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91-480: The feud began with Queensbridge -based producer Marley Marl & MC Shan 's track "The Bridge" in late 1985. The track recited the praises of their home borough and some of its earlier rap crews, and was taken to imply that Queensbridge was where hip hop began, even though it doesn't actually say that. The lyrics that apparently raised the issue were: Though MC Shan states Queensbridge is where his crew got started, and his birthplace, he has stated that he never meant

182-458: A book or article; in cases where the credited author or the publisher or both wish to conceal the ghostwriter's role, the ghostwriter may be asked to sign a nondisclosure contract that legally forbids any mention of the writer's role in a project. Some have made the distinction between "author" and "writer", as ghostwriter Kevin Anderson explains in a Washington Post interview: "A ghostwriter

273-539: A book will be entirely written by a ghostwriter, and the celebrity (e.g., a well-known musician or sports star) will be credited as author. Publishing companies use this strategy to increase the marketability of a book by associating it with a celebrity or well-known figure. In several countries before elections, candidates commission ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure. One of John F. Kennedy 's books ( Profiles in Courage )

364-474: A cafeteria upstairs where the playschool children ate their lunches. Some of the downstairs activities included tap dancing, ballet, art, playing the recorder and singing, pool, knock hockey and table tennis, as well as Girl Scout and Boy Scout meetings. Residents enjoyed concerts during the hot summer months in the square central shopping area, and the Fresh Air Fund sent children on trips out to

455-591: A commercial for the Sprite soft drink in the mid-nineties, in which they exchanged battle rhymes inside a boxing ring. However, the respective fortunes of the pair in the nineties were very different; MC Shan was widely seen by hip hop listeners as the loser of the conflict; Despite co-writing and producing " Informer ", a number one hit single for the Canadian reggae singer Snow , Shan never recovered his reputation and later effectively retired. KRS, meanwhile, forged out

546-596: A ghostwriter for artists such as Justin Bieber , John Legend and Brandy . Currently in hip-hop, the credit given to ghostwriters varies: "silent pens might sign confidentiality clauses, appear obliquely in the liner notes, or discuss their participation freely." In some cases, liner notes credit individuals for "vocal arrangement", which may be a euphemism for ghostwriting. In the early 2010s, hip-hop ghostwriting services like Rap Rebirth appeared online, which provide recording artists who wish to purchase ghostwritten rhymes

637-525: A ghostwriter to write a book on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance credibility as an expert in their field. Public officials and politicians employ "correspondence officers" to respond to the large volume of official correspondence. A number of papal encyclicals have been written by ghostwriters. A controversial and scientifically unethical practice is medical ghostwriting, where biotech or pharmaceutical companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then recruit (via payment or as

728-399: A greater degree of anonymity. Ghost authorship also applies to the visual arts, most commonly paintings. The extent of the master artist's contribution varies widely, as little as composition adjustments and corrective brush strokes, or as much as entire works. A common practice is the use of art instruction class milieu in which the master artist makes significant contributions to the work of

819-458: A juice-crew". During the nineties, the beef was not forgotten by fans or the participants, but rather fondly remembered as a classic hip hop rivalry. It has since been referenced in hip hop lyrics by the likes of Cormega , Das EFX , Nas , Cunninlynguists , Big Punisher , Supernatural , Chino XL , Mars ILL , and 2Pac . MC Shan and KRS-One themselves acknowledged the rivalry's important place in hip hop history when they appeared together in

910-401: A lack of motivation to finish the next album), an experienced songwriter may be discreetly brought in to help. In other cases, a ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician, with little or no input from the credited musician. A ghostwriter providing this type of service may be thanked, without reference to the service provided, in the album credits, or they may be

1001-416: A length would have been much harder to sell before digital reader-technologies became widely available, but is now quite acceptable. Writers on the level of Ian McEwan have celebrated this recent change, mainly for artistic reasons. As a consequence, the shorter format makes a project potentially more affordable for the client/author. Manhattan Literary, a ghostwriting company, states that "book projects on

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1092-534: A marketing, public relations, or lobbying tool. However, since these individuals are typically too busy to write their blog posts, they hire discreet ghostwriters to post to the blog under the celebrity or executive's name. As with nonfiction ghostwriting, the blog ghostwriter models their writing style, content and tone on that of the credited author. This goes for social media as well. Many public figures have ghostwriters at least partially handle their Facebook and Twitter accounts, among others. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

