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79-592: The area was created by the decision of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmukhamed Kunayev , since an increase in population of the city, the Lenin Square during festival events could not accommodate all the residents of the city. The area opened in 1980 under the name Brezhnev Square (after Leonid Brezhnev ) in honor of the 60th Anniversary of

158-539: A student demonstration attracted thousands of participants as they marched through Brezhnev Square across to the CPK Central Committee building. As the result, internal troops and OMON forces entered the city, violence erupted throughout the city which around 200 people were killed. In 1992, the basic, most important and favorite holiday was celebrated in the square. For the first time began to celebrate Nauryz . Unlike before, during Perestroika where

237-657: A declaration called the "Great Charter of World Health" by the UN. Source: One of the main measures of Kunaev as First Secretary was the issue of strengthening the territorial integrity of the republic. Thus, less than a month after he took office, on December 1, 1964, the West Kazakhstan Territory and South Kazakhstan Territory were abolished. A year later, in 1965, the Virgin Lands Territory which Khrushchev had created several years earlier

316-485: A fixed sequence. Ethnologue recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups: Northeastern Kazakh—the most widely spoken variety, which also serves as the basis for the official language—Southern Kazakh, and Western Kazakh. The language shares a degree of mutual intelligibility with closely related Karakalpak while its Western dialects maintain limited mutual intelligibility with Altai languages . In October 2017, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that

395-715: A language exclusively for religious contexts, similar to how Latin served as a liturgical language in the Western European cultural sphere. The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Akhmet Baitursynuly reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point,

474-568: A large influx of Russian immigrants into Kazakhstan. However, in 1962 he was dismissed from his position as he disagreed with Khrushchev's plans to transfer some lands in Southern Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan. Ismail Yusupov , a supporter of the plan, replaced Kunaev. Another source of disagreements between Kunaev and Khrushchev had been the creation of a new administrative entity, the "Virgin Lands Territory", which incorporated

553-403: A negative light. Thus, journalist Nina Savitskaya recalled that her material about D.A. Kunaev with his interview was not allowed, saying that if they did publish it, only on the condition that Kunaev would have to be "diluted with dirt". She refused to publish her material under such conditions, doing so a year later, when the disgrace against Kunaev was lifted. Gennady Kolbin, with permission from

632-657: A number of areas in the south of the republic that had previously been unfairly transferred to the Uzbek SSR during the tenure of his predecessors under Khrushchev. Since the formation of the Kazakh SSR in 1936, for the first time the territory of the republic did not decrease, but increased. Source: Kunaev was often trusted to lead government and parliamentary delegations of the USSR on official trips abroad, and to conduct negotiations with leaders of other states on behalf of

711-620: A status of state monuments of architecture and urban planning. In 2015, it was ruled into the State list of historical and cultural monuments of local importance in Almaty. From 1980, the area was named as New Square, in 1982 the area was renamed to Brezhnev Square as a tribute to the death of Leonid Brezhnev . On April 1, 1988 a published decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of

790-523: A system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and /æ/ generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the /æ/ sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period. It can be found in some native words, however. According to Vajda,

869-821: Is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs . It is closely related to Nogai , Kyrgyz and Karakalpak . It is the official language of Kazakhstan , and has official status in the Altai Republic of Russia . It is also a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China , and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia . The language

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948-488: Is also a system of rounding harmony which resembles that of Kyrgyz, but which does not apply as strongly and is not reflected in the orthography. This system only applies to the open vowels /e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/ and not /ɑ/ , and happens in the next syllables. Thus, (in Latin script) jūldyz 'star', bügın 'today', and ülken 'big' are actually pronounced as jūldūz , bügün , ülkön . The following chart depicts

1027-456: Is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian census ), Germany , and Turkey . Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony . Kazakh builds words by adding suffixes one after another to the word stem, with each suffix expressing only one unique meaning and following

1106-746: Is backed up by the recollections of Anatoly Goryainy (chief of personal security, colonel of the KGB). In January 1987, D. A. Kunaev was removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU , and in June 1987 from the Central Committee of the CPSU . The well-known lawyer, academician Salyk Zimanov later stated that: "The reprisals against the "Kunaevites" began, including anyone who treated Kunaev D.A. with respect or spoke positively about him... Among them were Kunaev's assistant D.A. Bekezhanov,

