610), after long negotiations, carried on with great dexterity through Cardinal Arnaud d'Ossat , that resolved the complicated situation in France . Henry embraced Catholicism on 25 July 1593. After a pause to assess Henry IV's sincerity, Clement VIII braved Spanish displeasure, and in

11280-645: The official Bible of the Catholic Church until the Nova Vulgata replaced it in 1979. In 1597, he established the Congregatio de Auxiliis which was to settle the theological controversy between the Dominican Order and the Jesuits concerning the respective role of efficacious grace and free will . Although the debate tended toward a condemnation of Molinism 's insistence on free will to

11400-445: The pope's advisers asking him to denounce the beverage. However, upon tasting coffee, Pope Clement VIII declared: "Why, this Satan's drink is so delicious that it would be a pity to let the infidels have exclusive use of it." Clement allegedly blessed the bean because it appeared better for the people than alcoholic beverages. The year often cited is 1600. It is not clear whether this is a true story, but it may have been found amusing at

11520-592: The pope, they were deterred from giving him any material aid by Henry IV's threats, and a Papal army entered Ferrara almost unopposed. In 1598 Clement VIII won more credit for the papacy by bringing about a definite treaty of peace between Spain and France in the Peace of Vervins , which put an end to their long contest; he negotiated peace between France and the Duchy of Savoy as well. In 1594, Clement VIII initiated an alliance of Christian European powers to take part in

11640-564: The pressure from its powerful neighbors resulted in its partitions by neighbouring empires. The Russian Empire , in particular, gained most of ethnically Ukrainian land and all of the Belarusian lands. After nearly two centuries of polonization, the Uniate influence on the Ukrainian population was so great that hardly any remained Orthodox. Although some, particularly in Podolia , chose to revert to Orthodoxy soon after, this in many cases

11760-580: The profession of the Catholic Faith. Various letters were also sent to the Polish king, princes, and magnates, exhorting them to receive the Ruthenians under their protection. Another bull, Decet Romanum pontificem , dated 23 February 1596, defined the rights of the Ruthenian episcopate and their relations in subjection to the Holy See . It was agreed that the formulation filioque should not be inserted in Ruthenians' Nicene Creed , and that

11880-546: The reborn Polish state . This included Polesie and Volhynia , areas with almost exclusively Orthodox population amongst the rural peasants, as well as the former Austrian province of Galicia with its Uniate population. The Greek Catholic church, which functions in communion with the Latin Catholicism, could have hoped to receive a better treatment in Poland, whose leadership, especially the endecja party, saw

12000-671: The relics of Clement of Rome who died in Ukraine in the 1st century were also used). Despite the canon law controversy, the new church was recognized in 1924 by the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory VII . In the wake of the Ukrainization policies carried out in Soviet Ukraine in the first decade of the Soviet rule many of the Orthodox clergy willfully joined the church thus avoiding the persecution suffered by many clergy members who remained inside

12120-558: The situation in the lands of the Russian Empire, the Uniate Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasantry was largely under the Polish Latin Catholic domination. The Austrians granted equal legal privileges to the Uniate Church and removed Polish influence. They also mandated that Uniate seminarians receive a formal higher education (previously, priests had been educated informally by other priests, usually their fathers, as

12240-463: The status of an autonomous church , which took place in 1990, and up until the break up of the USSR in late 1991 there was an uneasy peace in western Ukraine. After the nation became independent, the question of an independent and an autocephalous Orthodox Church arose once again. Pope Clement VIII Pope Clement VIII ( Latin : Clemens VIII ; Italian : Clemente VIII ; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini ,

12360-502: The surviving property was officially transferred to the ROC, with some churches closed for good and destroyed. On the eve of the Second World War only 3% of the pre-revolutionary parishes on the territory of Ukraine remained open to the public, often hidden in deep rural areas. The 1921 Peace of Riga treaty that ended the Polish-Soviet War gave the significant areas of the ethnically Ukrainian (and Belarusian) territories to

12480-659: The territory of the Commonwealth. History of Christianity in Ukraine The history of Christianity in Ukraine dates back to the earliest centuries of the history of Christianity , to the Apostolic Age , with mission trips along the Black Sea and a legend of Andrew the Apostle even ascending the hills of Kiev . The first Christian community on territory of modern Ukraine is documented as early as

12600-626: The title), but gained a new Metropolitan in Halych in 1303. The religious affairs were also ruled in part by a Metropolitan in Navahrudak , (present-day Belarus ). In the 15th century, the primacy over the Ruthenian Orthodox Church was moved to Vilnius , under the title " Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' ". One clause of the Union of Krevo stipulated that Jagiello would disseminate Catholicism among Orthodox subjects of

12720-521: The true faith, deemed it opportune to use the clemency of Christian piety towards them" (alluding to Christiana pietas ). With the bull Cum Hebraeorum malitia a few days later, Clement VIII also forbade the reading of the Talmud . Clement VIII was afflicted by gout , using a wheelchair by the late 1590s, and was forced to spend much of his later life immobilized in bed. He suddenly became ill on 10 February 1605 and his condition rapidly deteriorated over