1183-475: A more recent interview on THE FOUNDATION (Jayquan), Shan defended and explained the misunderstood line: But KRS continued to play upon the "response to the claim that hip hop started in Queens" premise with his next response, " The Bridge Is Over ", featuring lyrics recorded, with a reggae flavor, in a Jamaican accent. The track had been one of the first blendings of rap with reggae, and one section delivered in

1274-506: A multi-album contract with them and two of the songs that Neudorf worked on with her became commercial hits in Canada. In 1991, Neudorf was invited to work with McLachlan again on her second album, Solace . In 1993, he filed a lawsuit against McLachlan and her label, alleging that he had made a significant and uncredited contribution to the songwriting on Touch , and alleging that he was not paid properly for work done on Solace . The judge in

1365-408: A number of assistants to do work on a piece that is credited to a single artist; Andy Warhol engaged in this practice, supervising an assembly line silk screen process for his artwork. However, when credit is established for the writer, the acknowledgment of their contribution is public domain and the writer in question would not be considered a ghostwriter. A consultant or career-switcher may pay

1456-479: A perk) other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these articles before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Some university and college students hire ghostwriters from essay mills to write entrance essays, term papers, theses, and dissertations. This is largely considered unethical unless the actual ghostwriting work is just light editing. Ghostwriters are hired for numerous reasons. In many cases, celebrities or public figures do not have

1547-467: A professor believes to be ghostwritten. If the student is unfamiliar with the content of an essay that he or she has submitted, then the student can be charged with academic fraud. With medical ghostwriting, pharmaceutical companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then pay other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these papers before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Medical ghostwriting has been criticized by

1638-455: A renovation in 1986 when 1,000 of the bathrooms were renovated by Arc Plumbing. The original plans included some basic amenities, like a central shopping center, a nursery and six inner courtyards for play. In the 1950s, there were also three playschool rooms, a library, a community center with an auditorium where shows were put on, a gymnasium with a wooden floor that doubled as a wooden-wheels roller skating rink, activity rooms downstairs, and

1729-425: A rough draft of an autobiography or a "how-to" book. In other cases, the ghostwriter will write an entire book or article based on information, stories, notes, an outline , or interview sessions with the celebrity or public figure. The credited author also indicates to the ghostwriter what type of style, tone, or "voice" they want in the book. In some cases, such as with some "how-to" books, diet guides, or cookbooks,

1820-418: A series of ghostwriters who write books in the same style using a template of basic information about the book's characters and their fictional universe (names, dates, speech patterns), and about the tone and style that are expected in the book (for more information, see pseudonyms and pen names ). In addition, ghostwriters are often given copies of several of the previous books in the series to help them match

1911-543: A seven-month investigation, resulted in 59 arrests. As of 2013, Queensbridge had a total population of 6,105. The racial breakdown was 61.4% black , 2.3% white , 1.9% Asian , 1.0% American Indian and 2.4% multiracial . Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 30.1%. By 2020, the Asian population in Queensbridge rose to 11% of the development's total population. This prompted calls for better social services for

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2002-519: A sing song fashion modeled after Billy Joel 's " It's Still Rock and Roll to Me " from his album Glass Houses . Most of KRS's fire was directed specifically at Marley Marl and MC Shan, although the MC added insults to other Juice Crew members such as Mr. Magic and Roxanne Shante , who had earlier been at the center of the Roxanne Wars , which were a predecessor to this battle. Shante, mentioned in

2093-541: A successful salesperson hoping to become a motivational speaker on selling may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on sales techniques. Often this type of book is published by a self-publishing press (or " vanity press "), which means that the author is paying to have the book published. This type of book is typically given away to prospective clients as a promotional tool, rather than being sold in bookstores. Ghostwriters are employed by fiction publishers for several reasons. In some cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase

2184-503: A successful solo career and remained an important figure in hip hop. Meanwhile, Poet had moved on, eventually rechristening himself as " Blaq Poet", and went on to be a part of the groups PHD (Poet + DJ Hot Day), and Screwball ; and some of the records released over the years, took numerous pot shots at KRS. PHD's 1991 album title track "Without Warning" samples a couple of lines from "Numero Uno" as if answering them. Screwball's "The Bio" and "You Love To Hear The Stories" (a followup to