1185-470: Is “rich and famous for”, about the traditions, customs of the Kazakh people, about its culture and science. During his leadership of the Kazakh SSR, Kunaev strongly promoted local talent. He notably recommended Nursultan Nazarbayev , the future first president of Kazakhstan, for the role of head of government. During an informal meeting with members of the Central Committee, he remarked: None of you will be

1264-732: The Perso-Arabic script for writing. It is scheduled to be phased in from 2023 to 2031. Speakers of Kazakh (mainly Kazakhs) are spread over a vast territory from the Tian Shan to the western shore of the Caspian Sea . Kazakh is the official state language of Kazakhstan, with nearly 10 million speakers (based on information from the CIA World Factbook on population and proportion of Kazakh speakers). In China, nearly two million ethnic Kazakhs and Kazakh speakers reside in

1343-617: The Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang. The Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, which Kazakh is borne out of, was mainly solidified during the reign of the Golden Horde . The modern Kazakh language is said to have originated in approximately 1465 AD during the formation of the Kazakh Khanate . Modern Kazakh is likely a descendant of both Chagatay Turkic as spoken by the Timurids and Kipchak Turkic as spoken in

1422-1002: The Medeu sports complex , the National Library building, the House of Political Education, new buildings of KazGU (unofficially called KazGUgrad), the Central Republican Museum, the Kaztelecenter building, the Koktobe TV tower , the House of Friendship, the Glory Monument in the Park of 28 Panfilov Guardsmen , the Kazakhstan , Otyrar, Alma-Ata, Alatau hotels, the Alatau and Kazakhstan sanatoriums,

1501-535: The founding of the Kazakh Republic . It has become the main square of the capital of Kazakhstan and until the collapse of the Soviet Union it was a place for mass demonstrations, celebrations, festivals, military parades , rallies, festivals. The area was planted with deciduous and coniferous trees. In 1981, Kunayev and party workers planted 70 Tien Shan firs along the walkway area. In 1982,

1580-538: The 50th anniversary of the victory in the Second World War and the 5th anniversary of the Independence of Kazakhstan took place on the square on 9 May 1995 and 16 December 1996 respectively. In 2007, the square began construction of underground shopping and entertainment center, which demolished granite platform. Because of the construction zone, 60% of the area was closed by a fence, a large number of

1659-599: The Council of Ministers. Soon D. A. Kunaev himself was dismissed, as he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev , who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin , the First Secretary of the Ulyanovsk Regional Committee. The decision to replace Kunaev, an ethnic Kazakh with Kolbin, an ethnic Russian who had never lived in

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1738-578: The December events D.A. Kunaev began to be accused of "nationalism" and was named among the organisers of the so-called riots by Kolbin, who stated that the reason for the "forceful solution to the issue" was allegedly Kunaev's refusal to speak to the youth. However, this is untrue, as Kunaev volunteered to speak to the protestors, but was not allowed to by Second Secretary of the Kazakh Communist Party, Oleg Miroshkin. This version of events

1817-489: The Golden Horde. Kazakh uses a high volume of loanwords from Persian and Arabic due to the frequent historical interactions between Kazakhs and Iranian ethnic groups to the south. Additionally, Persian was a lingua franca in the Kazakh Khanate , which allowed Kazakhs to mix Persian words into their own spoken and written vernacular. Meanwhile, Arabic was used by Kazakhs in mosques and mausoleums , serving as

1896-521: The Karaganda region. These decisions allowed the creation of administrative units in the north of the country that were predominantly populated by ethnic Kazakhs. These measures reduced the ambiguous political talk behind the scenes about the northern regions being predominantly non-Kazakh and hence reduced the chance that they would be separated from Kazakhstan. Kunaev did something that no other Soviet leader of Kazakhstan had done before him. He returned

1975-613: The Kazakh Academy of Sciences had become a major scientific center of the USSR, employing over 40 thousand personnel, among them 864 doctors of science, 650 academicians, corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences and professors. During the time of Yuri Andropov as General Secretary, at the personal request of Kunayev, foreign currency funds were allocated for the purchase of modern equipment from Western countries intended for industrial enterprises and scientific institutions of