12840-876: The unity of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church with Rome. In 1588–1589, Patriarch of Constantinople Jeremias II traveled across Eastern Europe, particularly the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia , where he finally acknowledged the Russian Orthodox Church in Moscow (estranged from Constantinople since the 1440s) and consecrated Patriarch Job of Moscow as the Eastern Orthodox All-Russian Patriarch (a dignity previously held by Isidore from 1437 to 1441). Patriarch Jeremias II deposed

12960-537: The vocation was passed on within families), and organized institutions in Vienna and Lviv that would serve this function. This led to the appearance, for the first time, of a large educated social class within the Ukrainian population in Galicia. As a result, within Austrian Galicia over the next century the Uniate Church ceased being a puppet of foreign interests and became the primary cultural force within

13080-649: The war with the Ottoman Empire , fought mainly in Hungary , which would become known as the "Long Turkish War" and continue past Clement's own lifetime. Facilitated by the pope, a treaty of alliance was signed in Prague by Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania . Aron Vodă of Moldavia and Michael the Brave of Wallachia joined the alliance later that year. Clement VIII himself lent

13200-472: Was actively encouraged by Orthodox people, particularly Ukrainians, Russians and Serbs. As New Russia (Novorossiya, as it was then known) was settled, new Orthodox parishes were created. Construction of cathedrals that demonstrate some of the finest examples of late-19th-century Russian Architecture was undertaken in large cities such as Odesa and Sevastopol . In the late 17th century Poland became less and less influential and internal corruption as well as

13320-459: Was also prompted. The Russian Orthodox Church became viewed by some as an attribute of Soviet domination, and bitter, often violent clashes over church buildings followed with the ROC slowly losing its parishes to the UGCC. The UAOC also followed suit. Sometimes possessors of Church buildings changed several times within days. Although the Soviet law-enforcement did attempt to pacify the almost-warring parties, these were often unsuccessful, as many of

13440-456: Was an exception rather than trend and in locations where the Unia already gave deep roots into the population all of the church property remained in the Catholic and Uniate authority. Also significant was Empress Catherine II 's decree "On the newly acquired territory", according to which most of the Polish magnates retained all their lands and property (thus a significant control over population) in

13560-572: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1592 to his death, in March 1605. Born in Fano, Italy to a prominent Florentine family, he initially came to prominence as a canon lawyer before being made a Cardinal-Priest in 1585. In 1592 he was elected Pope and took the name of Clement. During his papacy he effected the reconciliation of Henry IV of France to

13680-535: Was his confessor. Aldobrandini won the gratitude of the Habsburgs by his successful diplomatic efforts in Poland to obtain the release of the imprisoned Archduke Maximilian , the defeated candidate for the Polish throne. After the death of Pope Innocent IX (1591), another stormy conclave ensued, in which a determined minority of Italian Cardinals were unwilling to be dictated to by Philip II of Spain . Known to be very intelligent, disciplined, and in tune with

13800-653: Was incorporated into the Russian Orthodox Church. Those Uniate clergy who refused to join the Russian Orthodox Church (593 out of a total of 1,898 in Ukraine and Belarus) were exiled to the Russian interior or Siberia. By means of mass deportations, persecution and even executions the Uniates were practically eliminated in the Russian Empire. Only a small number of Greek Catholics in the Kholm Governorate managed to preserve their faith. Within

13920-527: Was made illegal (its legality was partially restored in 1607), its property confiscated, and Orthodox believers faced persecution and discrimination which became an important reason for large numbers of Ukrainians to emigrate to Tsardom of Russia following the Union. The eastward spread of the Union of Brest led to violent clashes, for example, assassination of the Greek Catholic Archbishop Josaphat Kuntsevych by

14040-558: Was mixed. With many clergy members and lay believers turning to the ROC, some adamantly refused. As a result of this the Patriarchate of Moscow could now legally lay claim to any Orthodox church property that was within the territory of its uncontested jurisdiction, which it did. Some believers refused to accept liquidation of their churches and for nearly 40 years the UAOC and UGCC existed in Western Ukraine underground led by

14160-650: Was more popular among the younger priests. The Russophilia of the Galician Ruthenians was particularly strong during the mid-19th century, although by the end of that century the Russophiles had declined in importance relative to the Ukrainophiles. The Austrian authorities during this time began to be more and more involved in the power-struggle with Russia for the rule of the Balkans , as the declining Ottoman Empire withdrew, and in so doing opposed

14280-492: Was strongly discouraged. The Catholics were strictly forbidden to convert to Orthodoxy, and the marriages between Catholics and Orthodox were frowned upon. Orthodox subjects had been increasingly barred from high offices of state. In order to oppose such restrictions and to reverse cultural polonization of Orthodox bishops, the Ecumenical Patriarch encouraged the activity of the Orthodox urban communities called

14400-436: Was the then ROC's Ukrainian Exarchate, which took place in the central, eastern and southern Ukraine. In the former-uniate areas of western Ukraine things were more turbulent. As UGCC survived in diaspora and in the underground they took their chance and were immediately revived in Ukraine, where in the wake of general liberalization of the Soviet policies in the late-1980s the activization of Ukrainian national political movements

#586413