2275-658: A three-minute freestyle in an over the phone interview. KRS quickly responded. Queensbridge Houses Queensbridge Houses , also known simply as Queensbridge or QB , is a public housing development in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens , New York City . Owned by the New York City Housing Authority , the development contains 96 buildings and 3,142 units accommodating approximately 7,000 people in two separate complexes (North and South). The complex opened in 1939 and

2366-416: A track by them. When they heard "The Bridge", they decided to diss back, and this is why "South Bronx" was released. The Juice Crew soon responded with the track "Kill That Noise" on Shan's album Down by Law which took various shots at KRS-One and mocked his taking offense in the first place. He even denies saying hip hop started in Queens, and suggests BDP is just trying to jump on their bandwagon . In

2457-437: A true 'ghost', with no acknowledgement in the album. Legal disputes have arisen when musical ghostwriters have tried to claim royalties when an allegedly ghostwritten song becomes a money-making hit. In 1987, Darryl Neudorf was asked to work on a project for Nettwerk Productions involving newly signed artist Sarah McLachlan . This recording, the album Touch , resulted in garnering the interest of Arista Records . She signed

2548-409: A variety of professional organizations representing the drug industry, publishers, and medical societies, and it may violate American laws prohibiting off-label promotion by drug manufacturers as well as anti-kickback provisions within the statutes governing Medicare. Recently, it has attracted scrutiny from the lay press and from lawmakers, as well. It is permitted at some institutions, including

2639-637: A very vulgar reference in "the Bridge Is Over", released a rap titled "Have A Nice Day", ghostwritten by Juice Crew colleague Big Daddy Kane (who was not otherwise personally involved in the battle), in which she took a shot at Boogie Down Productions. Shan continues recounting in the FOUNDATION interview: After "Kill That Noise", Shan himself became more passive in the battle, as the above statement indicated. But meanwhile, Two other Queensbridge residents, Rockwell Noel & Poet , joined in

2730-413: A website. Nonetheless, the style, tone and content is modeled on that of the credited author. Many website ghostwriters are freelance but some are freelancers who work under contract, as with radio presenters and television presenters. Occasionally a "house pseudonym", or collective name is used by the author of the website. Some celebrities, executives, or public figures set up blog websites—sometimes as

2821-559: Is accepted as legitimate by organisations such as the World Association of Medical Editors and the British Medical Journal . Moreover, professional medical writers' expertise in presenting scientific data may be of benefit in producing better quality papers. Some websites, including blogs , are ghostwritten, because not all authors have the information technology skills or the time to dedicate to running

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2912-550: Is almost entirely credited to ghostwriters. Donald Trump 's autobiography Trump: The Art of the Deal was produced by a ghostwriter. Several of Hillary Clinton's books were produced by ghostwriters. Nelson Mandela 's autobiography ( Long Walk to Freedom ) was also produced by a ghostwriter. A consultant or career-switcher may pay to have a book ghostwritten on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance their credibility as an "expert" in their field. For example,

3003-414: Is also common in television, as composers listed on cue sheets are entitled to music royalties every time an episode or theme score appears on television. A 1998 investigation by The Hollywood Reporter revealed that it was especially prevalent among animation companies such as Saban Entertainment , DiC , Ruby-Spears Productions and Hanna-Barbera , which often listed company executives as musicians for

3094-433: Is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. Ghosting also occurs in popular music. A pop music ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician. In hip hop music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip-hop stars has led to controversy. In the visual arts, it is not uncommon in both fine art and commercial art such as comics for

3185-421: Is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. In the film industry, a music ghostwriter is a "person who composes music for another composer but is not credited on the cue sheet or in the final product in any way." The practice is considered one of the "dirty little secrets of the film and television music business" that is considered unethical, but has been common since

3276-434: Is an interpreter and a translator, not an author, which is why our clients deserve full credit for authoring their books." Ghostwriters are widely used by celebrities and public figures who wish to publish their autobiographies or memoirs. The degree of involvement of the ghostwriter in nonfiction writing projects ranges from minor to substantial. In some cases, a ghostwriter may be called in just to clean up, edit, and polish