2054-660: The Kazakh Council of Ministers (and Kunaev's former protegee). This culminated at the 16th Congress of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in February 1986, when Kunaev came under criticism from several high ranking members of the Kazakh Communist Party, most notable by Nazarbayev. Nazarbayev criticized the construction in Almaty of a number of objects of great importance for the city, calling the historical museum and other social and household objects unnecessary for

2133-700: The Kazakh SSR before set off three days of street rioting in Almaty, between 16 and 18 December 1986 – which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan (meaning December in Kazakh ). The protests were violently suppressed by the KGB, who detained 8.5 thousand people. More than 1,700 people were injured, and about 5.5 thousand people were interrogated. In addition, hundreds were convicted, received penalties, fired from work, expelled from school, and subjected to administrative fines. Almost immediately after

2212-609: The Kazakh SSR. Soviet Kazakhstan was recognised in the world of science due to frequent major international events in Kazakhstan with the participation of leading scientists from both the USSR and abroad. Among such events, one can especially note the international conference of the World Health Organization, which was held in Alma-Ata in 1978. It became historical in the world health system, since it adopted

2291-502: The Kazakh culture and nation far beyond the borders of the republic. In addition to this, Kunaev defended and supported cultural figures whose works fell under the censorship machine of the USSR. Thus, it was largely thanks to Kunaev that the works of Olzhas Suleimenov's "AZiYA" and Ilyas Yesenberlin's "Nomads" were published. In those years, books were published in Alma-Ata that were often refused to be published in Moscow and other parts of

2370-401: The Kazakh regions of Kokchetav , Pavlodar , Kustanai , North Kazakhstan and Tselinograd into a new region with dual subordination to Alma-Ata and Moscow. After his dismissal as First Secretary, he was Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR until 1964, when he became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev

2449-449: The Latin script by 2025. Cyrillic script was created to better merge the Kazakh language with other languages of the USSR , hence it has some controversial letter readings. The letter У after a consonant represents a combination of sounds і /ɘ/ , ү /ʉ/ , ы /ə/ , ұ /ʊ/ with glide /w/ , e.g. кіру [kɪ̞ˈrɪ̞w] , су [so̙w] , көру [kɵˈrʏ̞w] , атысу [ɑ̝təˈsəw] . Ю undergoes

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2528-532: The Pribalkhashatroi mine, and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), a condition of the position. Kunaev was deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazakh SSR from April 1942 to 1946. In this post, during the years of World War II , he conducted significant work on the deployment and commissioning of enterprises and factories evacuated to Kazakhstan from

2607-577: The Samal, Aksai, Almagul, Ainabulak microdistricts and many other cultural and residential facilities. Source: Throughout his time in office, Dinmukhamed Kunayev, paid special attention to important Kazakh cultural figures. He personally initiated many of them to nominate prestigious All-Union prizes and awards. Among them: Gabit Musrepov , Serke Kozhamkulov, Ilyas Yesenberlin, Bibigul Tulegenova , Olzhas Suleimenov , Nurgisa Tlendiev, Roza Rymbaeva and many others. He believed that their successes glorified

2686-695: The Soviet newspaper, Pravda, and was dismissed as President of the Academy shortly after the party congress, to be replaced by Murat Aitkhozhin . It must also be noted that D.A. Kunaev himself was subject to criticism from Erkin Auelbekov , First Secretary of the Kyzylorda Regional Committee and Kamalidenov, the Ideology Secretary, who criticized the heads of universities for the high percentage of students of Kazakh ethnicity. This speech had an unequivocal negative effect on

2765-541: The Tien Shan fir trees were cut down, the movement of vehicles became limited. Before 2012, a symbol of independence for all Kazakhs - the Republic Square was disfigured by pits and wells. Residents negatively reacted to the construction, as the celebration of Nauryz was impossible for it to be held. In 2012, the construction of the underground shopping center was finally over, however the celebration of Nauryz

2844-972: The USSR Supreme Soviet and the USSR Council of Ministers changed the name from Leonid Brezhnev back to New Square again. On May 23, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a resolution to rename New Square to Republic Square. Dinmukhamed Kunayev Dinmukhamed Akhmetuly " Dimash " Kunaev (also spelled Kunayev ; Kazakh : Дінмұхаммед (Димаш) Ахметұлы Қонаев , romanized :  Dınmūhammed (Dimaş) Ahmetūly Qonaev , Russian : Динмухаме́д Ахме́дович (Минлиахмедович) Куна́ев , romanized :  Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich (Minliakhmedovich) Kunaev ; 12 January 1912 [ O.S. 31 December 1911] – 22 August 1993)

2923-527: The USSR, for example, the works of Nikolai Raevsky "If Portraits Speak", "Portraits Have Spoken", Yuri Dombrovsky's book "Torch" and others. To a large extent, this was possible because Kunaev himself was not a supporter of bans on self-expression of writers and theatergoers. As an Academian and former President of the Kazakh Academy of Science , Kunaev often relied on the position of the scientific community in solving state-important problems. By 1985,

3002-428: The action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives, durative and non-durative, punctual, etc. There are selectional restrictions on auxiliaries: motion verbs, such as бару ' go ' and келу ' come ' may not combine with otyr . Any verb, however, can combine with jat ' lie ' to get a progressive tense meaning. While it

3081-479: The authors of the square, for the second and last time in the history of Kazakh architecture, received the State Prize of the USSR in the field of architecture. In 1986, an infamous uprising known as Jeltoqsan occurred in the square. Where a group of crowd gathered to protest over Kunayev's dismissal. The events lasted from 16 December until 19 December 1986. The protests began in the morning of 17 December, as

3160-523: The average salary increased by 28% compared to 1958. Under Kunaev, Kazakhstan became one of the three largest economies of the USSR, along with Russia and Ukraine, the traditional industrial centers of the country since Tsarist times. As Russian political scientist Andrei Grozin notes, “Conventionally speaking, before Kunaev, Kazakhstan in economic terms was a desert.” Some of the major economic successes of Kunaev's Kazakhstan include: Furthermore, many significant objects were built in Kazakhstan, including

3239-484: The center in Moscow, also made sure that Kunayev was deprived of his dacha and the pension due to him. On the collapse of the Soviet Union and the new state status of Kazakhstan, Kunayev wrote: "Who argues: totalitarianism in all its forms and variants has truly outlived itself. Every phenomenon and process, including social ones, has its beginning and its end. Apparently, what had to happen happened. But, of course, not in such "primitive" forms, which catastrophically hit

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3318-483: The city, an unnecessary waste of large funds. Nazarbayev also attacked the leadership of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences, lead by Askar Kunayev , Dinmukhamed's brother. This was despite the fact that under Askar Kunaev, the Academy became one of the leading scientific centers in the USSR, which was reflected by the Central Committee report which gave a positive assessment of the Academy's activities. Nevertheless, Askar became subject to biased and unobjective criticism from

3397-616: The coasts of Ili (river) and Kürtı rivers of the Balkhash District in the aul Bakanas . Kunaev, the son of a Kazakh clerk, was born at Verny, now Almaty , and grew up in a middle-income family. After finishing the Almaty №14th secondary school in 1930, he studied in the Institute of Non-Ferrous and Fine Metallurgy in Moscow in 1936, which enabled him to become a machine operator. By 1939 he had become engineer-in-chief of

3476-424: The consonant inventory of standard Kazakh; many of the sounds, however, are allophones of other sounds or appear only in recent loanwords. The 18 consonant phonemes listed by Vajda are without parentheses—since these are phonemes, their listed place and manner of articulation are very general, and will vary from what is shown. ( /t͡s/ rarely appears in normal speech.) Kazakh has 19 native consonant phonemes; these are

3555-542: The development of living standards and the rise of the economy of the Kazakh SSR. By the end of Kunaev's time in power, compared with 1955, the economic potential of the Kazakh SSR increased by seven times, the standard of living, industry, production rose to a historic maximum, and the Kazakh SSR became the third largest economy in the Soviet Union (after the Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR ). For great services to

3634-490: The development of the economy and the standard of living in the country, he was very popular among the Kazakh people and many still call the Kunaev era as the "Golden Age of Kazakhstan" to this day. Kunaev spent the last years of his life in charitable activity, establishing the 'Dinmukhamed Kunaev Foundation', one of whose purposes was the support of political reform in Kazakhstan. Kazakh language China Kazakh