3367-469: Is considered to be academic dishonesty and can lead to repercussions if detected by universities, although it is not illegal in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany. There are ghostwriting companies and freelancers that sell entrance essays, term papers, theses and dissertations to students. Such services are commonly known as " essay mills ". Although academic ghostwriting involves

3458-733: Is the largest housing project in North America . Queensbridge is located in Queens Community District 1 , and its ZIP Code is 11101. Queensbridge, the largest of 26 public housing developments in Queens, is located between Vernon Boulevard, which runs along the East River , and 21st Street. It is immediately south of the Ravenswood power plant and just north of the Queensboro Bridge , for which

3549-422: Is well known for its contributions to hip hop and rap music, and has been home to some of the most influential musicians in the genre. Marley Marl Williams was the first in a long succession of acclaimed artists from "The Bridge", which came to be one of the most famous hip hop neighborhoods in the country. Its rappers and producers helped to put it on the map. The Juice Crew collective, hugely influential in

3640-655: The University of Washington School of Medicine , while it is prohibited and considered a particularly pernicious form of plagiarism at others, such as Tufts University School of Medicine . Professional medical writers can write papers without being listed as authors of the paper and without being considered ghostwriters, provided their role is acknowledged. The European Medical Writers Association have published guidelines which aim to ensure professional medical writers carry out this role in an ethical and responsible manner. The use of properly acknowledged medical writers

3731-437: The "perversion of hip-hop by commerce." This is because of the limiting definition of "rapping" as "expressing yourself through your own words, not someone else's." Chuck D of Public Enemy thinks this point of view is mistaken because "not everyone is equipped to be a lyricist and not everyone is equipped to be a vocalist." He points out that creating a rap song may require multiple talents. Frank Ocean started his career as

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3822-461: The 1980s, New York City’s Queensbridge Housing Project has been documented perhaps better than any other geographic location. Starting with super producer Marley Marl’s dominant Juice Crew in the ’80s all the way through ’90s mainstays like Nas, Cormega and Capone, the Bridge has produced the highest per-capita talent of any ’hood. By the 1970s, Queensbridge experienced a rise in crime with the rest of

3913-633: The 1980s, featured among its members Queensbridge rappers MC Shan , Roxanne Shanté , Nas and Craig G . While the Boogie Down Productions-MC Shan dispute had already put "The Bridge" on the rap map in the 1980s, the new crop of Queensbridge rappers like Nas and Mobb Deep made frequent references to the Queensbridge Houses that cemented its reputation as a dystopian vision of poverty, drugs, and violence just as New York City's problems with crack cocaine and

4004-477: The Bridge", with the refrain "South Bronx Helped us out" in support of Boogie Down Productions and lyrics that made fun of Shan's on-stage appearances. Another rapper named Butchy-B (from Manhattan) stepped in for Queensbridge, with "Beatin Down KRS", in which he among other things, mocks the "didadidadiday" chant of "The Bridge is Over". Butchy-B was connected with WBLS 's Mr. Magic and got involved to defend

4095-486: The Bronx as the leader of hip hop. In 1987, attempting to calm down an unrelated domestic dispute involving BDP colleague D-Nice , BDP's DJ Scott La Rock was shot dead. Even after La Rock's death, the feud still continued. Other rappers joined in making songs dissing Queensbridge, such as Cool C 's "Juice Crew Dis" which mocked Shan's "Juice Crew Law" and attacks both Shan and Shanté, and M.C. Mitchski's "Brooklyn Blew Up

4186-628: The General of the Society of Jesus who had chosen Gundlach and Desbuquois for the project. The draft encyclical was delivered to the Vatican in September 1938. Sebastian Tromp , a Dutch Jesuit, a Thomist theologian and close to Pius XII , is considered to be the main ghostwriter of Mystici corporis . Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers , one of the Vatican's leading theologians of that time,

4277-518: The Marley Marl classic in 1999. Queensbridge Records released the 2011 album Bridge Wars , which put a new spin on the old story with the release of the compilation which features artists such as F.E.R.N (produced by DukeDaGod of The Diplomats ), Mahogany Jones (four-time Champion of BET’s "Freestyle Friday's" battle competitions) and Brooklyn's own L.G. Wise. Nas revisited "The Bridge" on his 2012 album Life Is Good by sampling it for