3713-641: The entire country. Kunaev led delegations to Algeria (1966), Iran (1968), the United Arab Republic (1970), North Korea (1978), Japan (1984), and was a member of delegations to Uruguay, Italy, India, Great Britain and other countries. Speaking about his foreign trips to various countries as a leader and member of high Soviet government and parliamentary delegations, D.A. Kunayev emphasizes in his book “From Stalin to Gorbachev”: “ Wherever I was, in whatever countries I was, I always tried to tell in as much detail as possible about my republic, what Kazakhstan

3792-567: The form of agglutinative suffixes. Kazakh is a nominative-accusative, head-final, left-branching, dependent-marking language. Kazakh has no noun class or gender system. Nouns are declined for number (singular or plural) and one of seven cases: The suffix for case is placed after the suffix for number. Forms ' child ' ' hedgehog ' ' Kazakh ' ' school ' ' person ' ' flower ' ' word ' There are eight personal pronouns in Kazakh: The declension of

3871-545: The front-line areas of the USSR , as well as mobilising and training the republic's human reserves and soldiers for the Red Army . From 1946 to 1952, he was deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR . In 1952, he was elected President of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR , which under his leadership conducted scientific research with the aim of developing and improving industry and agriculture, and

3950-424: The front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus retracted tongue root . Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony (also called soft-hard harmony), and arguably weakened rounding harmony which is implied in the first syllable of the word. All vowels after the first rounded syllable are

4029-417: The holiday was only allowed to celebrate at the Lenin Square . Every year on 22 March, from morning to midnight thousands of Almaty residents came to the square to celebrate the national holiday of the vernal equinox - Nauryz. In the square, every year on March 22, tents were put out, which sold baursaks, leather, rice and soft drinks. Festive concerts were also held by famous Kazakh stars. Parades in honor of

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4108-546: The leader of the USSR, Nikita Khrushchev visited the Kazakh SSR, and together with Kunaev, they toured the republic for 13 days. Based on the decisions and conversations between Kunaev and Khrushchev during the latter’s stay in Kazakhstan, large-scale work was launched to develop the republic: As First Secretary, Kunaev was an ardent supporter of the Virgin Lands campaign, which opened millions of hectares of lands in central Kazakhstan to agricultural development and caused

4187-457: The letters В, Ё, Ф, Х, Һ, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь, Э are only used in loanwords—mostly those of Russian origin, but sometimes of Persian and Arabic origin. They are often substituted in spoken Kazakh. Kazakh is generally verb-final, though various permutations on SOV (subject–object–verb) word order can be used, for example, due to topicalization . Inflectional and derivational morphology , both verbal and nominal, in Kazakh, exists almost exclusively in

4266-438: The manager of the affairs of the Central Committee of the party A.G. Statenin, and the head of the special forces escort of the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Republic M.I. Akuev. All of them were arrested and convicted. They were even credited with allegedly being among the initiators of the December events." Kunaev was placed practically under house arrest. On Kolbin's personal instructions, Kunayev's contact with

4345-413: The more efficient use of Kazakhstan's natural resources. He served in this post until 1955, when he became Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR. Kunaev's rise in Communist Party ranks had been closely tied to that of Leonid Brezhnev 's. In February 1954, Khrushchev appointed Panteleymon Ponomarenko as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan , and Leonid Brezhnev as

4424-426: The new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s. Today, Kazakhs use the Cyrillic and Latin scripts to write their language, although a presidential decree from 2017 ordered the transition from Cyrillic to Latin by 2031. Kazakh exhibits tongue-root vowel harmony , with some words of recent foreign origin (usually of Russian or Arabic origin) as exceptions. There

4503-402: The next leader of this republic. Don’t take it personally! Only Nursultan Nazarbayev has a fair chance of succeeding me. He is young and talented. During Kunaev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. However, by 1986, a political struggle began between supporters of Kunaev, and supporters of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Chairman of

4582-437: The noun that they modify. Kazakh has two varieties of adjectives: The comparative form can be created by appending the suffix -(y)raq/-(ı)rek or -tau/-teu/-dau/-dau to an adjective. The superlative form can be created by placing the morpheme eñ before the adjective. The superlative form can also be expressed by reduplication. Kazakh may express different combinations of tense , aspect and mood through

4661-423: The outside world was minimized. Surveillance was established: where he goes, who comes to see him. Some of Kunaev's neighbors periodically reported to Kolbin about Kunayev's life, which is indirectly and directly confirmed by notes stored in the archives. There was a period when neighbors and old acquaintances avoided communicating with Kunayev. Among those who did not completely cut off ties with Dimash Akhmedovich in