4368-1014: The New York City Housing Authority has posted signs indicating the project's name and management: "Queensbridge North (or South) NYCHA." These signs come in several varieties depending on their age. The oldest signs, erected in the early nineties, are simply orange and blue, with the newer signs featuring graphics, like those of many other projects. Access to buildings in the complex is by key or via an intercom system . The halls of Queensbridge's buildings are comparable to most municipal buildings, and are dilapidated and lined with worn light blue tiles. Apartments are painted white and are fairly small, even by New York City standards. Elevators have been rebuilt and now stop at floors 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and kitchens have been completely renovated and now have frost-free refrigerators. Three thousand bathrooms were renovated with new tubs, toilets, vanities, floor tile and lighting in 2000. This followed

4459-541: The Peekskill mountains. The buildings in the complex are divided by a series of paths and small lawns. Also in the complex are several basketball courts and play areas lined with benches. Across Vernon Boulevard lies Queensbridge Park , the primary place of recreation for tenants of the project. There was also a smaller park placed conveniently right under the Queensboro Bridge called "Baby Park". Baby Park

4550-460: The Queensbridge music scene, XXL columnist Brendan Frederick wrote: At a time when you can buy screwed & chopped albums at Circuit City in Brooklyn , it’s easy to lose sight of the fact that hip-hop was once a local phenomenon. More than just a voice of the ghetto, hip-hop at its best is the voice of specific blocks, capturing the distinct tone and timbre of an artist’s environment. Since

4641-508: The Word", (under the group name "12:41"). Magic dismissed it as "wack", and then, after forming BDP, they retaliated by dissing Mr. Magic and Marley Marl's popular "Juice Crew", using the whole "Queens versus Bronx" issue as a pretense. DJ Red Alert also gives a similar version of this story on the CD Beats, Rhymes and Battles Part I . In dialog on that CD (track 5), he states that Magic dissed

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4732-454: The World". Another line by KRS directly attacking Shan was: This referred to the fact that MC Shan had attacked LL Cool J on the B side of "The Bridge" with a song called "Beat Biter", whereby Shan claimed that LL Cool J had stolen beats for his "Rock The Bells" from "Marley Marl Scratch" theme. LL Cool J never directly responded to this claim, and the impending battle between Shan and BDP drew

4823-439: The amount of payment to the book ghostwriter for whom the credit has its own intrinsic value. Also, the ghostwriter can be cited as a co-author of a book, or listed in the movie or film credits when having ghostwritten the script or screenplay for film production. For nonfiction books, the ghostwriter may be credited as a "contributor" or a "research assistant". In other cases, the ghostwriter receives no official credit for writing

4914-428: The attention away from it. Marley Marl later produced most of LL's album Mama Said Knock You Out . Slate described it: "In 1986, it was a beef that launched the start of KRS-One, with his withering attacks on MC Shan." Another unnoticed attack is the fact that South Bronx was arranged under the same tempo as "The Bridge", most notably as the rhymes that are performed before the chorus chant. The official story at

5005-506: The base. This shape was used as the architects hoped it would give residents more access to privacy and sunlight than the traditional cross-shape. The design was said to be cost-efficient, and they reduced the cost even further by using elevators that only stopped at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th floors. Political pressure to keep costs down was a key reason for the use of cheap designs. W.F.R. Ballard, Henry S. Churchill, Frederick G. Frost, and Burnett Turner designed Queensbridge. In many aspects,

5096-470: The battle, resulting from the inferior responses from MC Shan and the Juice Crew offering the strongest attack against BDP. Their first single was entitled "Beat You Down", in which he reiterates that no one actually said that hip hop started in the Bridge, but then points out that the area was nevertheless very prominent in the early days of rap, and even had superior sound equipment, causing it to surpass

5187-407: The buildings of Queensbridge are very similar to most government-built housing projects of the era. They are a worn grayish brown which now suffers noticeable deterioration and weathering. Each building is painted red to about four feet up from the ground, giving a united feel to the entire complex as a uniform red "layer" is always close, throughout the complex. On each of the corners in Queensbridge,

5278-468: The business in a period when "answer records" were popular, sparked off by Shante's "Roxanne's Revenge"). You can see this (and the changed attitude towards the former rivals) in the line: He concludes the track acknowledging his indebtedness to Shan and Marley. He also speaks well of them on other tracks in the album, such as "House of Hits". KRS had also contributed a verse to the Symphony 2000 remake of

5369-525: The city. During the height of the crack epidemic in 1986, Queensbridge experienced more murders than any NYCHA complex in New York City. However, in the 2000s, crime went down. For many years Queensbridge has had a problem with drug dealers and drug users. An 11-month police investigation led to the arrest of 37 people during a drug bust in February 2005. Another raid in February 2009, following

5460-516: The comment: KRS-One and Marley Marl have since officially retired the feud, with the release of their collaborative 2007 album, Hip Hop Lives . The album features two tracks further exemplifying the end of the feud: "The Victory" (produced by DJ Premier) which sees KRS on the same track as Blaq Poet, and "Rising" (as in "Rising To the Top"), in which KRS recounts the whole story from his perspective (a struggling former group home resident trying to enter

5551-570: The community's Asian residents. Notes Sources Ghostwriter A ghostwriter is a person hired to write literary or journalistic works, speeches, or other texts that are putatively credited to another person as the author. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies , memoirs , magazine articles, or other written material. Memoir ghostwriters often pride themselves in "disappearing" when impersonating others since such disappearance signals

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5642-727: The complex is named. The complex is the largest housing project in North America. The development is separated into two complexes, the North Houses on 40th Avenue and the South Houses on 41st Avenue. The namesake station of the New York City Subway 's IND 63rd Street Line ( F and <F> train) is on the eastern side of the complex on 21st Street. The 96-unit, six-story buildings are distinctive due to their shape of two Y's connecting at

5733-418: The early stages of the film industry. In the early years of film, David Raksin worked as music ghostwriter and orchestrator for Charlie Chaplin ; even though Chaplin was credited as the score writer, he was considered to be a "hummer" (pejorative film industry slang for a person who purports to be a film score composer but who in fact only gives a general idea of the melodies to a ghostwriter). The practice

5824-449: The future of book publishing. So, with its appearance the starting price for the professional book writer has come down by about half, but only if this shorter format makes sense for the client. On the upper end of the spectrum, with celebrities that can all but guarantee a publisher large sales, the fees can be much higher. In 2001, The New York Times stated that the fee that the ghostwriter for Hillary Clinton 's memoirs would receive

5915-500: The hook in his track "Back When", which focuses on the past of hip-hop. In 2016, Shan essentially revived his part of the beef in an interview, pointing out that they never actually battled, and that he was showing some resentment regarding the claim the KRS "took Shan out" and having to live with the stigma of "losing" the battle. He would claim he wanted to record a response to The Bridge Is Over, but Marley Marl stopped him. He also included

6006-432: The latter to not reveal the ghostwriter. Sometimes the ghostwriter is acknowledged by the author or publisher for their writing services, euphemistically called a "researcher" or "research assistant", but often the ghostwriter is not credited. Ghostwriting (or simply "ghosting") also occurs in other creative fields. Composers have long hired ghostwriters to help them to write musical pieces and songs; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

6097-408: The name of well-known, highly marketable authors, or to quickly release a topical book that ties in with a recent or upcoming newsworthy event. Ghostwriters will often spend from several months to a full year researching, writing, and editing non-fiction and fiction works for a client, and they are paid based on a price per hour, per word, or per page, with a flat fee, a percentage of the royalties of

6188-579: The number of books that can be published each year by a well-known, highly marketable author. Ghostwriters mostly pen fictional works for well-known "name" authors in genres such as detective fiction, mysteries, and teen fiction. Additionally, publishers use ghostwriters to write new books for established series where the "author" is a pseudonym. For example, the purported authors of the Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys mysteries, " Carolyn Keene " and " Franklin W. Dixon ", respectively, are actually pseudonyms for

6279-489: The original "The Bridge", and which featured MC Shan) recounted the story of him entering the battle, and being basically ignored, and that it thankfully never escalated into physical violence; and the latter pointed to the Nas album Illmatic (1994) as proof that "the Bridge is still live". In 2001, on the compilation QB's Finest (a showcase of Queensbridge hip hop artists), MC Shan took one last parting shot at KRS-One with