4740-425: The period 1986-1989 were close relatives, as well as poet Olzhas Suleimenov , journalist Gennady Tolmachev, personal doctor Akhat Mulyukov, A. Goryainov, A. Shabdarbayev and others. Despite Gorbachev's policies of glasnost, perestroika and democratization, neither foreign nor domestic journalists were allowed to approach Kunaev. Even if Kazakh journalists interviewed D.A. Kunaev, their materials were published only in

4819-418: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns do not. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Adjectives in Kazakh are not declined for any grammatical category of the modified noun. Being a head-final language, adjectives are always placed before

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4898-403: The public in Kazakhstan. Dinmukhamed Kunayev, Nazarbayev's boss and Askar's brother, felt deeply angered and betrayed at the criticism at the Congress. Kunayev went to Moscow and demanded Nazarbayev's dismissal while Nazarbayev's supporters campaigned for Kunayev's dismissal and Nazarbayev's promotion. However, this did not go well for Kunaev, who saw Nazarbaev keep his position as Chairman of

4977-516: The same process but with /j/ at the beginning. The letter И represents a combination of sounds: i /ɘ/ (in front-vowel contexts) or ы /ə/ (in back vowel contexts) + glide /j/ , e.g. тиіс [tɪ̞ˈjɪ̞s] , оқиды [wo̞qəjˈdə] . In Russian loanwords, it is realized as /ʲi/ (when stressed) or /ʲɪ/ (when unstressed), e.g. изоморфизм [ɪzəmɐrˈfʲizm] . The letter Я represents either /jɑ/ or /jæ/ depending on vowel harmony. The letter Щ represents /ʃː/ , e.g. ащы [ɑ̝ʃ.ˈʃə] . Meanwhile,

5056-428: The second secretary. Soon, Kunaev and Brezhnev developed a close friendship which lasted until the death of Brezhnev. Brezhnev soon became the first secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in 1955 and a member of CPSU Politburo in 1956. When Brezhnev left Kazakhstan in 1956, Ivan Iakovlev became the First Secretary of the Kazakh Communist Party (and was succeeded by Nikolai Belyaev ). On 19 January 1960, Kunaev

5135-456: The stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, q/ , fricatives /s, z, ɕ, ʑ, ʁ/ , nasals /m, n, ŋ/ , liquids /ɾ, l/ , and two glides /w, j/ . The sounds /f, v, χ, h, t͡s, t͡ɕ/ are found only in loanwords. /ʑ/ is heard as an alveolopalatal affricate [d͡ʑ] in the Kazakh dialects of Uzbekistan and Xinjiang, China. The sounds [q] and [ʁ] may be analyzed as allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in words with back vowels, but exceptions occur in loanwords. Kazakh has

5214-516: The subject to this harmony with the exception of /ɑ/ , and in the following syllables, e.g. өмір [ø̞mʏr] , қосы [qɒso] . Notably, urban Kazakh tends to violate rounding harmony, as well as pronouncing Russian borrowings against the rules. Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except: Nowadays, Kazakh is mostly written in the Cyrillic script, with an Arabic-based alphabet being used by minorities in China. Since 26 October 2017, via Presidential Decree 569, Kazakhstan will adopt

5293-453: The trip, Kunaev met with the leadership of the United Nations , including the Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjöld as well as with senior American statesmen including US Secretary of State Christian Herter , Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court Earl Warren , and several state governors. At the end of the visit, the Soviet delegation including Kunaev were received at the White House by the US President, Dwight D. Eisenhower . In March 1960,

5372-406: The use of various verbal morphology or through a system of auxiliary verbs , many of which might better be considered light verbs. The present tense is a prime example of this; progressive tense in Kazakh is formed with one of four possible auxiliaries. These auxiliaries otyr ' sit ' , tūr ' stand ' , jür ' go ' and jat ' lie ' , encode various shades of meaning of how