6370-475: The praises of the South Bronx rather than Queensbridge, and made the argument for its being the real birthplace of hip hop. The song first premiered at a concert where MC Shan had just performed "The Bridge". The track directly attacks MC Shan with lyrics like: Before "The Bridge" was released, MC Shan was signed to MCA Records. However he left the label after releasing an almost unheard single titled "Feed

6461-439: The purpose of royalties. In the late 1990s, several composers threatened a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Saban Entertainment president Haim Saban , for allegedly taking ownership and credit for their musical compositions. Musical ghostwriting also occurs in popular music . When a record company wants to market an inexperienced young singer as a singer-songwriter, or help a veteran bandleader coping with writer's block (or

6552-411: The quality of their craftsmanship. In music, ghostwriters are often used to write songs, lyrics, and instrumental pieces. Screenplay authors can also use ghostwriters to either edit or rewrite their scripts to improve them. Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the credited author (or publisher) that obligates the former to remain anonymous, or obligates

6643-664: The radio station. The track "Go Magic" from the same 12-inch also touched on the rivalry. In 1988, DJ Rockwell Noel and the Poet followed up with "Taking U Out", which was even stronger than "Beat You Down" , and harshly attacked both KRS's then-wife, Ms. Melodie , and rival radio station WRKS's DJ Red Alert , who was on BDP's side of the battle. KRS responded with "Still Number 1, the Numero Uno Mix", where he calls Poet "soft" and uncreative, and accuses him of "sounding like Kane". Although conspicuously absent from this counterattack

6734-405: The recent shift into the digital age (15–20% world market share of books by 2015) has brought some changes, by opening newer markets that bring their own opportunities for authors and writers —especially on the more affordable side of the ghostwriting business. One such market is the shorter book, best represented at the moment by Amazon's Kindle Singles imprint: texts of 30,000 words and under. Such

6825-735: The sale of academic texts that are written on demand, it differs from plagiarism in that it does not involve an undisclosed appropriation of existing texts. As opposed to cases of plagiarism that stem from a copy-and-paste reuse of previous work, essays and assignments that are obtained through ghostwriting services as a rule have the originality of their text confirmed by plagiarism detection software packages or online services that are widely used by universities. Universities have developed strategies to combat such academic services, which can be associated with academic fraud , that are offered to students and researchers. Some universities allow professors to give students oral examinations on papers which

6916-499: The sales, or some combination thereof. In 2013, literary agent Madeleine Morel stated that the average ghostwriter's advance for work for major book publishers was "between $ 40,000 and $ 70,000". These benchmark prices are mirrored approximately in the film industry by the Writers Guild, where a Minimum Basic Agreement gives a starting price for the screenplay writer of $ 37,073 (non-original screenplay, no treatment). However,

7007-713: The same pseudonym. The first two books in the Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell franchise were written by Raymond Benson under the pseudonym David Michaels . Sometimes famous authors will ghostwrite for other celebrities, such as when H. P. Lovecraft ghostwrote "Imprisoned with the Pharaohs" (also known as "Under the Pyramids") for Harry Houdini in Weird Tales in the 1920s. A number of papal encyclicals have been written by ghostwriters. Pascendi , for instance,

7098-477: The shorter side, tailored to new markets like the Kindle Singles imprint and others (30,000–42,000 words) start at a cost of $ 15,000". And this shorter book appears to be here to stay. It was once financially impractical for publishers to produce such novella -length texts (they would have to charge too much); but this new market is, by 2015, already substantial and has been projected to be a solid part of

7189-475: The song to say that Queensbridge is the birthplace of hip hop at all, "everyone knows that hip hop was started in the West Bronx." Statements can be found in the 2003 documentary Beef , which features the original battle footage. In response, South Bronx-based KRS-One and Boogie Down Productions released the track " South Bronx ", which was similar in terms of content to Shan and Marl's track except singing

7280-444: The student who then signs that work as his or her own. Services addressing complete works have historically been highly confidential. Less prevalent are advertised commercial services which may use the term "vanity artwork" as suggestive of "vanity publishing". In countries where freedom of speech is not upheld and authors that have somehow displeased the ruling regime are "blacklisted" (i.e. forbidden from having their works published),