5451-822: The working man first of all. But - I repeat with confidence - not all is lost. On the contrary! And especially for our native Republic of Kazakhstan. For the first time in many years, it has finally gained real independence and has become an equal state among the entire world community. Now it is vitally important for Kazakhstan, without compromising its sovereignty, to eradicate the vices of the totalitarian system, to develop and strengthen business ties with all countries in every possible way...". On January 12, 1992, Dinmukhamed Kunayev turned 80 years old, receiving hundreds of letters and telegrams from all over Kazakhstan, including from academic scientists, cultural figures, famous athletes, military generals, major manufacturers, businessmen and significant representatives of other spheres. Kunaev

5530-438: The writing system would change from using Cyrillic to Latin script by 2025. The proposed Latin alphabet has been revised several times and as of January 2021 is close to the inventory of the Turkish alphabet , though lacking the letters C and Ç and having four additional letters: Ä, Ñ, Q and Ū (though other letters such as Y have different values in the two languages). Over one million Kazakh speakers in Xinjiang still rely on

5609-534: Was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician who served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR . His grandfather was Zhumabai (kaz. Jumabai) (–1912). His father, Minliakhmed (Akhmed) Zhumabaievich ( kaz . Meŋlıahmed Jumabaiūly) (1886–1976), was literate, worked in agricultural and trade organizations of the Alma-Ata oblast and could write well in both Russian and Kazakh . His mother, Zaure Baiyrovna Kunaeva (née Shynbolatova (Chimbulatova)) ( kaz . Zaure Baiypqyzy Qonaeva) (1888—1973),

5688-628: Was abolished. The leadership of the republic understood that the Virgin Lands created under Khrushchev was another territory that they intended to separate from Kazakhstan. Under Kunaev's initiative, on November 23, 1970, the Turgai region was formed as part of the Kazakh SSR from parts of the Kustanai and Tselinograd regions, and on March 20, 1973, the Jezkazgan region was formed from parts of

5767-510: Was achieved, the industrial potential of the republic increased significantly (mainly due to the mining, raw materials industries and the energy sector serving them) and agriculture (the annual famous “billion pounds” of grain was produced many times). In his book "From Stalin to Gorbachev" (1994), Kunaev himself referred to the data of the USSR State Statistics Committee, and he describes in detail his contribution to

5846-645: Was born in a poor family in the Shelek aul , Almaty oblast . They lived together for 70 years. There are claims that Kunaev might possibly come from the oiyq branch of the Ysty tribe, Senior juz . In his "From Stalin to Gorbachev" book, he mentioned that his "ancestors come from the Baidıbek, jigit of the Senior juz ". According to the official biography, he is ethnically Kazakh and his ancestors were hunters, that lived on

5925-466: Was complete, and he celebrated his 80th birthday as a person whose name was once again respected among Kazakhs all over the world. He died in the evening of 22 August 1993 in the village of Akshi, Alakol district of Almaty region as a result of a heart attack. He was buried on 25 August 1993 at the Kensai cemetery in the city of Alma-Ata. Under D. A. Kunaev, a significant economic upswing in Kazakh SSR

6004-576: Was elected 1st Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan . One of Kunaev's first actions as leader of the Kazakh SSR was a visit to the United States in January 1960, as part of a delegation lead by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, Dmitry Polyansky . Over the course of a month, the delegation visited 23 American cities in 10 states, including New York and Washington. During

6083-496: Was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev. He kept his position for twenty-two more years. Kunaev was appointed as an alternate member of the Politburo in 1967, and became a full member in 1971. Kunaev's return to the position of First Secretary of the Kazakh SSR coincided with the start of major economic reforms in the USSR, known as the Kosygin reforms . That year, over 450 thousand people throughout Kazakhstan received apartments, and

6162-583: Was still restricted until 2014 which the celebration was finally allowed. During the Bloody January unrest in 2022, the mayor's offices that were located at Republic Square, along with the former Presidential Residence, were raided by protesters, with the buildings being set on fire and largely damaged. It has been announced that instead of repairing the mayor’s office and President’s Residence, they will be demolished and replaced by an amusement park and public park, respectively. The area previously had

6241-543: Was visited by many famous public figures, including the first Kazakh cosmonaut Toktar Aubakirov , the founder of the Kazakh and Turkish schools of taekwondo Mustafa Ozturk, theologian and translator of the Koran into Kazakh Khalifa Altay, People's Artist of the USSR Bibigul Tulegenova , Bakytzhan Momyshuly (son of the legendary Bauyrzhan Momyshuly ) and many, many others. Thus, the rehabilitation of Kunaev

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