7371-461: The style. The estate of gothic novelist V. C. Andrews hired ghostwriter Andrew Neiderman to continue writing novels after her death, under her name and in a similar style to her original works. Many of action writer Tom Clancy 's books from the 2000s bear the names of two people on their covers, with Clancy's name in larger print and the other author's name in smaller print. Various books bearing Clancy's name were written by different authors under

7462-518: The suit eventually ruled in McLachlan's favour on the songs; stating that although Neudorf may have contributed to the songwriting, neither regarded each other as joint authors. The judge ruled in Neudorf's favour on the payment issue. In hip hop music , the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip hop stars has led to controversy. Critics view the increasing use of hip hop ghostwriters as

7553-413: The time was that KRS-One was defending the reputation of the South Bronx in response to MC Shan and Marley Marl claiming that hip hop started out in Queensbridge. However, KRS-One has gone on record in an interview with MTV, saying that his real motivation was the fact that he and Scott La Rock earlier had approached WBLS radio station's Mr. Magic with a 12" single they had recorded entitled "Success Is

7644-428: The time, discipline, or writing skills to write and research a several hundred-page autobiography or "how-to" book. Even if a celebrity or public figure has the writing skills to pen a short article, they may not know how to structure and edit a several hundred-page book so that it is captivating and well-paced. In other cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year under

7735-399: The unprecedented carnage it had brought to places like Queensbridge reached a peak. Nas' 1994 album Illmatic , often regarded as the greatest hip-hop album of all time, concerns his experiences in Queensbridge. Other notable artists associated with the Queensbridge hip hop scene include Blaq Poet , Cormega , Tragedy Khadafi , Nature , Screwball , Capone , and Big Noyd . Regarding

7826-421: The writer comes from a culture and first language that are entirely different from the client's. In some cases, ghostwriters are allowed to share credit. For example, a common method is to put the client/author's name on a book cover as the main byline (by [a uthor's name ]) and then to put the ghostwriter's name underneath it (with [g hostwriter's name ]). Sometimes this is done in lieu of pay or to decrease

7917-402: Was any rebuttal to Poet's attack on his wife. In 1990, Boogie Down Productions released the concept album Edutainment , where KRS-One took on such topics as politics, racism, self-identity, slavery, black on black violence, police brutality & corruption and even the meat industry . On the second track "Blackman In Effect" he discusses the concept of "juice" and states: " I'm not down with

8008-734: Was closed due to debris falling from the bridge during maintenance work in the late 2000s. Baby Park was replaced by a new playground for the same age range, between 40th-41st Avenues, within Queensbridge Park itself. Queensbridge opened in 1939. During the 1950s, the management changed the racial balance of Queensbridge by transferring all families whose income was more than $ 3,000/year, a majority of whom were White , to middle-income housing projects, and replacing most of these tenants with African-American and Latino families. This policy provided safe and sanitary housing to many low-income African-American and Latino families. Queensbridge

8099-523: Was probably about $ 500,000 of her book's $ 8 million advance, which "is near the top of flat fees paid to collaborators". A recent availability also exists, of outsourcing many kinds of jobs, including ghostwriting, to offshore locations like India, China, and the Philippines where the customer can save money. The true tests of credibility—the writer's track record, and samples of his or her craft—become even more important in these instances, when

8190-614: Was responsible for the critical study of the New Mass of Pope Paul VI , commonly known as the Ottaviani Intervention , after the supposed attribution to Cardinals Alfredo Ottaviani and Antonio Bacci . The Vatican later answered these accusations and Cardinal Ottaviani later regretted that his name was misused to berate the pope, of which, his questions about the Pauline Mass were already clarified. Ghostwriting

8281-625: Was written by Joseph Lemius (1860–1923), the procurator in Rome of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate . In June 1938, Pius XI summoned American Jesuit John La Farge , who began to prepare a draft of Humani generis unitas , which LaFarge and two other Jesuits—Gustav Gundlach and Gustave Desbuquois —on in Paris; the draft was approximately 100 pages long. Another Jesuit translated the draft encyclical into Latin, presenting it to Wlodimir Ledóchowski , then

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